C A Liebler
Biographic Data
| ID | 36162 |
|---|---|
| NAME | C A Liebler |
| GIVEN NAMES | C A |
| FAMILY NAME | Liebler |
| SIGNATURE | LIEBLER C A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Minnesota |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3615-7838 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 373 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Accounting for Race Response Change in Population Projections: A Research Note
Demographers have struggled to make realistic population projections for some race groups. For example, the Census Bureau's 2023 national projection gives the unrealistically low estimate that the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population will be 8.7 million in 2050 (it was measured at 9.7 million in 2020). I argue that this disconnect occurs because the cohort component model ignores an important component of change: race response chan…
The layers and variety of mixed-heritage experiences: Beyond identity formation
In this rejoinder, we engage with many important points raised by the contributors to this book symposium on Mixed Heritage in the Family. In doing so, we reiterate some of the key innovations and findings of our book and reflect upon the direction of future research on mixed-heritage people
Data impacts of changes in U.S. Census Bureau procedures for race and ethnicity data
Beginning with the 2020 decennial census and the 2020 American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau implemented changes in question design, data processing, and coding procedures for the race and ethnicity data they collect that appear to have resulted in major data discontinuity. However, the Census Bureau has not released nor plans to release research showing the impact of these changes. We explore the impact of the Census Bureau's pr…
We Are Meant to Rise: Voices for Justice from Minneapolis to the World
What Motivates Mixed Heritage People to Assert Their Ancestries
Research on mixed heritage people has often focused on their reported race(s) and what these self-reports may reveal about their racial leanings. In the U.S., people are also asked: “What is this person’s ancestry or ethnic origin?” as a census fill-in-the-blank question. Existing research has analyzed the census data on race and ancestry and has uncovered meanings about ethnicity among White Americans, but little is known about the importance of…
Churning races in Canada: Visible minority response change between 2006 and 2011
Occupational Dissimilarity between the American Indian/Alaska Native and the White Workforce in the Contemporary United States
Who has which job? When this answer differs by race group or sex, inefficiencies such as labor market discrimination or suboptimal investment in education may be impeding productivity and sustaining inequities. We use US Census data to analyze the occupational structure of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) workers relative to non-Hispanic white workers. Relative to white workers, AI/AN workers are generally overrepresented in low-skilled occu…
Counting America's First Peoples
The descendants of the First Peoples of the Americas (labeled "American Indians and Alaska Natives" in the federal definition) are a particularly challenging group to count in censuses. In this article, I describe some enumeration issues and then outline what we have learned about American Indians and Alaska Natives from efforts that rely on individuals' answers to census questions on race, ancestry, ethnicity, and tribe. Those who do not report …
America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census
A person's racial or ethnic self-identification can change over time and across contexts, which is a component of population change not usually considered in studies that use race and ethnicity as variables. To facilitate incorporation of this aspect of population change, we show patterns and directions of individual-level race and Hispanic response change throughout the United States and among all federally recognized race/ethnic groups. We use …
Joining, Leaving, and Staying in the American Indian/Alaska Native Race Category Between 2000 and 2010
Conceptualizing and operationalizing American Indian populations is challenging. Each census for decades has seen the American Indian population increase substantially more than expected, with indirect and qualitative evidence that this is due to changes in individuals’ race responses. We apply uniquely suited (but not nationally representative) linked data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses (N = 3.1 million) and the 2006–2010 American Com…
An Outside View: What Observers Say About Others’ Races and Hispanic Origins
Outsiders' views of a person's race or Hispanic origin can affect how she sees herself, how she reports her race/ethnicity, and her social and economic experiences. Social processes of constructing race are complicated for people whose identity is not reflected back to them in interactions, and mismatched identification gives insight into social assumptions. Using unique linked data from the 2000 and 2010 censuses, we find that in 90% of our 3.7 …
On the Boundaries of Race: Identification of Mixed-heritage Children in the United States, 1960 to 2010
Socially constructed race groups have boundaries that define their membership. I study temporal trends and group-specific patterns in race and ancestry responses provided for children of interracial marriages. Common responses indicate contemporary definitions of race groups (and perhaps emerging groups); uncommon responses reveal socially defined limits of race group membership. I leverage dense, nonpublic, Census Bureau data from 1960 to 2010 t…
History, place, and racial self-representation in 21st century America
More Than One Million New American Indians in 2000: Who Are They
More than one million people reported their race as American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) in the 2000 U.S. census but did not do so in the 1990 census. We ask three questions. First, which subgroups had the greatest numerical growth? Second, which subgroups had the greatest proportional increase? And third, are the 2000 single-race AIANs and the 1990 AIANs the same set of people? We use full-count and high-density decennial census data; adjust for…
American Indians without tribes in the twenty-first century
Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, most aspects of ethnicity are tightly associated with the person's tribal origins. Language, history, foods, land, and traditions differ among the hundreds of tribes indigenous to the United States. With this in mind, we ask why almost one million American Indians failed to respond to the tribal affiliation part of the Census 2000 race question. We investigate four hypotheses about why one-third of multi…
Homelands and indigenous identities in a multiracial era
A practical approach to using Multiple-Race response data: A bridging method for publicuse microdata
Revised federal policies require that multiple-race responses be allowed in all federal data collection efforts, but many researchers find the multitude of race categories and variables very difficult to use. Important comparability issues also interfere with using multiple-race data in analyses of multiple data sets and/or several points in time. These difficulties have, in effect, discouraged the use of the new data on race. We present a practi…
Pondering Poi Dog: Place and racial identification of multiracial Native Hawaiians
Given the very large proportion of Hawaiians who are multiracial, our research examines Native Hawaiian identification in mixed-race Hawaiian families. We use the 1990 US Census, which affords a unique look at racial identification because multiracial people were required to choose one race over another. The results show support for our argument that place plays a central role in Pacific identity processes, illustrated in this case among Hawaiian…
American Indian Ethnic Identity: Tribal Nonresponse in the 1990 Census
Objectives. About 11 percent of American Indians did not report their tribal affiliation on the 1990 U.S. Census form. I use several theoretical perspectives as tools to explore the reasons behind this surprising omission. Method. Logistic regression analysis is the method employed. Results. American Indians living with someone who speaks an American Indian language are very likely to report a tribal affiliation, as are those living in “Indian st…
The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals
Book Review| January 01 2004 The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals, Joel Perlmann and Mary C. Waters. Carolyn A. Liebler Carolyn A. Liebler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2004) 23 (2): 95–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501427 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mai…
Ties on the fringes of identity
Ipums Redesign
This new project will create two large parallel series of historical U.S. census microdata. The first is a redesigned Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) incorporating Census 2000 and the American Community Survey. The IPUMS is a compatible series of large census microdata samples spanning the period from 1850 to 2000. The second is a restricted-use micro-data archive containing 1.4 billion records from the censuses of 1940 to 2000. Th…
Gender differences in the exchange of social support with friends, neighbors, and co-workers at midlife
The demography of American Indian families
America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census
A person's racial or ethnic self-identification can change over time and across contexts, which is a component of population change not usually considered in studies that use race and ethnicity as variables. To facilitate incorporation of this aspect of population change, we show patterns and directions of individual-level race and Hispanic response change throughout the United States and among all federally recognized race/ethnic groups. We use …
Gender differences in the exchange of social support with friends, neighbors, and co-workers at midlife
More Than One Million New American Indians in 2000: Who Are They
More than one million people reported their race as American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) in the 2000 U.S. census but did not do so in the 1990 census. We ask three questions. First, which subgroups had the greatest numerical growth? Second, which subgroups had the greatest proportional increase? And third, are the 2000 single-race AIANs and the 1990 AIANs the same set of people? We use full-count and high-density decennial census data; adjust for…
Pondering Poi Dog: Place and racial identification of multiracial Native Hawaiians
Given the very large proportion of Hawaiians who are multiracial, our research examines Native Hawaiian identification in mixed-race Hawaiian families. We use the 1990 US Census, which affords a unique look at racial identification because multiracial people were required to choose one race over another. The results show support for our argument that place plays a central role in Pacific identity processes, illustrated in this case among Hawaiian…
Ties on the fringes of identity
On the Boundaries of Race: Identification of Mixed-heritage Children in the United States, 1960 to 2010
Socially constructed race groups have boundaries that define their membership. I study temporal trends and group-specific patterns in race and ancestry responses provided for children of interracial marriages. Common responses indicate contemporary definitions of race groups (and perhaps emerging groups); uncommon responses reveal socially defined limits of race group membership. I leverage dense, nonpublic, Census Bureau data from 1960 to 2010 t…
Joining, Leaving, and Staying in the American Indian/Alaska Native Race Category Between 2000 and 2010
Conceptualizing and operationalizing American Indian populations is challenging. Each census for decades has seen the American Indian population increase substantially more than expected, with indirect and qualitative evidence that this is due to changes in individuals’ race responses. We apply uniquely suited (but not nationally representative) linked data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses (N = 3.1 million) and the 2006–2010 American Com…
Homelands and indigenous identities in a multiracial era
A practical approach to using Multiple-Race response data: A bridging method for publicuse microdata
Revised federal policies require that multiple-race responses be allowed in all federal data collection efforts, but many researchers find the multitude of race categories and variables very difficult to use. Important comparability issues also interfere with using multiple-race data in analyses of multiple data sets and/or several points in time. These difficulties have, in effect, discouraged the use of the new data on race. We present a practi…
An Outside View: What Observers Say About Others’ Races and Hispanic Origins
Outsiders' views of a person's race or Hispanic origin can affect how she sees herself, how she reports her race/ethnicity, and her social and economic experiences. Social processes of constructing race are complicated for people whose identity is not reflected back to them in interactions, and mismatched identification gives insight into social assumptions. Using unique linked data from the 2000 and 2010 censuses, we find that in 90% of our 3.7 …
Counting America's First Peoples
The descendants of the First Peoples of the Americas (labeled "American Indians and Alaska Natives" in the federal definition) are a particularly challenging group to count in censuses. In this article, I describe some enumeration issues and then outline what we have learned about American Indians and Alaska Natives from efforts that rely on individuals' answers to census questions on race, ancestry, ethnicity, and tribe. Those who do not report …
American Indian Ethnic Identity: Tribal Nonresponse in the 1990 Census
Objectives. About 11 percent of American Indians did not report their tribal affiliation on the 1990 U.S. Census form. I use several theoretical perspectives as tools to explore the reasons behind this surprising omission. Method. Logistic regression analysis is the method employed. Results. American Indians living with someone who speaks an American Indian language are very likely to report a tribal affiliation, as are those living in “Indian st…
The demography of American Indian families
American Indians without tribes in the twenty-first century
Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, most aspects of ethnicity are tightly associated with the person's tribal origins. Language, history, foods, land, and traditions differ among the hundreds of tribes indigenous to the United States. With this in mind, we ask why almost one million American Indians failed to respond to the tribal affiliation part of the Census 2000 race question. We investigate four hypotheses about why one-third of multi…
History, place, and racial self-representation in 21st century America
What Motivates Mixed Heritage People to Assert Their Ancestries
Research on mixed heritage people has often focused on their reported race(s) and what these self-reports may reveal about their racial leanings. In the U.S., people are also asked: “What is this person’s ancestry or ethnic origin?” as a census fill-in-the-blank question. Existing research has analyzed the census data on race and ancestry and has uncovered meanings about ethnicity among White Americans, but little is known about the importance of…
Ipums Redesign
This new project will create two large parallel series of historical U.S. census microdata. The first is a redesigned Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) incorporating Census 2000 and the American Community Survey. The IPUMS is a compatible series of large census microdata samples spanning the period from 1850 to 2000. The second is a restricted-use micro-data archive containing 1.4 billion records from the censuses of 1940 to 2000. Th…
Churning races in Canada: Visible minority response change between 2006 and 2011
The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals
Book Review| January 01 2004 The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals, Joel Perlmann and Mary C. Waters. Carolyn A. Liebler Carolyn A. Liebler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2004) 23 (2): 95–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501427 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mai…
The demography of American Indian families
Gender differences in the exchange of social support with friends, neighbors, and co-workers at midlife
Ipums Redesign
This new project will create two large parallel series of historical U.S. census microdata. The first is a redesigned Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) incorporating Census 2000 and the American Community Survey. The IPUMS is a compatible series of large census microdata samples spanning the period from 1850 to 2000. The second is a restricted-use micro-data archive containing 1.4 billion records from the censuses of 1940 to 2000. Th…
American Indian Ethnic Identity: Tribal Nonresponse in the 1990 Census
Objectives. About 11 percent of American Indians did not report their tribal affiliation on the 1990 U.S. Census form. I use several theoretical perspectives as tools to explore the reasons behind this surprising omission. Method. Logistic regression analysis is the method employed. Results. American Indians living with someone who speaks an American Indian language are very likely to report a tribal affiliation, as are those living in “Indian st…
The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals
Book Review| January 01 2004 The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals, Joel Perlmann and Mary C. Waters. Carolyn A. Liebler Carolyn A. Liebler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2004) 23 (2): 95–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501427 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mai…
Ties on the fringes of identity
Pondering Poi Dog: Place and racial identification of multiracial Native Hawaiians
Given the very large proportion of Hawaiians who are multiracial, our research examines Native Hawaiian identification in mixed-race Hawaiian families. We use the 1990 US Census, which affords a unique look at racial identification because multiracial people were required to choose one race over another. The results show support for our argument that place plays a central role in Pacific identity processes, illustrated in this case among Hawaiian…
A practical approach to using Multiple-Race response data: A bridging method for publicuse microdata
Revised federal policies require that multiple-race responses be allowed in all federal data collection efforts, but many researchers find the multitude of race categories and variables very difficult to use. Important comparability issues also interfere with using multiple-race data in analyses of multiple data sets and/or several points in time. These difficulties have, in effect, discouraged the use of the new data on race. We present a practi…
Homelands and indigenous identities in a multiracial era
American Indians without tribes in the twenty-first century
Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, most aspects of ethnicity are tightly associated with the person's tribal origins. Language, history, foods, land, and traditions differ among the hundreds of tribes indigenous to the United States. With this in mind, we ask why almost one million American Indians failed to respond to the tribal affiliation part of the Census 2000 race question. We investigate four hypotheses about why one-third of multi…
More Than One Million New American Indians in 2000: Who Are They
More than one million people reported their race as American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) in the 2000 U.S. census but did not do so in the 1990 census. We ask three questions. First, which subgroups had the greatest numerical growth? Second, which subgroups had the greatest proportional increase? And third, are the 2000 single-race AIANs and the 1990 AIANs the same set of people? We use full-count and high-density decennial census data; adjust for…
Joining, Leaving, and Staying in the American Indian/Alaska Native Race Category Between 2000 and 2010
Conceptualizing and operationalizing American Indian populations is challenging. Each census for decades has seen the American Indian population increase substantially more than expected, with indirect and qualitative evidence that this is due to changes in individuals’ race responses. We apply uniquely suited (but not nationally representative) linked data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses (N = 3.1 million) and the 2006–2010 American Com…
An Outside View: What Observers Say About Others’ Races and Hispanic Origins
Outsiders' views of a person's race or Hispanic origin can affect how she sees herself, how she reports her race/ethnicity, and her social and economic experiences. Social processes of constructing race are complicated for people whose identity is not reflected back to them in interactions, and mismatched identification gives insight into social assumptions. Using unique linked data from the 2000 and 2010 censuses, we find that in 90% of our 3.7 …
On the Boundaries of Race: Identification of Mixed-heritage Children in the United States, 1960 to 2010
Socially constructed race groups have boundaries that define their membership. I study temporal trends and group-specific patterns in race and ancestry responses provided for children of interracial marriages. Common responses indicate contemporary definitions of race groups (and perhaps emerging groups); uncommon responses reveal socially defined limits of race group membership. I leverage dense, nonpublic, Census Bureau data from 1960 to 2010 t…
History, place, and racial self-representation in 21st century America
America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census
A person's racial or ethnic self-identification can change over time and across contexts, which is a component of population change not usually considered in studies that use race and ethnicity as variables. To facilitate incorporation of this aspect of population change, we show patterns and directions of individual-level race and Hispanic response change throughout the United States and among all federally recognized race/ethnic groups. We use …
Occupational Dissimilarity between the American Indian/Alaska Native and the White Workforce in the Contemporary United States
Who has which job? When this answer differs by race group or sex, inefficiencies such as labor market discrimination or suboptimal investment in education may be impeding productivity and sustaining inequities. We use US Census data to analyze the occupational structure of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) workers relative to non-Hispanic white workers. Relative to white workers, AI/AN workers are generally overrepresented in low-skilled occu…
Counting America's First Peoples
The descendants of the First Peoples of the Americas (labeled "American Indians and Alaska Natives" in the federal definition) are a particularly challenging group to count in censuses. In this article, I describe some enumeration issues and then outline what we have learned about American Indians and Alaska Natives from efforts that rely on individuals' answers to census questions on race, ancestry, ethnicity, and tribe. Those who do not report …
Churning races in Canada: Visible minority response change between 2006 and 2011
What Motivates Mixed Heritage People to Assert Their Ancestries
Research on mixed heritage people has often focused on their reported race(s) and what these self-reports may reveal about their racial leanings. In the U.S., people are also asked: “What is this person’s ancestry or ethnic origin?” as a census fill-in-the-blank question. Existing research has analyzed the census data on race and ancestry and has uncovered meanings about ethnicity among White Americans, but little is known about the importance of…
We Are Meant to Rise: Voices for Justice from Minneapolis to the World
Data impacts of changes in U.S. Census Bureau procedures for race and ethnicity data
Beginning with the 2020 decennial census and the 2020 American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau implemented changes in question design, data processing, and coding procedures for the race and ethnicity data they collect that appear to have resulted in major data discontinuity. However, the Census Bureau has not released nor plans to release research showing the impact of these changes. We explore the impact of the Census Bureau's pr…
Accounting for Race Response Change in Population Projections: A Research Note
Demographers have struggled to make realistic population projections for some race groups. For example, the Census Bureau's 2023 national projection gives the unrealistically low estimate that the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population will be 8.7 million in 2050 (it was measured at 9.7 million in 2020). I argue that this disconnect occurs because the cohort component model ignores an important component of change: race response chan…
The layers and variety of mixed-heritage experiences: Beyond identity formation
In this rejoinder, we engage with many important points raised by the contributors to this book symposium on Mixed Heritage in the Family. In doing so, we reiterate some of the key innovations and findings of our book and reflect upon the direction of future research on mixed-heritage people
Sociology (22 works) · Demography (19 works) · Population (19 works) · Census (18 works) · Gender Studies (17 works) · Geography (17 works) · Ethnic group (14 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (13 works) · Race (biology (12 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (12 works)