Howard White
Biographic Data
| ID | 3627042 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Howard White |
| GIVEN NAMES | Howard |
| FAMILY NAME | White |
| SIGNATURE | WHITE H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Miami University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6298-0310 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 54 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 122 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 54 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1926 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Reporting of equity in observational epidemiology
Background: Observational studies can inform how we understand and address persisting health inequities through the collection, reporting and analysis of health equity factors. However, the extent to which the analysis and reporting of equity-relevant aspects in observational research are generally unknown. Thus, we aimed to systematically evaluate how equity-relevant observational studies reported equity considerations in the study design and an…
Improving social justice in observational studies
Achieving global imperatives such as the Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., SDG 10 Reduced inequalities, SDG 3 Good health and wellbeing) requires advancing health equity in research. The implementation of the STROBE-Equity guidelines will enable a better awareness and understanding of health inequities through better reporting. We will broadly disseminate the reporting guideline with tools to enable adoption and use by journal editors, authors…
Improving evidence on women's groups
Women’s groups are a widely implemented and researched development intervention, particularly in South Asia and Africa. Groups encompass many models and aim to address a range of objectives. However, there is no consistent approach to describing their varied implementation models, which hinders the accurate interpretation of evidence and construct validity. Drawing from three recent evidence reviews and research experience with groups, we propose…
The Campbell Collaboration
In this article, we trace the development of the Campbell Collaboration and its renewed efforts to build a world library of accurate, synthesized evidence to inform policy and practice and improve human well-being worldwide. Campbell systematic reviews and related evidence synthesis products provide unbiased summaries of entire bodies of empirical evidence, making them uniquely useful sources of information for policy and practice. With recent ch…
Applying an equity lens to interventions
Current Challenges in Impact Evaluation
PRISMA-Equity 2012 Extension
A Contribution to Current Debates in Impact Evaluation
A debate on approaches to impact evaluation has raged in development circles in recent years. This paper makes a contribution to this debate through discussion of four issues. First, I point out that there are two definitions of impact evaluation. Neither is right or wrong, but they refer to completely different things. There is no point in methodological debates unless they agree a common starting point. Second, I argue that there is confusion b…
Theory-based impact evaluation
Calls for rigorous impact evaluation have been accompanied by the quest not just to find out what works but why. It is widely accepted that a theory-based approach to impact evaluation, one that maps out the causal chain from inputs to outcomes and impact and tests the underlying assumptions, will shed light on the why question. But application of a theory-based approach remains weak. This paper identifies the following six principles to successf…
Of Probits and Participation
NONIE working papers present conceptual papers and impact evaluation findings. They may have been published elsewhere, e.g. as government or agency reports, but are included in the NONIE series to increase dissemination. Feedback on papers via the NONIE website is welcome. What is NONIE? Nonie is a network of networks for impact evaluation comprised of the DAC Evaluation Network, The United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG), the Evaluation Cooperat…
Introduction
Some Recollections of the Aborigines of New South Wales in the Years 1848, 1849 and 1850
Can the World Bank Build Social Capital? The Experience of Social Funds in Malawi and Zambia
Social funds have been one of the main manifestations of the World Bank's move toward promoting projects with a participatory orientation. Supporters of social funds argue that participation in social fund activities builds community social capital. Critics of the Bank's use of social capital argue that it ignores power structures but these critics have focused on the Bank's research rather than its operations. This paper examines ‘social capital…
Using Household Survey Data to Measure Educational Performance
The Case for Doubling Aid
Agricultural Development in Zambia's Northern Province
Are Chronically Poor People being Left Out of Progress Towards the Millennium Development Goals? A quantitative analysis of older people, disabled people and orphans
The most useful poverty profiles are those based on functional groupings defined in relation to key livelihood features. This paper considers three groups, sometimes called the traditional poor, which are commonly identified as being poor in participatory poverty assessments: orphans, people with disabilities, and older people. Each group may be considered a functional classification because its members share similar livelihood strategies. This p…
Theory-Based Evaluation
The theory-based evaluation approach documents the assumptions implicit in program design and points to the data required to test these assumptions. Collecting and analyzing such data through quantitative and qualitative techniques enhances understanding of the validity of the assumptions and the relevance of key program processes. This article lays out the application of a theory-based approach to the evaluation of social fund projects, with a f…
Comparative Perspectives on Child Poverty
Child poverty matters directly because children constitute a large share of the population, and indirectly for future individual and national well-being. Developed country measures of child poverty are dominated by income-poverty, although health and education are often included. But these are not necessarily the most direct measures of the things that matter to children. Moreover, a broader range of factors than material well-being matter for ch…
Infant and child mortality in developing countries
Is development best achieved by going for growth, or does specific attention need to be paid to directly improving human welfare? In contrast to the Human Development Reports of the UNDP, the World Bank has stressed the growth approach. Recent work has reinforced this position by arguing that health spending is extremely ineffective in reducing infant or child mortality, which is mainly explained by a country's income per capita. This article con…
The Importance of Household Size and Composition in Constructing Poverty Profiles
The calculation of income-poverty profiles should allow for household size and composition, but rarely does so. Failure to do this means that the poverty profile will be distorted. The appropriate adjustments are straightforward, requiring simple assumptions which, whilst arbitrary, are better than ignoring the problem. Not making these adjustments distorts not only the relationship between household size and poverty, but all aspects of the pover…
Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in Poverty Analysis
Are There Negative Returns to Aid
The World Bank report Assessing Aid assumes that aid is more effective when it is given to countries where polices are sound. Moreover, it assumes that an inflow of aid, above a certain level, starts to have negative effects. In this paper we empirically test both assumptions. We do not find evidence for the fact that aid becomes more effective when it is given to countries with good policies. On the other hand, we find some evidence for negative…
Economic Reform and Economic Performance
What do the World Bank's Poverty Assessments teach us about Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
As part of the World Bank's poverty reduction strategy, Poverty Assessments have been carried out for a number of countries which analyse who the poor are, the causes of poverty and poverty reduction policies. This article reviews what can be learnt from the twenty-five Assessments prepared for countries in sub-Saharan Africa up to 1996. Whilst other factors are acknowledged in identifying the poor, the Assessments over-emphasize income-poverty d…
Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in Poverty Analysis
A Contribution to Current Debates in Impact Evaluation
A debate on approaches to impact evaluation has raged in development circles in recent years. This paper makes a contribution to this debate through discussion of four issues. First, I point out that there are two definitions of impact evaluation. Neither is right or wrong, but they refer to completely different things. There is no point in methodological debates unless they agree a common starting point. Second, I argue that there is confusion b…
Theory-Based Evaluation
The theory-based evaluation approach documents the assumptions implicit in program design and points to the data required to test these assumptions. Collecting and analyzing such data through quantitative and qualitative techniques enhances understanding of the validity of the assumptions and the relevance of key program processes. This article lays out the application of a theory-based approach to the evaluation of social fund projects, with a f…
Adjustment in Africa
Current Challenges in Impact Evaluation
The Importance of Household Size and Composition in Constructing Poverty Profiles
The calculation of income-poverty profiles should allow for household size and composition, but rarely does so. Failure to do this means that the poverty profile will be distorted. The appropriate adjustments are straightforward, requiring simple assumptions which, whilst arbitrary, are better than ignoring the problem. Not making these adjustments distorts not only the relationship between household size and poverty, but all aspects of the pover…
What do the World Bank's Poverty Assessments teach us about Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
As part of the World Bank's poverty reduction strategy, Poverty Assessments have been carried out for a number of countries which analyse who the poor are, the causes of poverty and poverty reduction policies. This article reviews what can be learnt from the twenty-five Assessments prepared for countries in sub-Saharan Africa up to 1996. Whilst other factors are acknowledged in identifying the poor, the Assessments over-emphasize income-poverty d…
How Well is Aid Allocated? Descriptive Measures of Aid Allocation
Although many factors affect which countries actually receive aid, a case can be made for evaluating donor allocative performance with respect to the average income of recipients. A number of indicators are commonly used for such an assessment. Based on criteria developed in this paper, two such indicators - Suits' index and McGillivray's adjusted performance index - are shown to be the most suitable. These indicators are used to compare the perf…
The Quality of Aid
Donor performance can be quantified in four ways: (1) by the amount of aid given; (2) the terms and conditions under which it is given; (3) the extent to which it is tied; and (4) by its allocation to recipients. The way in which each of these criteria can be used to measure donor performance is discussed. The evolution of international guidelines by the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD for each performance criteria and actual donor p…
The allocation of aid among developing countries
The Southern Regional Training Program in Public Administration
The Campbell Collaboration
In this article, we trace the development of the Campbell Collaboration and its renewed efforts to build a world library of accurate, synthesized evidence to inform policy and practice and improve human well-being worldwide. Campbell systematic reviews and related evidence synthesis products provide unbiased summaries of entire bodies of empirical evidence, making them uniquely useful sources of information for policy and practice. With recent ch…
How Much Aid is Used for Poverty Reduction
Summaries Poverty reduction is a stated priority objective of many aid donors. So how much aid is directly targeted toward meeting this objective? In fact, this question proves difficult to answer. Three possible measurement techniques are discussed – the project, sector and country approaches – and the results obtained from these techniques compared. It is found that only around 15 per cent of total aid is directly poverty?oriented
Foreign aid, taxes and public investment
Exchange rates, trade liberalization and aid
Improving evidence on women's groups
Women’s groups are a widely implemented and researched development intervention, particularly in South Asia and Africa. Groups encompass many models and aim to address a range of objectives. However, there is no consistent approach to describing their varied implementation models, which hinders the accurate interpretation of evidence and construct validity. Drawing from three recent evidence reviews and research experience with groups, we propose…
Of Probits and Participation
NONIE working papers present conceptual papers and impact evaluation findings. They may have been published elsewhere, e.g. as government or agency reports, but are included in the NONIE series to increase dissemination. Feedback on papers via the NONIE website is welcome. What is NONIE? Nonie is a network of networks for impact evaluation comprised of the DAC Evaluation Network, The United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG), the Evaluation Cooperat…
The Case for Doubling Aid
Does the revival of international private capital flows mean the end of aid
Evaluating Programme Aid
Introduction
Using Household Survey Data to Measure Educational Performance
Macroeconomic Evaluation of Programme Aid
Summaries The author examines aggregate and categorical fungibility for the recipient of untied foreign exchange. Aggregate fungibility considers the impact of the funds received on either external account aggregates such as imports or exports, or the overall level of revenue, expenditure and government borrowing. Analysis of categorical fungibility looks inside the item of most interest to the donor (import composition in the case of import supp…
A Hard Man to Beat
Political Science and the Social Studies
This report is concerned with the contribution of political science to the instructional needs of those who are preparing to teach, and of those now teaching, the social studies in elementary and secondary schools. How can political scientists in colleges and universities maximize the contribution which they, as specialists in one large field of human knowledge, can make to enrich the teaching of the social studies? Before offering suggestions wh…
Executive Influence in Determining Military Policy in the United States
Executive Influence in Determining Military Policy in the United States. By Howard White. (Urbana: University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, Vol. XII, Nos. 1–2. 1924. 292 p.) J. Fred Rippy J. Fred Rippy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 12, Issue 4, March 1926, Pages 611–613, https://doi.org/10.2307/1891264 Published: 01 March 1926
Can Legislatures Learn from City Councils
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Concurrent Resolution in Congress
Much has been said and written in recent years concerning executive usurpation of congressional powers. Little attention seems to have been given to encroachment by Congress on the President's right to give or withhold his approval of "every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment
Executive Responsibility to Congress via Concurrent Resolution
A clause reserving to Congress the right to terminate by concurrent resolution (which has not for over a century and a quarter been submitted for presidential approval) powers delegated to the President or a department head appears in so many acts of the Seventy-seventh Congress that further consideration of its political and constitutional aspects seems appropriate. If its constitutionality is established, this clause enables a majority of both …
Reading Guide for Social Studies Teachers
Can Representative Government do the Job? Thomas K. Finletter
The Government of the American People. Earl L. Shoup
Political Science and the Social Studies
This report is concerned with the contribution of political science to the instructional needs of those who are preparing to teach, and of those now teaching, the social studies in elementary and secondary schools. How can political scientists in colleges and universities maximize the contribution which they, as specialists in one large field of human knowledge, can make to enrich the teaching of the social studies? Before offering suggestions wh…
The Southern Regional Training Program in Public Administration
Political Science in the South. Robert S. Rankin
The Shaping of the American Tradition. Louis M. Hacker
The Purse and the Sword
The Civilian and the Military. Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr
The Management of Defense. John C. Ries
A Hard Man to Beat
Is Spelling Acquired or Learned? A Re-analysis of Rice (1897) and Cornman (1902)
Preview this article: Is Spelling Acquired or Learned? A Re-analysis of Rice (1897) and Cornman (1902), Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/itl.91-92.01kra-1.gif
The macroeconomic impact of development aid
A survey and critique of the last 30 years literature on aid's macroeconomic impact
Exchange rates, trade liberalization and aid
The allocation of aid among developing countries
Aid, The Public Sector and the Market in Less Developed Countries
The paper in thisJOURNAL by Mosley, Hudson and Horrell (I987) presented a model of the impact of aid on fiscal behaviour and the consequences for the growth of output. The main purpose of this note is to correct an error in the solution to that model. Some observations are also made on the application of the model to an empirical understanding of aid's overall economic impact. Mosley et al.'s model adopts Heller's (I975) formulation of a loss fun…
Foreign aid, taxes and public investment
The Quality of Aid
Donor performance can be quantified in four ways: (1) by the amount of aid given; (2) the terms and conditions under which it is given; (3) the extent to which it is tied; and (4) by its allocation to recipients. The way in which each of these criteria can be used to measure donor performance is discussed. The evolution of international guidelines by the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD for each performance criteria and actual donor p…
How Well is Aid Allocated? Descriptive Measures of Aid Allocation
Although many factors affect which countries actually receive aid, a case can be made for evaluating donor allocative performance with respect to the average income of recipients. A number of indicators are commonly used for such an assessment. Based on criteria developed in this paper, two such indicators - Suits' index and McGillivray's adjusted performance index - are shown to be the most suitable. These indicators are used to compare the perf…
Evaluating Programme Aid
How Much Aid is Used for Poverty Reduction
Summaries Poverty reduction is a stated priority objective of many aid donors. So how much aid is directly targeted toward meeting this objective? In fact, this question proves difficult to answer. Three possible measurement techniques are discussed – the project, sector and country approaches – and the results obtained from these techniques compared. It is found that only around 15 per cent of total aid is directly poverty?oriented
Political science (31 works) · Economics (30 works) · Computer Science (24 works) · Economic growth (20 works) · Law (19 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Law (16 works) · International Development and Aid (15 works) · Politics (14 works) · Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare (14 works)