Francisco O Ramírez
Biographic Data
| ID | 3590749 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Francisco O Ramírez |
| GIVEN NAMES | Francisco |
| FAMILY NAME | O Ramírez |
| SIGNATURE | RAMÍREZ F O |
| AFFILIATIONS | Stanford University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 56 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2050 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 56 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Gold and God: American Universities Targeted
American universities are increasingly threatened with cuts in government funding unless they eradicate diversity promoting programmes. To contextualize the targeting, this article reflects on two major organizational transformations in higher education in America: the rise and diffusion of university fundraising development offices and the emergence and growth of university diversity offices. The former was part of a long-term multiple stakehold…
Dreams, dollars, and donors: Organizational actorhood and the rising development orientation of global higher education
American universities operate as organizational actors with goals and elaborate structures to achieve them, often in interaction with multiple “stakeholders.” Fundraising has increasingly become central in these universities. University development offices with fundraising objectives emerged, expanded, and professionalized, becoming core features of American universities. Yet, it is not clear to what extent fundraising has diffused through higher…
In the Name of Diversity: Analyzing the Adoptions of Diversity-Related Offices in U.S. Higher Education, 1968-2020
To STEM or not to STEM: A cross-national analysis of gender and tertiary graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math, 1998–2018
The comparative literature on gender and higher education has increasingly focused on differences in access to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). We contribute to this literature through a cross-national analysis of STEM graduates by gender between 1998 and 2018 across 90 countries. Many earlier studies emphasize the positive influence of a global liberal culture on women. More recent scholarship contends that women …
Un análisis trasnacional del surgimiento e institucionalización de los planes académicos de los Estudios de las Mujeres
El presente proyecto se sirve de un enfoque cuantitativo para facilitar un análisis comparativo y longitudinal de la expansión de los Estudios de las Mujeres. Definidos éstos a partir del primer curso que una universidad, entre 1970 y 2000, oferta un curso oficial de Estudios de las Mujeres. Nuestra muestra se compone de 22 países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Utilizando modelos de estimación de…
Women's participation and challenges to the liberal script: A global perspective
Existing scholarship documents large worldwide increases in women's participation in the public sphere over recent decades, for example, in education, politics, and the labor force. Some scholars have argued that these changes follow broader trends in world society, especially its growing liberalism, which increasingly has reconfigured social life around the choices of empowered and rights-bearing individuals, regardless of gender. Very recently,…
The status and agency of children in school textbooks, 1970–2012: A cross-national analysis
Via a cross-national and longitudinal analysis, this study seeks to understand whether and to what extent school textbooks portray children as entities with status and agency. Our core argument is that in a world in which individuals are imagined as central to national progress, the extension of individual personhood and citizenship to children is associated with their increased status and enhanced agency. Using 495 textbooks from 76 countries, w…
The Societal Consequences of Higher Education
The advent of mass schooling played a pivotal role in European societies of the later nineteenth century, transforming rural peasants into national citizens. The late-twentieth-century global expansion of higher education ushered in new transformations, propelling societal rationalization and organizing, and knitting the world into a more integrated society and economy. We address four key dynamics: (1) Higher education sustains the modern profes…
Reputation management by Chinese universities: Primary profile and comparative features
In this study, we analyse data from 176 Chinese universities to examine the use of reputation symbols on official websites. We find that Chinese universities prefer professional and performative symbols more than moral symbols. Reputation symbols are mainly observed in teaching, research, history and strategy categories, whereas their use in internal operations and the external environment is limited. A comparison with samples from the United Sta…
Beyond internationalisation and isomorphism – the construction of a global higher education regime
National higher education systems are undergoing profound changes, discussed in many but unrelated studies as outcomes of internationalisation dynamics and institutional isomorphism pressures. We propose to link these studies by emphasising the influence of both internationalisation and isomorphism on the formation of a global educational regime. Through a broad range of indicators, we describe the growth of the discursive, normative, and regulat…
Wither the Nation-State? A Comparative Analysis of Nationalism in Textbooks
What happens to the historic nationalizing purpose of schooling in an era of pervasive globalization? We address this question by examining patterns and predictors of nationalist emphases in 576 secondary school social science textbooks from 78 countries published between 1955 and 2011. Our descriptive and multilevel analyses show that nationalist narratives in textbooks persist into the recent globalization era and on average are not diminished …
The rise of individual agency in conceptions of society: Textbooks worldwide, 1950-2011
A broadly recognized sociological insight is that rising levels of individualism increasingly characterize a growing number of countries. This article examines the extent to which schooling is altered by, and transmits, this core cultural shift. It analyzes 476 secondary school social science textbooks from 78 countries from 1950 to 2011 to see whether they increasingly portray society as made up of agentic individual actors of all sorts (e.g., c…
Use of sexuality-focused entertainment media in sex education
The literature on the impact of entertainment media on sex education is typically pathology-focused, unclear regarding the effects of such usage, and void of dialogue between those who actually work in the areas of sexuality education and entertainment. To address this gap, this paper is the product of joint authorship between media figures from varied sexually-focused programming fields and academics who teach and conduct research in the areas o…
The Children of Immigrants at School: A Comparative Look at Integration in the United States and Western Europe
The formalization of the university: Rules, roots, and routes
Conditional Decoupling: Assessing the Impact of National Human Rights Institutions, 1981 to 2004
National human rights institutions, defined as domestic but globally legitimated agencies charged with promoting and protecting human rights, have emerged worldwide. This article examines the effect of these organizations on two kinds of human rights outcomes: physical integrity rights and civil and political rights. We analyze cross-national longitudinal data using regression models that account for the endogeneity of organizational formation. O…
Toward Post-National Societies and Global Citizenship
This paper explores the thesis that models of post-national societies and global citizenship are on the rise and that these models have important educational implications. We examine changing portraits of citizens, states, and societies in school textbooks around the world. We find that in general, textbooks are increasingly more student-centered, more environmentalist in focus, and contain more human rights emphases, but are only modestly more l…
The world society perspective: Concepts, assumptions, and strategies
For decades the world society perspective has influenced comparative research on a broad range of issues across the social sciences. The perspective emerged to make sense of an empirical puzzle: why did nation-state after nation-state expand mass schooling after World War II? The perspective evolved to address broader issues such as the authority of science and its influence on the environmental movement, the expansion of the scope of citizenship…
Student-Centeredness in Social Science Textbooks, 1970-2008: A Cross-National Study
A striking feature of modern societies is the extent to which individual persons are culturally validated as equal and empowered actors. The expansion of a wide range of rights in recent decades, given prominence in current discussions of world society, supports an expanded conception of the individual. We examine the extent to which broad global changes promoting human empowerment are associated with expanded ideas of the status and capacities o…
Human Rights in Social Science Textbooks: Cross-national Analyses, 1970–2008
In reaction to the disasters of the first half the 20th century and World War II, a dramatic world movement arose emphasizing the human rights of persons in global society. The contrast-celebrated in international treaties, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and much cultural discourse-was with narrower world emphases on the rights of citizens of national states. Since the 1970s, this movement has increasingly emphasized the imp…
The Valorization of Humanity and Diversity
The valorization of humanity and diversity are ongoing global processes that pose new challenges to nationalism and the mono cultural narrative once favored in schools and universities. This paper focuses on an exploratory analysis of textbooks, indicating a growth of cosmopolitan and multicultural emphases. Students are increasingly exposed to world issues and international initiatives calling for greater global citizenship consciousness. Studen…
National Incorporation of Global Human Rights: Worldwide Expansion of National Human Rights Institutions, 1966-2004
Using an event history framework we analyze the adoption rate of national human rights institutions. Neo-realist perspective predicts adoption rates to be positively influenced by favorable national profiles that lower the costs and make it more reasonable to establish these institutions. From a world polity perspective adoption rates will be positively influenced by a world saturated with human rights organizations and conferences, by increasing…
Unesco and the Associated Schools Project: Symbolic Affirmation of World Community, International Understanding, and Human Rights
The UNESCO Associated Schools Project emphasizes world community, human rights, and international understanding. This article investigates the emergence and global diffusion of the project from 1953 to 2001, estimating the influence of national, regional, and world characteristics on the likelihood of a country adopting a UNESCO school. It also addresses the effects of national linkages to the international human rights regime. The results reveal…
World society and human rights: An event history analysis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
A worldwide human rights regime has emerged, expanded, and intensified throughout the twentieth century, especially in the post-Second World War era. This regime involves a global system of expanding organizations, social movements, conferences, rules, and discourse promoting the human rights of individuals. This regime is universalistic in aspiration: all humans are expected to be covered by the regime. This universalism involves a discursive an…
Globalization, Education and
The globalization of education refers to the expansion and increased interconnectedness of education‐related activity throughout the world. Much of the sociological research on this broad subject has focused on the following dimensions of the globalization of education: expansion of educational enrollments at all levels, nationalization of schooling, standardization of education, and the rise of an international educational sector. These studies …
World Society and the Nation-State
The authors analyze the nation‐state as a worldwide institution constructed by worldwide cultural and associational processes, developing four main topics: (1) properties of nation‐states that result from their exogenously driven construction, including isomorphism, decoupling, and expansive structuration; (2) processes by which rationalistic world culture affects national states; (3) characteristics of world society that enhance the impact of wo…
World Expansion of Mass Education, 1870-1980
Newly available enrollment data for over 120 countries for the period 1870-1980 are used to examine theories of mass educational expansion. Event-history analyses indicate that mass educational systems appeared at a steady rate before the 1940s and sharply increased after 1950. Pooled panel regressions show that the expansion of mass education, once formed, followed an S-shaped diffusion pattern before 1940, continuing with added force later. Exp…
The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women's Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990
The authors analyze the acquisition of women's suffrage in 133 countries from 1890 to 1990. Throughout the twentieth century the influence of national political and organizational factors has declined and the importance of international links and influences has become increasingly important. These findings indicate that the franchise has become institutionalized worldwide as a taken-for-granted feature of national citizenship and an integral comp…
The Political Construction of Mass Schooling: European Origins and Worldwide Institutionalization
This paper examines the origins of state educational systems in Europe in the nineteenth century and the institutionalization of mass education throughout the world in the twentieth century. We offer a theoretical interpretation of mass state-sponsored schooling that emphasizes the role of education in the nation-building efforts of states competing with one another within the European interstate system. We show that political, economic, and cult…
The World Educational Revolution, 1950-1970
This paper's focus is on the extremely rapid expansion of educational enrollments that occurred throughout the world between 1950 and 1970. The universal expansion of education during this period led us to construct diffusion models and to explain this process as a consequence of the population characteristics of educational systems. Estimates of these models show that such a self-generating process explains much of the variation in educational e…
National Incorporation of Global Human Rights: Worldwide Expansion of National Human Rights Institutions, 1966-2004
Using an event history framework we analyze the adoption rate of national human rights institutions. Neo-realist perspective predicts adoption rates to be positively influenced by favorable national profiles that lower the costs and make it more reasonable to establish these institutions. From a world polity perspective adoption rates will be positively influenced by a world saturated with human rights organizations and conferences, by increasing…
Science in the modern world polity: Institutionalization and Globalization
Conditional Decoupling: Assessing the Impact of National Human Rights Institutions, 1981 to 2004
National human rights institutions, defined as domestic but globally legitimated agencies charged with promoting and protecting human rights, have emerged worldwide. This article examines the effect of these organizations on two kinds of human rights outcomes: physical integrity rights and civil and political rights. We analyze cross-national longitudinal data using regression models that account for the endogeneity of organizational formation. O…
The Effects of Science on National Economic Development, 1970 to 1990
Expanded scientific activity is thought to benefit national economic development through improved labor force capacities and the creation of new knowledge and technology. However, scientific research activity expands as a global process and reflects the penetration of societies by a general rationalistic world culture. The authors point out that scientific expansion and the accompanying cultural penetration legitimate a broad progressive agenda o…
The world society perspective: Concepts, assumptions, and strategies
For decades the world society perspective has influenced comparative research on a broad range of issues across the social sciences. The perspective emerged to make sense of an empirical puzzle: why did nation-state after nation-state expand mass schooling after World War II? The perspective evolved to address broader issues such as the authority of science and its influence on the environmental movement, the expansion of the scope of citizenship…
Human Rights in Social Science Textbooks: Cross-national Analyses, 1970–2008
In reaction to the disasters of the first half the 20th century and World War II, a dramatic world movement arose emphasizing the human rights of persons in global society. The contrast-celebrated in international treaties, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and much cultural discourse-was with narrower world emphases on the rights of citizens of national states. Since the 1970s, this movement has increasingly emphasized the imp…
From Women's Suffrage to Reproduction Rights? Cross-national Considerations 1
While women's suffrage has become completely institutionalized around the world, liberalized abortion is one indicator of the status of women that remains contested. Moreover, abortion rights differ fundamentally from women's suffrage in that they are not derivative of rights originally extended to men. In this article, we summarize and compare the results of prior studies that assess the effects of independence era, international linkages, moder…
Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92
Francisco O. Ramirez, Christine Min Wotipka, Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92, Sociology of Education, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Jul., 2001), pp. 231-251
Comparative Education: The Social Construction of the Modern World System
The possibilities for research on educational systems have been enhanced by the development of cross-national data bases. Most of these cover national educational systems (UNESCO 1950-1971; UNESCO World Survey of Education 1955-1971; OECD 1972-73), but a few contain information on individuals or schools (Husen 1967; Passow et al 1976). The need for such materials is widely recognized (Merritt & Coombs 1977). For the most part, however, research i…
Women's participation and challenges to the liberal script: A global perspective
Existing scholarship documents large worldwide increases in women's participation in the public sphere over recent decades, for example, in education, politics, and the labor force. Some scholars have argued that these changes follow broader trends in world society, especially its growing liberalism, which increasingly has reconfigured social life around the choices of empowered and rights-bearing individuals, regardless of gender. Very recently,…
The Societal Consequences of Higher Education
The advent of mass schooling played a pivotal role in European societies of the later nineteenth century, transforming rural peasants into national citizens. The late-twentieth-century global expansion of higher education ushered in new transformations, propelling societal rationalization and organizing, and knitting the world into a more integrated society and economy. We address four key dynamics: (1) Higher education sustains the modern profes…
Female Participation in the Occupational System: A Comparative Institutional Analysis
This paper uses cross-national data to examine how economic, political, and educational structures affect both the participation of women in the labor force and their employment in more powerful and wellrewarded positions. We find that both the level of industrialization and the degree of state corporateness positively influence the participation of women, but that these fail to affect the proportion of women in the administrative and managerial …
Beyond internationalisation and isomorphism – the construction of a global higher education regime
National higher education systems are undergoing profound changes, discussed in many but unrelated studies as outcomes of internationalisation dynamics and institutional isomorphism pressures. We propose to link these studies by emphasising the influence of both internationalisation and isomorphism on the formation of a global educational regime. Through a broad range of indicators, we describe the growth of the discursive, normative, and regulat…
Beyond achievement and attainment studies—revitalizing a comparative sociology of education
Studies of academic achievement and educational and occupational mobility constitute mainstream educational sociology. The key questions and main findings within these research traditions are identified, emphasizing both stable cross‐national generalizations as well as cross‐national contexts which lead to variable outcomes. To illustrate, family background is clearly related to academic achievement cross‐nationally, but there is much cross‐natio…
From Women's Suffrage to Reproduction Rights? Cross-national Considerations
While women's suffrage has become completely institutionalized around the world, liberalized abortion is one indicator of the status of women that remains contested. Moreover, abortion rights differ fundamentally from women's suffrage in that they are not derivative of rights originally extended to men. In this article, we summarize and compare the results of prior studies that assess the effects of independence era, international linkages, moder…
Student Achievement and National Economic Growth
Educational policy around the world has increasingly focused on improving aggregate student achievement as a means to increase economic growth. In the last two decades, attention has focused especially on the importance of achievement in science and mathematics. Yet, the policy commitments involved have not been based on research evidence. The expansion of cross‐national achievement testing in recent decades makes possible longitudinal analyses o…
Unesco and the Associated Schools Project: Symbolic Affirmation of World Community, International Understanding, and Human Rights
The UNESCO Associated Schools Project emphasizes world community, human rights, and international understanding. This article investigates the emergence and global diffusion of the project from 1953 to 2001, estimating the influence of national, regional, and world characteristics on the likelihood of a country adopting a UNESCO school. It also addresses the effects of national linkages to the international human rights regime. The results reveal…
Reputation management by Chinese universities: Primary profile and comparative features
In this study, we analyse data from 176 Chinese universities to examine the use of reputation symbols on official websites. We find that Chinese universities prefer professional and performative symbols more than moral symbols. Reputation symbols are mainly observed in teaching, research, history and strategy categories, whereas their use in internal operations and the external environment is limited. A comparison with samples from the United Sta…
The rise of individual agency in conceptions of society: Textbooks worldwide, 1950-2011
A broadly recognized sociological insight is that rising levels of individualism increasingly characterize a growing number of countries. This article examines the extent to which schooling is altered by, and transmits, this core cultural shift. It analyzes 476 secondary school social science textbooks from 78 countries from 1950 to 2011 to see whether they increasingly portray society as made up of agentic individual actors of all sorts (e.g., c…
Institutional structure: Constituting State, Society, and the Individual
Education in Crisis: A Sociological Analysis of Schools and Universities in Transition
Reform and Organizational Survival: The Teachers Corps as an Instrument of Educational Change
Female Participation in the Occupational System: A Comparative Institutional Analysis
This paper uses cross-national data to examine how economic, political, and educational structures affect both the participation of women in the labor force and their employment in more powerful and wellrewarded positions. We find that both the level of industrialization and the degree of state corporateness positively influence the participation of women, but that these fail to affect the proportion of women in the administrative and managerial …
The World Educational Revolution, 1950-1970
This paper's focus is on the extremely rapid expansion of educational enrollments that occurred throughout the world between 1950 and 1970. The universal expansion of education during this period led us to construct diffusion models and to explain this process as a consequence of the population characteristics of educational systems. Estimates of these models show that such a self-generating process explains much of the variation in educational e…
Comparative Education: The Social Construction of the Modern World System
The possibilities for research on educational systems have been enhanced by the development of cross-national data bases. Most of these cover national educational systems (UNESCO 1950-1971; UNESCO World Survey of Education 1955-1971; OECD 1972-73), but a few contain information on individuals or schools (Husen 1967; Passow et al 1976). The need for such materials is widely recognized (Merritt & Coombs 1977). For the most part, however, research i…
The State of the Art: Twenty Years of Comparative Education.Andreas Kazamias
Statism, Equality, and Housewifery: A Cross-National Analysis
This article argues that in the contemporary world system higher levels of statist ideology and organization lead to the political incorporation of women. Cross-national data are analyzed to examine the influence of four measures of statist structure on two dependent variables: The level of constitutional equality between the sexes and the degree to which marital status impedes female participation in the labor force (the index of housewifery). I…
Comparative Social Movements
In the last decade two major developments have taken place in the comparative study of social movements. First, the social-integration perspective has been challenged by the growth of the resource-mobilization paradigm. These opposing perspectives make different assumptions about the rationality of the motives of social-movement participants and assign different weights to institutional structures and group interests in promoting social movements…
Explaining the Origins and Expansion of Mass Education
Education and National Development: A Comparative Perspective. Ingemar Fagerlind , Lawrence J. Saha
Institutional structure: Constituting State, Society, and the Individual
The Political Construction of Mass Schooling: European Origins and Worldwide Institutionalization
This paper examines the origins of state educational systems in Europe in the nineteenth century and the institutionalization of mass education throughout the world in the twentieth century. We offer a theoretical interpretation of mass state-sponsored schooling that emphasizes the role of education in the nation-building efforts of states competing with one another within the European interstate system. We show that political, economic, and cult…
Rethinking the Nineteenth Century: Contradictions and Movements
Series Foreword Preface Introduction Economic Expansion and Political Integration: The United States Movements, Transformations, and Limitations British Empire: Dynamics and Repercussions Rethinking the Emergence of the Social Sciences in the Nineteenth Century Selected Bibliography Index
The Rise of the Modern Educational System: Structural Change and Social Reproduction, 1870-1920. Detlef K. Muller , Fritz Ringer , Brian Simon
Institutions and Interests: A Critical Comment on Walters, McCammon, and James
Books in review
Social Paralysis and Social Change: British Working-Class Education in the Nineteenth Century
World Expansion of Mass Education, 1870-1980
Newly available enrollment data for over 120 countries for the period 1870-1980 are used to examine theories of mass educational expansion. Event-history analyses indicate that mass educational systems appeared at a steady rate before the 1940s and sharply increased after 1950. Pooled panel regressions show that the expansion of mass education, once formed, followed an S-shaped diffusion pattern before 1940, continuing with added force later. Exp…
From Women's Suffrage to Reproduction Rights? Cross-national Considerations 1
While women's suffrage has become completely institutionalized around the world, liberalized abortion is one indicator of the status of women that remains contested. Moreover, abortion rights differ fundamentally from women's suffrage in that they are not derivative of rights originally extended to men. In this article, we summarize and compare the results of prior studies that assess the effects of independence era, international linkages, moder…
From Women's Suffrage to Reproduction Rights? Cross-national Considerations
While women's suffrage has become completely institutionalized around the world, liberalized abortion is one indicator of the status of women that remains contested. Moreover, abortion rights differ fundamentally from women's suffrage in that they are not derivative of rights originally extended to men. In this article, we summarize and compare the results of prior studies that assess the effects of independence era, international linkages, moder…
The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women's Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990
The authors analyze the acquisition of women's suffrage in 133 countries from 1890 to 1990. Throughout the twentieth century the influence of national political and organizational factors has declined and the importance of international links and influences has become increasingly important. These findings indicate that the franchise has become institutionalized worldwide as a taken-for-granted feature of national citizenship and an integral comp…
World Society and the Nation-State
The authors analyze the nation‐state as a worldwide institution constructed by worldwide cultural and associational processes, developing four main topics: (1) properties of nation‐states that result from their exogenously driven construction, including isomorphism, decoupling, and expansive structuration; (2) processes by which rationalistic world culture affects national states; (3) characteristics of world society that enhance the impact of wo…
Expansion and Structural Change: Higher Education in Germany, the United States, and Japan, 1870-1990
The Effects of Science on National Economic Development, 1970 to 1990
Expanded scientific activity is thought to benefit national economic development through improved labor force capacities and the creation of new knowledge and technology. However, scientific research activity expands as a global process and reflects the penetration of societies by a general rationalistic world culture. The authors point out that scientific expansion and the accompanying cultural penetration legitimate a broad progressive agenda o…
Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92
Francisco O. Ramirez, Christine Min Wotipka, Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92, Sociology of Education, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Jul., 2001), pp. 231-251
Political science (44 works) · Sociology (44 works) · Law (29 works) · Social science (20 works) · Economics (19 works) · Global Educational Policies and Reforms (17 works) · Law (16 works) · Politics (16 works) · Global Education and Multiculturalism (13 works) · Higher Education Governance and Development (12 works)