Anja Johansen
Biographic Data
| ID | 3597375 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Anja Johansen |
| GIVEN NAMES | Anja |
| FAMILY NAME | Johansen |
| SIGNATURE | JOHANSEN A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Dundee |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4019-5191 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 38 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 12 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 18 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Police Accountability in Comparative Historical Perspective
Very little historical research exists on police accountability to individual citizens for periods before the 1960s, but that has changed. A literature on police accountability has emerged in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany. Distinguishing police accountability to individuals from police accountability to “the public,” it identifies major gaps in understanding of citizens’ access and willingness to challenge police behavior throug…
Imagining the Brain, Engaging the Body: Designing Visitor Engagement in Science Exhibition Experiments with Art
Science museums have increasingly experimented with bringing art into their exhibitions to attract and engage visitors. While the prevalence and popularity of such experiments is growing, research on the rationales for collaboration and their outcomes, as well as the challenges involved, remains scarce. This paper analyzes and discusses how art is used as part of engaging visitors in two contrasting exhibitions about the brain and neuroscience: o…
Beyond the Reach of Law? Criminal Prosecution of Parisian Police Personnel, 1872-1914
The French Third Republic introduced more guarantees of civil liberties than any previous French regime, yet citizens remained unable to challenge police violence and illegality in court-even though the Penal Code provided a legal basis for prosecuting police misconduct. This article reveals how police managers and the judiciary in Paris collaborated to avoid bringing charges against police personnel. It also highlights the significant role playe…
Crime and Policing in Wartime
War affects combatant societies and societies trampled over by warring armies and smashed by their munitions in a variety of ways. This chapter draws out some of these effects with respect to crime and criminal offending in European societies since the mid-eighteenth century and explores how that offending was investigated and suppressed. It focuses on three principal areas: first, the kinds and extent of offenses committed by soldiers and sailor…
The Rise of Criminology in its Historical Context
This essay traces the origins and development of criminology from Beccaria up to about 1940, exploring the intimate connection between criminological thought and the contemporary cultural and social climate. In various ways, all pre-criminologists were influenced by the early bourgeois image of man, with free will and character building as its central tenets. Professionalization coincided with a cultural turn that greatly reduced the role of free…
Ideas and Practices of Prostitution Around the World
This essay provides a global overview of prostitution from the early modern period to the present. Although the distinction between “premodern” and “modern” prostitution is not necessarily sharp, the profound political, military, and socioeconomic changes from roughly 1600 onward had an important impact on the sale of sex. Worldwide, the practice of prostitution and societal reactions to it were influenced by processes of colonization, industrial…
Histories of the Modern Prison
This essay examines the history of the prison since late the eighteenth century. Following a discussion of the origins of the reformative prison, the essay analyzes its global expansion as a tool for disciplining populations, expanding imperial control, and establishing national legitimacy. In particular, it emphasizes the dialectic between colonial and national projects and the multiple uses that the prison has come to play in states around the …
Mercy and Parole in Anglo-American Criminal Justice Systems from the Eighteenth Century to the Twenty-First Century
Mercy’s long association with the whims of emperors and monarchs altered with the emergence of republics and democracies in the modern era. Over the nineteenth century mercy became bureaucratized, and new administrative forms of discretionary justice—parole and tickets of leave—emerged in Anglo-American penal systems. However, the ancient prerogative of mercy persisted through the powers of executive elected officers and the Crown and its represe…
The Crime Historian’s
This chapter explores the ways that historians of crime go about their research. Although many historians are wary, disinterested, or even completely uninterested in describing and discussing the methods of inquiry that have preceded their analysis and have ultimately produced their final research findings, the approaches they take are clearly critical. The chapter therefore explores in detail some of the reasons why historians have kept their me…
Crime News and the Press
This essay examines crime news between the late eighteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, focusing on the newspaper press in Great Britain. It lays out trends in crime and media historiography; describes the main press discourses about “crime,” “criminals,” and “criminal justice”; identifies the key agents who created crime news; and considers the press’s role in “moral panics.” Showing that the press has been a dominant source of crime information…
Long-Term Trends in Crime
This chapter introduces the available research on long-term crime trends and shows the major role that cross-national comparisons have played since the nineteenth century, revealing that the first researchers were fully aware of such comparisons’ pitfalls. Since then, most research has focused on homicide trends—often used as a proxy for trends in all violent crime—in industrialized Western nations, because data are not widely available for other…
Terrorism and Its Policing
Between its emergence in the 1870s and the beginning of the First World War, public perception of the anarchist movement and the theoretical and legal frameworks used to comprehend and control it underwent a dual process of criminalization and internationalization. The use of terrorism by anarchists was pivotal to these evolutions, as was its reception by alarmed populations and governments faced with unprecedented forms of political violence. An…
The Historiography of Crime and Criminal Justice
This essay analyzes the historiography of the field of criminal justice history. It traces the development of four broad approaches to the historical study of crime, policing, justice, and punishment from the start of the twentieth century to the present day. The four approaches identified are characterized as positivist/empirical, theoretical, social, and cultural. Concentrating primarily (but not exclusively) on works focused on the United King…
A Brief History of the Underworld and Organized Crime, c. 1750–1950
This chapter explores the evolution of concepts and definitions relating to criminal organization since 1750. Terms such as the “underworld,” “organized crime,” and “professional crime” have increasingly become part of the criminal justice lexicon in the modern period. However, while there has been a strong tradition of criminological and sociological investigation into the structures and hierarchies of syndicated crime and street gangs in the fi…
Crime, Criminology, and the Crime Genre
For years, many criminologists have argued that the crime genre misrepresents crime and the criminal justice system, causing misperceptions among the public. However, other scholars have suggested that despite inaccuracies, the crime genre is actually far more reflective of the workings of the criminal justice system than previously thought. This essay traces the relationship of crime genre productions such as novels, film, and television to past…
Dreams and Nightmares
Between the 1890s and the 1950s, drug smuggling became a global problem. The League of Nations played a pivotal role during the interwar period in promoting perceptions of “drug trafficking” and fashioning an international response. Drawing on archives in Geneva, London, and New York, as well as fiction, this essay examines the “dreamscape” of drug trafficking: the nightmare of the foreign trafficker and the dream of a worldwide scheme for drug c…
Continuity and Change
The Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917 initiated a major transformation of the position of women in Russian society as a result of its stress on universal contribution to economic production. As expectations for women shifted, anxieties about the nature of society and relationships increased. Soviet criminologists addressed these anxieties and helped to reinforce women’s traditional position in Soviet society by emphasizing the backwardness of …
Geography of Crime
The historical transformation in the distribution of crime between towns and rural areas in the Western world between 1750 and 1950 remains a complex and debated issue. The few comparative studies on long-term crime seem to indicate a sharp decrease in urban crime, although with considerable variation in chronology and intensity. Conversely, the rapid urbanization of industrial cities was accompanied by outbreaks of violence, before declining as …
Forms of Crime
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries servants ordering goods falsely in the names of their masters and criminals posing as wealthy customers defrauded tradespeople alongside outright shoplifters and thieves. . The institution of harsh shoplifting laws in the 1600s and trade protection societies’ attempts at self-policing in the 1700s failed to stem the tide. Developments in marketing like open displays, bazaars, and the department store mul…
Making sense of Nordicness, or making Nordicness
What is Nordic? Does it make sense to talk about Nordic Scienceand Technology Studies (STS)? If so, what kind of contributionscould Nordic perspectives give to global STS and other disciplines? And what elements of the international field of STS are being developed and honed by Nordic scholars
The Rise and Fall of Penal Transportation
Many societies have either transported convicted prisoners to a place of coerced labor or sold them as slaves. From the fifteenth to the twentieth centuries several European states made extensive use of penal transportation to supply labor to overseas colonies. A practice that operated in parallel to the Atlantic and Indian Ocean slave trades, penal transportation was applied to both prisoners sentenced in European courts and those convicted in t…
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Crime and Criminal Justice
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Crime and Criminal Justice brings together researchers who work on crime and criminal justice in the past with an emphasis on the interaction between history and social sciences. Although working on similar subject matters historians and social scientists are often motivated by different intellectual concerns. Historians seek knowledge about crime and criminal justice to better understand the past. In contras…
Defending the Individual: The Personal Rights Association and the Ligue des droits de l'homme, 1871–1916
This article investigates the conceptual and organisational connections between late nineteenth-century civil-liberties activism and the emerging human-rights paradigm of the twentieth century. The comparison of the two largest and most influential civil-liberties organisations to emerge in Britain and France before the First World War (the British Personal Rights Association and the French Ligue des droits de l'homme) has three objectives: to pl…
Lost in Translation: The E nglish Policeman through a G erman Monocle, 1848–1914
Conceptions and misconceptions about foreign models for law enforcement and criminal justice often shape reform debates in important ways by excluding certain options and promoting specific agendas, which are claimed to be more effective, humane or legitimate. This article analyses the reception of the ‘ E nglish police model’ in G erman debates between 1848 and 1914. It argues that the frequent references in G erman debates to E nglish policing …
Certain Other Countries: Homicide, Gender and National Identity in Late Nineteenth Century England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales by Carolyn A. Conley
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Crime and Criminal Justice
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Crime and Criminal Justice brings together researchers who work on crime and criminal justice in the past with an emphasis on the interaction between history and social sciences. Although working on similar subject matters historians and social scientists are often motivated by different intellectual concerns. Historians seek knowledge about crime and criminal justice to better understand the past. In contras…
Beyond the Reach of Law? Criminal Prosecution of Parisian Police Personnel, 1872-1914
The French Third Republic introduced more guarantees of civil liberties than any previous French regime, yet citizens remained unable to challenge police violence and illegality in court-even though the Penal Code provided a legal basis for prosecuting police misconduct. This article reveals how police managers and the judiciary in Paris collaborated to avoid bringing charges against police personnel. It also highlights the significant role playe…
The Rise and Fall of Penal Transportation
Many societies have either transported convicted prisoners to a place of coerced labor or sold them as slaves. From the fifteenth to the twentieth centuries several European states made extensive use of penal transportation to supply labor to overseas colonies. A practice that operated in parallel to the Atlantic and Indian Ocean slave trades, penal transportation was applied to both prisoners sentenced in European courts and those convicted in t…
Defending the Individual: The Personal Rights Association and the Ligue des droits de l'homme, 1871–1916
This article investigates the conceptual and organisational connections between late nineteenth-century civil-liberties activism and the emerging human-rights paradigm of the twentieth century. The comparison of the two largest and most influential civil-liberties organisations to emerge in Britain and France before the First World War (the British Personal Rights Association and the French Ligue des droits de l'homme) has three objectives: to pl…
A Process of Civilisation? Legitimisation of Violent Policing in Prussian and French Police Manuals and Instructions, 1880–1914
This article examines Prussian and French police instructions, manuals and training material, 1880-1914. Police in both countries were reputedly violent, yet successive French and German governments consistently justified incidents of heavy-handed law enforcement. Yet the context was different as Prussian instructions actively encouraged forceful law enforcement, while French instructions placed strict legal and disciplinary boundaries on the pol…
Lost in Translation: The E nglish Policeman through a G erman Monocle, 1848–1914
Conceptions and misconceptions about foreign models for law enforcement and criminal justice often shape reform debates in important ways by excluding certain options and promoting specific agendas, which are claimed to be more effective, humane or legitimate. This article analyses the reception of the ‘ E nglish police model’ in G erman debates between 1848 and 1914. It argues that the frequent references in G erman debates to E nglish policing …
Violent Repression or Modern Strategies of Crowd Management: Soldiers as Riot Police in France and Germany, 1890-1914
One of the most intriguing aspects of French policing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is the apparent contradiction between the liberal principles that were constantly invoked as the ideological basis of the French Third Republic, on the one hand, and the extreme frequency of military involvement in the maintenance of public order, on the other. The frequent use of troops in the early decades of the French Third Republic …
Patterns of Elite Co-operation: Comparing Civil–Military Relations in Imperial Germany and the French Third Republic, 1889–1914
Journal Article Patterns of Elite Co-operation: Comparing Civil–Military Relations in Imperial Germany and the French Third Republic, 1889–1914 Get access Anja Johansen Anja Johansen Cambridge University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar German History, Volume 20, Issue 4, October 2002, Pages 413–437, https://doi.org/10.1191/0266355402gh265oa Published: 01 October 2002
Policing and Repression: Military Involvement in the Policing of French and German Industrial Areas, 1889-1914
Interpretations of protest policing in France generally see the extensive military involvement before the First World War as resulting from particularly serious challenges to the Republican regime and from successive governments seeking to repress strikes and demonstrations with unrestricted force. This article observes that these interpretations are strangely at odds with the situation in Imperial Germany where the army was rarely mobilized agai…
Conflict and Legality: Policing Mid-Twentieth Century Europe
A Process of Civilisation? Legitimisation of Violent Policing in Prussian and French Police Manuals and Instructions, 1880–1914
This article examines Prussian and French police instructions, manuals and training material, 1880-1914. Police in both countries were reputedly violent, yet successive French and German governments consistently justified incidents of heavy-handed law enforcement. Yet the context was different as Prussian instructions actively encouraged forceful law enforcement, while French instructions placed strict legal and disciplinary boundaries on the pol…
Certain Other Countries: Homicide, Gender and National Identity in Late Nineteenth Century England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales by Carolyn A. Conley
Defending the Individual: The Personal Rights Association and the Ligue des droits de l'homme, 1871–1916
This article investigates the conceptual and organisational connections between late nineteenth-century civil-liberties activism and the emerging human-rights paradigm of the twentieth century. The comparison of the two largest and most influential civil-liberties organisations to emerge in Britain and France before the First World War (the British Personal Rights Association and the French Ligue des droits de l'homme) has three objectives: to pl…
Lost in Translation: The E nglish Policeman through a G erman Monocle, 1848–1914
Conceptions and misconceptions about foreign models for law enforcement and criminal justice often shape reform debates in important ways by excluding certain options and promoting specific agendas, which are claimed to be more effective, humane or legitimate. This article analyses the reception of the ‘ E nglish police model’ in G erman debates between 1848 and 1914. It argues that the frequent references in G erman debates to E nglish policing …
Crime and Policing in Wartime
War affects combatant societies and societies trampled over by warring armies and smashed by their munitions in a variety of ways. This chapter draws out some of these effects with respect to crime and criminal offending in European societies since the mid-eighteenth century and explores how that offending was investigated and suppressed. It focuses on three principal areas: first, the kinds and extent of offenses committed by soldiers and sailor…
The Rise of Criminology in its Historical Context
This essay traces the origins and development of criminology from Beccaria up to about 1940, exploring the intimate connection between criminological thought and the contemporary cultural and social climate. In various ways, all pre-criminologists were influenced by the early bourgeois image of man, with free will and character building as its central tenets. Professionalization coincided with a cultural turn that greatly reduced the role of free…
Ideas and Practices of Prostitution Around the World
This essay provides a global overview of prostitution from the early modern period to the present. Although the distinction between “premodern” and “modern” prostitution is not necessarily sharp, the profound political, military, and socioeconomic changes from roughly 1600 onward had an important impact on the sale of sex. Worldwide, the practice of prostitution and societal reactions to it were influenced by processes of colonization, industrial…
Histories of the Modern Prison
This essay examines the history of the prison since late the eighteenth century. Following a discussion of the origins of the reformative prison, the essay analyzes its global expansion as a tool for disciplining populations, expanding imperial control, and establishing national legitimacy. In particular, it emphasizes the dialectic between colonial and national projects and the multiple uses that the prison has come to play in states around the …
Mercy and Parole in Anglo-American Criminal Justice Systems from the Eighteenth Century to the Twenty-First Century
Mercy’s long association with the whims of emperors and monarchs altered with the emergence of republics and democracies in the modern era. Over the nineteenth century mercy became bureaucratized, and new administrative forms of discretionary justice—parole and tickets of leave—emerged in Anglo-American penal systems. However, the ancient prerogative of mercy persisted through the powers of executive elected officers and the Crown and its represe…
The Crime Historian’s
This chapter explores the ways that historians of crime go about their research. Although many historians are wary, disinterested, or even completely uninterested in describing and discussing the methods of inquiry that have preceded their analysis and have ultimately produced their final research findings, the approaches they take are clearly critical. The chapter therefore explores in detail some of the reasons why historians have kept their me…
Crime News and the Press
This essay examines crime news between the late eighteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, focusing on the newspaper press in Great Britain. It lays out trends in crime and media historiography; describes the main press discourses about “crime,” “criminals,” and “criminal justice”; identifies the key agents who created crime news; and considers the press’s role in “moral panics.” Showing that the press has been a dominant source of crime information…
Long-Term Trends in Crime
This chapter introduces the available research on long-term crime trends and shows the major role that cross-national comparisons have played since the nineteenth century, revealing that the first researchers were fully aware of such comparisons’ pitfalls. Since then, most research has focused on homicide trends—often used as a proxy for trends in all violent crime—in industrialized Western nations, because data are not widely available for other…
Terrorism and Its Policing
Between its emergence in the 1870s and the beginning of the First World War, public perception of the anarchist movement and the theoretical and legal frameworks used to comprehend and control it underwent a dual process of criminalization and internationalization. The use of terrorism by anarchists was pivotal to these evolutions, as was its reception by alarmed populations and governments faced with unprecedented forms of political violence. An…
The Historiography of Crime and Criminal Justice
This essay analyzes the historiography of the field of criminal justice history. It traces the development of four broad approaches to the historical study of crime, policing, justice, and punishment from the start of the twentieth century to the present day. The four approaches identified are characterized as positivist/empirical, theoretical, social, and cultural. Concentrating primarily (but not exclusively) on works focused on the United King…
A Brief History of the Underworld and Organized Crime, c. 1750–1950
This chapter explores the evolution of concepts and definitions relating to criminal organization since 1750. Terms such as the “underworld,” “organized crime,” and “professional crime” have increasingly become part of the criminal justice lexicon in the modern period. However, while there has been a strong tradition of criminological and sociological investigation into the structures and hierarchies of syndicated crime and street gangs in the fi…
Crime, Criminology, and the Crime Genre
For years, many criminologists have argued that the crime genre misrepresents crime and the criminal justice system, causing misperceptions among the public. However, other scholars have suggested that despite inaccuracies, the crime genre is actually far more reflective of the workings of the criminal justice system than previously thought. This essay traces the relationship of crime genre productions such as novels, film, and television to past…
Dreams and Nightmares
Between the 1890s and the 1950s, drug smuggling became a global problem. The League of Nations played a pivotal role during the interwar period in promoting perceptions of “drug trafficking” and fashioning an international response. Drawing on archives in Geneva, London, and New York, as well as fiction, this essay examines the “dreamscape” of drug trafficking: the nightmare of the foreign trafficker and the dream of a worldwide scheme for drug c…
Continuity and Change
The Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917 initiated a major transformation of the position of women in Russian society as a result of its stress on universal contribution to economic production. As expectations for women shifted, anxieties about the nature of society and relationships increased. Soviet criminologists addressed these anxieties and helped to reinforce women’s traditional position in Soviet society by emphasizing the backwardness of …
Geography of Crime
The historical transformation in the distribution of crime between towns and rural areas in the Western world between 1750 and 1950 remains a complex and debated issue. The few comparative studies on long-term crime seem to indicate a sharp decrease in urban crime, although with considerable variation in chronology and intensity. Conversely, the rapid urbanization of industrial cities was accompanied by outbreaks of violence, before declining as …
Forms of Crime
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries servants ordering goods falsely in the names of their masters and criminals posing as wealthy customers defrauded tradespeople alongside outright shoplifters and thieves. . The institution of harsh shoplifting laws in the 1600s and trade protection societies’ attempts at self-policing in the 1700s failed to stem the tide. Developments in marketing like open displays, bazaars, and the department store mul…
Making sense of Nordicness, or making Nordicness
What is Nordic? Does it make sense to talk about Nordic Scienceand Technology Studies (STS)? If so, what kind of contributionscould Nordic perspectives give to global STS and other disciplines? And what elements of the international field of STS are being developed and honed by Nordic scholars
Political science (29 works) · Sociology (29 works) · Law (26 works) · Criminology (24 works) · History (16 works) · Law (11 works) · Politics (11 works) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (7 works) · History (7 works) · Criminal justice (6 works)