James Johnson
Biographic Data
| ID | 3623965 |
|---|---|
| NAME | James Johnson |
| GIVEN NAMES | James |
| FAMILY NAME | Johnson |
| SIGNATURE | JOHNSON J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Rochester |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7109-4575 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 93 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 485 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 93 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1919 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Entitativity Predicts “Counter-Allyship” Towards a Black Woman Complainant of Violent Sexual Harassment Through Elevated Promiscuity Attributions
Black women in the United States continue to face disproportionate gender-based sexual violence, often compounded by stereotypes that portray them as sexually promiscuous. This study examines how perceptions of entitativity —the belief that Black women form a cohesive, interchangeable group—shape negative reactions toward a Black woman who reports workplace sexual harassment by a White supervisor. Using a sample of White American adults ( N = 197…
GenAI and synthetic foresight at the brink: The future of nuclear crisis decision-making
This article examines how generative AI (GenAI) is reshaping strategic crisis decision-making through the emergence of ‘synthetic foresight’ – the algorithmic simulation of adversary intentions, escalation pathways, and imagined futures under conditions of uncertainty. Unlike traditional practices such as early warning, scenario planning, wargaming, or red teaming, which discipline strategic imagination through structured engagement with uncertai…
One British Archive: A Monumental Task: The Archival Potential of Graveyards
Modern gravestones have been a common sight in European towns and cities for just over three hundred years. They provide a wealth of information beyond simply names and dates, and can teach us a great deal about the time and place in which they were erected and the people who built them. I have been recording and conserving gravestones for fifteen years, and here I present some of the techniques, sources, and hard-learned lessons of using gravest…
Can AI behave ethically during military crises? Preserving human moral agency
This article examines the ethical implications of integrating artificial intelligence-powered decision-support systems (AI-DSS) into strategic decision-making. As AI-DSS enhances battlefield awareness and accelerates operational tempo, it also risks undermining human moral agency through automation bias, anthropomorphism and over-reliance on machine outputs. Focusing on the socio-technical and psychological dimensions of human–AI interaction, the…
How Your Doctor’s Debt Matters
The country faces a shortage of healthcare professionals, yet today's average U.S. medical school graduate carries an enormous debt burden. with roughly $200,000 in education loans, interviewees explain, exciting decisions about specialty paths become struggles between passion and pragmatism
From Controllers to Immersion: Exploring the Sense of Place in Video Games
This study aims to develop an understanding of how video gamers develop a sense of place within video game environments. Through semi‐structured interviews with 40 video gamers, three key themes were identified: interactive experiences, exploration and immersive experiences. Data analysis has demonstrated that interactive experiences, including those with game inhabitants and objects, add life to virtual worlds. The ability to suspend gameplay an…
Thickening places: Tourism from below
Places and stories shared by the taxi driver while moving through the city, ‘thicken’ places adding meaning and authenticity. We propose that this thickening is a kind of ‘placemaking from below’, and as such, our work is critical of an orthodoxy in tourism which privileges the ‘thin’ authorised tourism discourse of official destination management efforts, social media gloss and brochure narratives. Our research focuses on taxi drivers' local kno…
Revisiting the ‘stability–instability paradox’ in AI-enabled warfare: A modern-day Promethean tragedy under the nuclear shadow
This article contributes to the empirical and theoretical discourse on the ‘stability–instability paradox’, the idea that while possessing nuclear weapons deters cataclysmic all-out war, it simultaneously increases the likelihood of low-level conflict between nuclear dyads. It critiques the paradox’s dominant interpretation (red-line model), which places undue confidence in the nuclear stalemate – premised on mutually assured destruction – to pre…
Gender, Institutional Inequality, and Institutional Diversity in Archaeology Articles in Major Journals and Sapiens - Corrigendum
Developing a Climate Change Risk Perception Model in the Philippines and Fiji: Posttraumatic Growth Plays Central Role
Posttraumatic growth played a central role in climate change risk perception. Public health educational efforts should focus on vividly showing how climate change threatens life priorities and that which gives life meaning and can result in loss, stress, and hardship. Disaster response organizations may also use this approach to promote preparedness for disaster threats
Post-9/11 US thinking and approaches to nuclear deterrence: The Bush Doctrine and the role of nuclear weapons in US deterrence strategy
Charting a course through US administrations from the late 1990s to the present day, this article considers the George W. Bush administration’s thinking on nuclear deterrence in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 9/11: What was distinctive about the Bush administration’s thinking and approach to nuclear deterrence? To what extent, and to what effect have the Bush administration’s approaches proved enduring? The article considers the prima …
Finding AI Faces in the Moon and Armies in the Clouds: Anthropomorphising Artificial Intelligence in Military Human-Machine Interactions
Why are we likely to see anthropomorphisms in military artificial intelligence (AI) human-machine interactions (HMIs)? And what are the potential consequences of this phenomena? Since its inception, AI has been conceptualised in anthropomorphic terms, employing biomimicry to digitally map the human brain as analogies to human reasoning. Hybrid teams of human soldiers and autonomous agents controlled by AI are expected to play an increasingly more…
AI and the Bomb: Nuclear Strategy and Risk in the Digital Age
Gender, Institutional Inequality, and Institutional Diversity in Archaeology Articles in Major Journals and Sapiens
Studies in the sociopolitics of archaeology have shown patterns of inequality in publishing. Because this inequality affects the richness of perspectives on the past, the extent of unevenness requires continual documentation. This article explores gendered and institutionally based patterns of authorship in prominent archaeology journals, archaeology papers in general science journals, and Sapiens, a public-facing web magazine, from 2016 to 2021.…
Formal Models
Advocates of deliberative democracy generally do not see much for formal models of political interaction. This is a mistake both historically and analytically. It reflects a common misunderstanding of formal models of collective choice and strategic interaction and their uses. Like political scientists more generally, political theorists use formal models for conceptual rather than directly empirical purposes. Indeed, empirical inquiry cannot get…
Automating the Ooda loop in the age of intelligent machines: Reaffirming the role of humans in command-and-control decision-making in the digital age
This article argues that artificial intelligence (AI) enabled capabilities cannot effectively or reliably compliment (let alone replace) the role of humans in understanding and apprehending the strategic environment to make predictions and judgments that inform strategic decisions. Furthermore, the rapid diffusion of and growing dependency on AI technology at all levels of warfare will have strategic consequences that counterintuitively increase …
Delegating strategic decision-making to machines: Dr. Strangelove Redux
Will the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in strategic decision-making be stabilizing or destabilizing? What are the risks and trade-offs of pre-delegating military force to machines? How might non-nuclear state and non-state actors leverage AI to put pressure on nuclear states? This article analyzes the impact of strategic stability of the use of AI in the strategic decision-making process, in particular, the risks and trade-offs of pre-deleg…
Covid-19—Related Assault on Asians: Economic Hardship in the United States and India Predicts Diminished Support for Victim Compensation and Assailant Punishment
Background: There has been an alarming increase in discrimination and violence towards Asians during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic amid reports that the virus was first detected in China. In an incident involving a COVID-19-related physical assault, this study examined whether economic hardship experienced by participants during the pandemic and the race of the victim (Chinese, White) would influence support to compensate a victim and punis…
Inadvertent escalation in the age of intelligence machines: A new model for nuclear risk in the digital age
Will AI-enabled capabilities increase inadvertent escalation risk? This article revisits Cold War-era thinking about inadvertent escalation to consider how Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology (especially AI augmentation of advanced conventional weapons) through various mechanisms and pathways could affect inadvertent escalation risk between nuclear-armed adversaries during a conventional crisis or conflict. How might AI be incorporated into n…
Catalytic nuclear war’ in the age of artificial intelligence & autonomy: Emerging military technology and escalation risk between nuclear-armed states
This article revisits the Cold War-era concept of ‘catalytic nuclear war,’ considered by many as unworkable, and reconceptualizes it in light of technological change, as well as improved understanding of human psychology and other factors. It argues in the modern digital era, the catalyzing chain of reaction and counter-retaliation dynamics set in motion by the deliberate action of a non-state or third-party actor is fast becoming a more accessib…
Trait Emotional Intelligence Moderates the Impact of Failure Feedback: Out-Group Derogation in Fiji
Two studies investigated the effect of failure feedback, relative to success or no feedback, on the intergroup responses of Fijians of Indian descent (Indo-Fijians, Study 1) and Indigenous Fijians (I-Taukei, Study 2), groups that have a history of intergroup tension, on job suitability ratings of applicants from the negative out-group and from a “neutral” out-group (Asians). For applicants from negative out-groups specifically, compared to partic…
Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Warfare: A Perfect Storm of Instability
A significant gap exists between the expectations and fears of public opinion, policymakers, and global defense communities about artificial intelligence (AI) and its actual military capabilities, particularly in the nuclear sphere. The misconceptions that exist today are largely caused by the hyperbolic depictions of AI in popular culture and science fiction, most prominently the Skynet system in The Terminator. Misrepresentations of the potenti…
The end of military-techno Pax Americana ? Washington’s strategic responses to Chinese AI-enabled military technology
This article uses the international relations (IR) ‘polarity’ concept as a lens to view the shifting great power dynamics in artificial intelligence (AI) and related enabling technologies. The article describes how and why great power competition is mounting in within several interrelated dual-use technological fields; why these innovations are considered by Washington to be strategically vital, and how (and to what end) the United States is resp…
VW campervan tourists' embodied sonic experiences
Formal Models in Political Science: Conceptual, Not Empirical
Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy
Is Talk Really Cheap? Prompting Conversation between Critical Theory and Rational Choice
Critical theory and rational choice theory share both overlapping concerns and parallel theoretical weaknesses. Specifically, both critical theorists and rational choice theorists are preoccupied with determining whatrationalcan mean in the realm of social and political interaction. I show in a provisional way how game theory extends and deepens the critical theorists' basic intuition that unembellished strategic rationality cannot adequately sus…
Habermas on Strategic and Communicative Action
In The Theory of Communicative Action, Jurgen Habermas articulates an expansive critical social theory.' He anchors his project in a comprehensive of communicative rationality intended to remedy what he takes to be limitations in the concept of cognitive-instrumental rationality informing much of traditional social and political thought.2 I wish to question whether Habermas's project is conceptually well-founded. My concerns are analytical.3 Alth…
Consequences of Positivism: A Pragmatist Assessment
The aim of this article is to highlight the baleful consequences of positivism in contemporary political science. The author focuses on Gary King, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba's Designing Social Inquirybecause it clearly and consistently articulates positivist commitments that tacitly and so often inconsistently, animate much work in the discipline. The author first establishes the positivist commitments that animate King, Keohane, and Verba'…
Models Among the Political Theorists
Political theorists rely on models in ways that typically are neglected. They do so for largely the same reasons other political scientists do. Those reasons have little to do with the standard rationale political scientists advance, namely, that they use models to deduce predictions that, treated as hypotheses, can be tested against the “real world.” Starting from Thomas Schelling's view of models, I show how John Rawls and Michel Foucault each …
Market-based conservation of the Amazonian forests: Revisiting win–win expectations
The Priority of Democracy: A Pragmatist Approach to Political-Economic Institutions and the Burden of Justification
Politics reflects a seemingly incontrovertible condition-any imaginable human population is diverse across multiple, overlapping dimensions including material interests, moral and ethical commitments, and cultural attachments. Such diversity means, in turn, that disagreement and conflict are unavoidable. Under these circumstances politics largely consists in contests over the contours of shared institutional arrangements. Given that there almost …
Conceptual Problems as Obstacles to Progress in Political Science: Four Decades of Political Culture Research
When they assess competing theories political scientists typically rely exclusively and naively on criteria of empirical performance. They have correspondingly little to say about conceptual problems and seem generally unaware of the extent to which their assessments of empirical performance are parasitic on conceptual commitments. This, in turn, hinders their ability to both persuasively conduct and critically assess substantive research. I use …
Social explanation: The role of timing, set, and recall on subjective likelihood estimates
VW campervan tourists' embodied sonic experiences
Inquiry into Democracy: What Might a Pragmatist Make of Rational Choice Theories
We begin by positing a conception of pragmatism that is characterized by three basic philosophical commitments: consequentialism, fallibilism, and anti-skepticism. In light of that conception we challenge prevalent views that hold that pragmatism entails no particular moral and political positions. We argue instead that pragmatism generally has democratic implications and, more specifically, that it has implications for the assessment and justifi…
What Rationality Assumption? or, How ‘Positive Political Theory’ Rests on a Mistake
In this article I address the reception of game-theoretic methods in political science. In particular I challenge the notion that such methods afford a plausible basis for what is commonly called ‘positive political theory’ (PPT). The standard rationale for PPT suggests that the point of formal models is, starting from ‘the’ rationality assumption, to derive predictions that can then be tested empirically. I argue that this standard rationale is …
How Not to Criticize Rational Choice Theory: "Pathologies of "Common Sense
Critique de l'ouvrage de D. Green et I. Shapiro intitule «Pathologies of rational choice theory: a critique of application in political science» (1994) qui, au lieu de chercher le remede aux pathologies methodologiques qui creusent l'abime entre l'aspect theorique et l'aspect pratique de la recherche du choix rationnel, tente de definir ce que peut etre une bonne science sociale au regard du sens commun
Political Consequences of Pragmatism
Etude des consequences politiques du pragmatisme a travers l'analyse de la theorie pragmatique du droit developpee par R. Posner. Distinguant pragmatisme juridique et realisme juridique, l'A. examine la conception activiste du droit et la definition d'une jurisprudence pragmatique chez Posner, a la lumiere de la theorie judiciaire de la decision apprehendee dans le cadre du droit commun et de l'interpretation statutaire
The evolution of the timber sector in lowland Bolivia: Examining the influence of three disparate policy approaches
Why Respect Culture
do not have moral reasons respect culture in any direct sense. he tensions that surround culture and normative claims made for it in political debate pervade western press coverage. In 1994, for instance, The New York Times opened year with an ominous warning about need protect indigenous peoples from impending extinction that threatens them in face of relentless political and economic development (Wilford 1994). This basically was a plea protect…
The end of military-techno Pax Americana ? Washington’s strategic responses to Chinese AI-enabled military technology
This article uses the international relations (IR) ‘polarity’ concept as a lens to view the shifting great power dynamics in artificial intelligence (AI) and related enabling technologies. The article describes how and why great power competition is mounting in within several interrelated dual-use technological fields; why these innovations are considered by Washington to be strategically vital, and how (and to what end) the United States is resp…
From large to small: Reorienting rural development policies in response to climate change, food security and poverty
The Arithmetic of Compassion: Rethinking the Politics of Photography
Compassion, theorists from Arendt to Nussbaum suggest, carries an ineluctable pressure to identify with individual suffering. The very idea of a politics of compassion verges on incoherence. Politics typically demands attention to the aggregate and it is just there that compassion falters. This is a problem for critics addressing the politics of photography, who typically presume that the point of photographs must be to elicit compassion among vi…
Determinants of depressive symptoms in the early weeks after miscarriage
OBJECTIVES. We tested whether and under what conditions miscarriage increases depressive symptoms in the early weeks following loss. METHODS. We interviewed 232 women within 4 weeks of miscarriage and 283 pregnant women and 318 community women who had not recently been pregnant. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. RESULTS. Among women who had miscarried, the proportion who were hig…
Automating the Ooda loop in the age of intelligent machines: Reaffirming the role of humans in command-and-control decision-making in the digital age
This article argues that artificial intelligence (AI) enabled capabilities cannot effectively or reliably compliment (let alone replace) the role of humans in understanding and apprehending the strategic environment to make predictions and judgments that inform strategic decisions. Furthermore, the rapid diffusion of and growing dependency on AI technology at all levels of warfare will have strategic consequences that counterintuitively increase …
Delegating strategic decision-making to machines: Dr. Strangelove Redux
Will the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in strategic decision-making be stabilizing or destabilizing? What are the risks and trade-offs of pre-delegating military force to machines? How might non-nuclear state and non-state actors leverage AI to put pressure on nuclear states? This article analyzes the impact of strategic stability of the use of AI in the strategic decision-making process, in particular, the risks and trade-offs of pre-deleg…
Communication, Criticism, and the Postmodern Consensus: An Unfashionable Interpretation of Michel Foucault
A critique is not a matter of saying that things are not right as they are. It is a matter of pointing out on what kinds of assumptions, what kinds of familiar, unchallenged, unconsidered modes of thought, the practices that we accept rest.... Criticism is a matter of flushing out that thought and trying to change it: to show that things are not as self-evident as one believed, to see that what is accepted as self-evident will no longer be accept…
Gender, Institutional Inequality, and Institutional Diversity in Archaeology Articles in Major Journals and Sapiens
Studies in the sociopolitics of archaeology have shown patterns of inequality in publishing. Because this inequality affects the richness of perspectives on the past, the extent of unevenness requires continual documentation. This article explores gendered and institutionally based patterns of authorship in prominent archaeology journals, archaeology papers in general science journals, and Sapiens, a public-facing web magazine, from 2016 to 2021.…
Formal Models in Political Science: Conceptual, Not Empirical
Inheritance of Branching Habit in Tobacco
Contains: - Preface - An Essay on Dream - Examination of the Books of Mathew, Mark, Luke and John - Appendix - Contradictory Doctrines Between Mathew and Mark.
Children's Dependency Scale
Redistribution through Public Choice
Municipal Tax Reform: Alternatives to the Real Property Tax
Social explanation: The role of timing, set, and recall on subjective likelihood estimates
Habermas on Strategic and Communicative Action
In The Theory of Communicative Action, Jurgen Habermas articulates an expansive critical social theory.' He anchors his project in a comprehensive of communicative rationality intended to remedy what he takes to be limitations in the concept of cognitive-instrumental rationality informing much of traditional social and political thought.2 I wish to question whether Habermas's project is conceptually well-founded. My concerns are analytical.3 Alth…
Determinants of depressive symptoms in the early weeks after miscarriage
OBJECTIVES. We tested whether and under what conditions miscarriage increases depressive symptoms in the early weeks following loss. METHODS. We interviewed 232 women within 4 weeks of miscarriage and 283 pregnant women and 318 community women who had not recently been pregnant. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. RESULTS. Among women who had miscarried, the proportion who were hig…
Adolescent smoking, weight changes, and binge-purge behavior: Associations with secondary amenorrhea
BACKGROUND. The association of secondary amenorrhea with extreme forms of substance use, weight control, and exercise in nonrepresentative samples raises questions as to whether adolescents in the general population who engage in these behaviors are at increased risk for secondary amenorrhea. We examined the prevalence and behavioral correlates of secondary amenorrhea in a county-wide high school population of 2544 girls aged 13 to 18. METHODS. A…
An Epidemiological Study of Disorders in Late Childhood and Adolescence—I. Age‐ and Gender‐Specific Prevalence
Developmental aspects of psychiatric disorders may be inferred from patterns of age differences in prevalence. Age‐specific prevalences are provided for nine disorders in a general population sample of ages 10–20. Age and gender patterns for several disorders suggest developmental stage‐associated risks. These include oppositional disorder in both genders and conduct disorder and major depression in girls. Major depression shows a pattern suggest…
Is Talk Really Cheap? Prompting Conversation between Critical Theory and Rational Choice
Critical theory and rational choice theory share both overlapping concerns and parallel theoretical weaknesses. Specifically, both critical theorists and rational choice theorists are preoccupied with determining whatrationalcan mean in the realm of social and political interaction. I show in a provisional way how game theory extends and deepens the critical theorists' basic intuition that unembellished strategic rationality cannot adequately sus…
Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy
Public Sphere, Postmodernism and Polemic
Theories of the public sphere, as standardly formulated, aim to specify the minimal, necessary conditions for a discursive realm free of coercion or manipulation. In his article in this Review in September 1992, Dana Villa urged us to reconsider this standard account. He argued that when read in light of postmodernist theory, Hannah Arendt provides the basis for a revised conception of the public sphere that privileges plurality and difference ov…
How Not to Criticize Rational Choice Theory: "Pathologies of "Common Sense
Critique de l'ouvrage de D. Green et I. Shapiro intitule «Pathologies of rational choice theory: a critique of application in political science» (1994) qui, au lieu de chercher le remede aux pathologies methodologiques qui creusent l'abime entre l'aspect theorique et l'aspect pratique de la recherche du choix rationnel, tente de definir ce que peut etre une bonne science sociale au regard du sens commun
Songs of Freedom
Political Consequences of Pragmatism
Etude des consequences politiques du pragmatisme a travers l'analyse de la theorie pragmatique du droit developpee par R. Posner. Distinguant pragmatisme juridique et realisme juridique, l'A. examine la conception activiste du droit et la definition d'une jurisprudence pragmatique chez Posner, a la lumiere de la theorie judiciaire de la decision apprehendee dans le cadre du droit commun et de l'interpretation statutaire
What Sort of Equality Does Deliberative Democracy Require?
Justice as Impartiality. Brian Barry
Communication, Criticism, and the Postmodern Consensus: An Unfashionable Interpretation of Michel Foucault
A critique is not a matter of saying that things are not right as they are. It is a matter of pointing out on what kinds of assumptions, what kinds of familiar, unchallenged, unconsidered modes of thought, the practices that we accept rest.... Criticism is a matter of flushing out that thought and trying to change it: to show that things are not as self-evident as one believed, to see that what is accepted as self-evident will no longer be accept…
Arguing for Deliberation: Some Skeptical Considerations
Political theorists regularly lament the absence or the demise of deliberation within U.S. political institutions. Would-be political reformers of various persuasions urge deliberation upon us. Yet in their pleadings such theorists and reformers frequently invoke deliberation in an uncritical manner. They proceed as though the ways in which deliberation might operate and the effects we can expect of it are not just obvious, but attractively so. I…
Inquiry into Democracy: What Might a Pragmatist Make of Rational Choice Theories
We begin by positing a conception of pragmatism that is characterized by three basic philosophical commitments: consequentialism, fallibilism, and anti-skepticism. In light of that conception we challenge prevalent views that hold that pragmatism entails no particular moral and political positions. We argue instead that pragmatism generally has democratic implications and, more specifically, that it has implications for the assessment and justifi…
Politics by Principle, Not Interest: Towards Nondiscriminatory Democracy
Politics by Principle, Not Interest: Towards Nondiscriminatory Democracy
Why Respect Culture
do not have moral reasons respect culture in any direct sense. he tensions that surround culture and normative claims made for it in political debate pervade western press coverage. In 1994, for instance, The New York Times opened year with an ominous warning about need protect indigenous peoples from impending extinction that threatens them in face of relentless political and economic development (Wilford 1994). This basically was a plea protect…
Economic Modeling in SocialWork Education
Economic modeling provides academic administrators with a logical framework for analyzing costs associated with the processes involved in the delivery of social work education. The specific costs associated with activities such as teaching, research, and service may be determined for a school of social work as a whole or for specific responsibility centers (e.g., programs and services within the school). Economic modeling utilizes modern spreadsh…
Conceptual Problems as Obstacles to Progress in Political Science: Four Decades of Political Culture Research
When they assess competing theories political scientists typically rely exclusively and naively on criteria of empirical performance. They have correspondingly little to say about conceptual problems and seem generally unaware of the extent to which their assessments of empirical performance are parasitic on conceptual commitments. This, in turn, hinders their ability to both persuasively conduct and critically assess substantive research. I use …
Political science (65 works) · Law (56 works) · Sociology (52 works) · Law (45 works) · Politics (44 works) · Epistemology (30 works) · Philosophy (29 works) · Computer Science (26 works) · Economics (25 works) · Psychology (22 works)