Louis N Gray

Biographic Data

ID3610403
NAMELouis N Gray
GIVEN NAMESLouis N
FAMILY NAMEGray
SIGNATUREGRAY L N
AFFILIATIONSWashington State University
VERIFIEDNo
TOTAL WORKS45
TOTAL CITATIONS112
AUTHOR COUNT45
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1963
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2024
H-INDEX6

  • Is Deception Really a Despicable Tool in Experiments? A Discipline-specific Analysis in Sociological Social Psychology

    Open AccessMay Takeuchi, Alexander Takeuchi et al.ARTICLESociological Inquiry2024References: 45

    Methodological use of deception in experiments has been a controversy between different social and behavioral science fields. Because of the disciplinary differences in the types of behaviors studied and the assumptions made about them, generally speaking micro-economists tend to oppose its use rather strongly, while sociological social psychologists tend to argue for more discipline specific examinations of its dysfunctions and merits. We examin…

  • Continuity or Change? The Impact of Parents' Divorce on Newly Married Couples

    Irving Tallman, Thomas Rotolo et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly2001Cited by: 1

    Socialization into marital identities is viewed as a learning process initiated in the family of origin and continued through interactions in the offspring's marriage. We test three hypotheses pertaining to the intergenerational continuity or discontinuity in this process. The hypotheses derive from the proposition that behaviors and expectations learned in childhood will continue into marriage unless they fail to be reinforced early in the marri…

  • The Intergenerational Transmission of Marital Conflict: Testing a Process Model

    Irving Tallman, Louis N Gray et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1999Cited by: 5

    Irving Tallman, Louis N. Gray, Vicki Kullberg, Debra Henderson, The Intergenerational Transmission of Marital Conflict: Testing a Process Model, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 219-239

  • Cost-Equalization Applications to Asymmetric Influence Processes

    Louis N Gray, Irving Tallman et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1998Cited by: 2

    Louis N. Gray, Irving Tallman, Dean H. Judson, Candan Duran-Aydintug, Cost-Equalization Applications to Asymmetric Influence Processes, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 3 (Sep., 1998), pp. 259-269

  • Cost Equalization as a Determinant of Behavioral Allocation: The Case of Binary Choice

    Louis N Gray, Irving TallmanARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1996Cited by: 1

    In this paper we provide an elemental explanation of a basic behavioral process: choosing between alternative courses of action. Our approach to the question of choice departs from earlier explanations that focus primarily on efforts to maximize benefits or utilities. Instead we employ a simple principle that is implicit in learning theory and has been used effectively in several of our own experiments. This principle is based on the notion that …

  • Predicting Unique Behavioral Choices: Direct Numeric Estimation of Rewards and Costs and the Satisfaction-Balance Decision Model

    D H Judson, Louis N Gray et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1994Cited by: 1

    D. H. Judson, Louis N. Gray, Candan Duran-Aydintug, Predicting Unique Behavioral Choices: Direct Numeric Estimation of Rewards and Costs and the Satisfaction-Balance Decision Model, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Jun., 1994), pp. 140-149

  • A Theory of Problem-Solving Behavior

    Irving Tallman, Robert K Leik et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1993Cited by: 2

    In this paper we develop a formal, testable theory of problem-solving behavior with special relevance to individuals and small groups. The theory is consistent with principles drawn from operant behavior and social exchange theories but also incorporates elements of cognitive psychology. Problem solving is defined as a nonroutine activity oriented toward changing an undersirable state of affairs. The focus on change differentiates problem solving…

  • On equity in intergroup exchange process, outcome distributions, and some considerations of cognitive orientation

    Open AccessLouis N GrayARTICLESocial Justice Research1993References: 20

  • Rewards and Punishments in Complex Human Choices

    Louis N Gray, Mark C Stafford et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1991Cited by: 1

    Building on work on the matching law, this paper proposes a model of choice behavior that includes costs and benefits. We compare our model with alternative models in the behavioral literature, and use the results of two experiments with human subjects to assess the predictive accuracy of the various models

  • On Choice Behavior in Individual and Social Situations

    Louis N Gray, Mark C StaffordARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1988Cited by: 1

    Gray and Tallman's (1984) model of individual choice is extended to explain the choice behavior of groups. Experimental data on dyads tend to support the model and, when compared to comparable data on individuals, show how group choice behavior differs from individual choice behavior. Groups are less likely than individuals to choose a behavior whose relative worth is low, and are more likely to engage in a behavior if its relative worth is high.…

  • Theories of Choice: Contingent Reward and Punishment Applications

    Louis N Gray, Irving TallmanARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1987Cited by: 4

    Les theories du choix se repartissent en deux groupes: celles qui traitent des evenements «obtenus» (arrives): tels que renforcements et celles qui traitent des evenements programmes, tel que taux attendu d'un renforcement. Les modeles traitant des evenements projetes ont des implications quant aux politiques a suivre qu'il n'est pas facile d'inferer des modeles d'evenements «obtenus». Deux modeles generaux bases sur des evenements projetes dans …

  • Deterrence: A laboratory experiment

    Alfred C Miranne, Louis N GrayARTICLEDeviant Behavior1987Cited by: 1References: 27

    Due to limitations inherent in official statistics and surveys the authors conducted a partial test of the deterrence doctrine within the carefully controlled environment of a laboratory experiment. Participants in the experiment were male volunteers enrolled in college classes. The primary variables studied were certainty, severity, and celerity of punishment, and the situations of general deterrence (threatened punishment) and specific deterren…

  • Predicting Choices in Asymptotic Decisions: A Comparison of Two Models

    Louis N Gray, Irving TallmanARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1986

    Two models of repetitive choice, the discrimination developed by Lindenberg, and the balance developed by Gray and Tallman are examined. It is shown that the two models yield different directional predictions under certain choice situations. An experimental design is developed involving four treatments which allow for examination of the two models. Results of a regression analysis strongly support the satisfaction balance model as the more genera…

  • Modeling the Deterrent Effects of Punishment

    Mark C Stafford, Louis N Gray et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1986Cited by: 6

    Nonexperimental (homicide) and experimental data are used to study the effects of the certainty and severity of punishment. Many deterrence researchers, working without systematic theory of how punishments should operate to influence behavior, have opted for a simple additive model of certainty and severity. However, a satisfaction balance model-a social psychological theory representing a modification of the matching equation and positing intera…

  • Sanctions, modeling, and deviant behavior

    Open AccessDavid A Ward, Ben A Menke et al.ARTICLEJournal of Criminal Justice1986Cited by: 6References: 7

  • Observational and Experiential Effects in Probability Learning: The Case of a Deviant Behavior

    Louis N Gray, David A Ward et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1985

    Louis N. Gray, David A. Ward, Mark C. Stafford, Ben A. Menke, Observational and Experiential Effects in Probability Learning: The Case of a Deviant Behavior, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1985), pp. 78-85

  • "A Note on the "Social Law of Effect: Expanding the Model

    W I Griffith, Louis N GrayARTICLESocial Forces1985

    A growing body of research suggests the appropriateness of social analogues to such psychological constructions as the “law of effect” The focus of this paper is to expand the model to include information about the quality of directive acts and external environmental levels of reinforcement. The expanded multivariable model proposed here provides increased precision and a significant increase in explained variation. The introduction of informatio…

  • On Differentiation in Small-Group Power Relations

    Louis N Gray, W I GriffithARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1984

    This paper examines the structural differentiation model of social power presented by Gray and Sullivan (1978). That early model assumed that differential external reward contingencies would produce differentiated group structures. This paper argues that the Gray and Sullivan model is incomplete and insufficient to produce structural differentiation in more general situations. We argue that more complex learning mechanisms are involved and presen…

  • A Satisfaction Balance Model of Decision Making and Choice Behavior

    Louis N Gray, Irving TallmanARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1984Cited by: 5

  • Self-Reinforcement: Effects on Monads and Noninteractive Dyads

    Julie T Elworth, Louis N GrayARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1982

    Researchers studying the activity rates in small groups have often noticed what appears to be an individual participation potential or initiation tendency, which affects the observed activity rates. We develop a method of measuring this tendency for individual humans and test its explanatory power in a social situation in which reinforcements are not exchanged among members. Two models for combining these tendencies and predicting outcomes are di…

  • Group Differentiation: Temporal Effects of Reinforcement

    Louis N Gray, W I Griffith et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1982

    One of the most pervasive phenomena characteristic of group interaction is structural differentiation. Groups tend to distribute their activity and their internally shared reinforcements in ways that allow them to resolve problems with which they are confronted by their environment: thus differentiation implies variable allocation of rewards across group members. These distributions often tend to be such that certain individuals or subgroups rece…

  • A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Components of Punishment

    Louis N Gray, Alfred C Miranne et al.ARTICLESocial Psychology Quarterly1982Cited by: 2

    This study examined the interactions of the components of punishment on human subjects. While the effects of certainty and severity were in the expected directions, the main and interaction effects of celerity produced unexpected outcomes-namely, the more immediate the punishment the less the likelihood of behavioral extinction. Moreover, this paradoxical result was found to be contingent on the varying levels of certainty and severity. It is sug…

  • Goodman and Kruskal's Tau b: Multiple and Partial Analogs

    Open AccessLouis N Gray, J Sherwood WilliamsARTICLESociological Methods & Research1981Cited by: 2References: 7

    Using the logic developed by Goodman and Kruskal, multiple and partial analogs for their measure Tau are suggested. These measures may be of particular utility to survey researchers in situations where the Goodman and Kruskal lambda measures are either inappropriate or inapplicable. This measure has been shown to have a clear proportional reduction in error interpretation. These analogs should be useful and necessary for detailed causal and/or mu…

  • A Priori and a Posteriori Tests of Significance for Koppa

    Open AccessLyle G Warner, Louis N Gray et al.ARTICLEEducational and Psychological…1978

    The tests of significance for koppa presented by Kruskal (1958) for one sample and by Warner and Gray (1973) for two samples are reviewed. The two sample test is extended to include multiple comparisons for both a priori and a posteriori analysis problems. A significant difference between two or more koppa values, within different categories of a third variable, demonstrates an interaction effect. Empirical examples are included

  • A Test and Reformulation of Reference Group and Role Correlates of Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Theory

    Roger W Libby, Louis N Gray et al.ARTICLEJournal of Marriage and the Family1978Cited by: 9