Hugh Ward
Biographic Data
| ID | 3628249 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Hugh Ward |
| GIVEN NAMES | Hugh |
| FAMILY NAME | Ward |
| SIGNATURE | WARD H |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Essex |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 70 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1253 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 70 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1958 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 19 |
Do welfare states have lower carbon emissions? The importance of state capacity in lower-income countries
Do societies with more extensive welfare states also perform better environmentally? Surprisingly, the empirical evidence for this relationship remains inconclusive. We focus on CO 2 emissions in lower-income countries and argue that considering state capacity as a moderator helps achieving greater theoretical and empirical clarity in understanding when the welfare state – climate change mitigation relationship. We hypothesize that lower-income s…
Carbon Emission Performance and Regime Type: The Role of Inequality
Existing results about the impact of regime type on states’ environmental performance are inconclusive. This could stem from failure to allow for economic inequality—a largely overlooked factor. More equal democratic societies, we contend, are likely to make greater progress in dealing with environmental problems. However, inequality undermines those processes and characteristics of democratic polities that are supposed to further environmental p…
Follow the foreign leader? Why following foreign incumbents is an effective electoral strategy
Previous research suggests that political parties respond to left–right policy positions of successful foreign political parties (“foreign leaders”). We evaluate whether this is an effective electoral strategy: specifically, do political parties gain votes in elections when they respond to successful foreign parties? We argue that parties that follow foreign leaders will arrive at policy positions closer to their own (domestic) median voter, whic…
The triangular relationship between public concern for environmental issues, policy output, and media attention
We theoretically argue for and empirically examine, for the first time, a triangular relationship between concern among citizens about the environment, media attention to environmental issues, and policy output. Previous work has studied these relationships, but analyzed the respective links rather in isolation from each other. This research has significant implications for the understanding of environmental policymaking and, more generally, info…
Signaling by Signature: The Weight of International Opinion and Ratification of Treaties by Domestic Veto Players
The signing of international treaties is usually considered insignificant for international legal cooperation. Accordingly, International Relations theorists have paid it little attention. We show in this paper how and why treaty signature matters for the ultimate decision to ratify an international treaty. We argue that when multiple well-informed actors publicly sign an international treaty, this can provide a strong signal of issue importance …
Does green taxation drive countries towards the carbon efficiency frontier
A country is on thecarbon efficiency frontierif its per-capita emissions of CO2are at least as low as any state that was at least as economically developed at a period when technology was no more advanced. Building on earlier work employing Data Envelopment Analysis to benchmark performance, we argue that a useful measure of whether a state adopts “good practice” in relation to climate change is how near it is to this frontier. We calculate effic…
Public opinion and environmental policy output: A cross-national analysis of energy policies in Europe
This article studies how public opinion is associated with the introduction of renewable energy policies in Europe. While research increasingly seeks to model the link between public opinion and environmental policies, the empirical evidence is largely based on a single case: the US. This limits the generalizability of findings and we argue accordingly for a systematic, quantitative study of how public opinion drives environmental policies in ano…
Intraparty Democracy and Responsiveness to Rival Parties’ Policies
Objective We address whether intraparty democracy conditions political parties’ responsiveness to rival parties’ policy shifts. Method We estimate parameters of a spatial econometric model of parties’ policy positions in 11 established democracies. Results Internally democratic parties respond to shifts in rival parties’ policies, and internally undemocratic parties do not respond to rival parties’ policy shifts. Conclusion We argue that this occ…
Why Dominant Governing Parties Are Cross-Nationally Influential
Previous research suggests that political parties learn from and emulate the successful election strategies of governing parties in other countries. But what explains variation in the degree of influence that governing parties have on their foreign counterparts? We argue that clarity of responsibility within government, or the concentration of executive responsibility in the hands of a dominant governing party, allows parties to learn from the mo…
Transnational Climate Governance Networks and Domestic Regulatory Action
Transnational climate governance (TCG) creates networks between countries as governments and other organizations enter joint arrangements to further their interests. We argue that actors build TCG, rather than focusing on promoting change at the domestic level, when this is a more efficient way of using their limited resources than lobbying to increase the level of domestic regulation. Based on standard micro-economic theory, we show that actors …
Democratic inclusiveness, climate policy outputs, and climate policy outcomes
In an ideal inclusive political system, all citizens are equally able to influence and challenge policies. We focus on how inclusiveness affects climate policies and outcomes. We argue that more inclusive systems should produce more policies in response to environmental threats and should have better outcomes. We test these hypotheses using panel and cross-sectional data relating to climate policy outputs and outcomes. The results suggest that in…
Standing alongside your friends: Network centrality and providing troops to UN peacekeeping operations
Why do countries contribute troops to UN peacekeeping? Recognizing the incentives to free ride on the contributions of other countries, existing explanations have tended to focus on the private benefits of providing troops. There has been particular emphasis on some major contributing countries that gain financially from providing peacekeepers. An alternative explanation could be that countries prefer to deploy troops to peacekeeping alongside co…
Party Policy Diffusion
Do parties learn from or emulate parties in other political systems? This research develops the argument that parties are more likely to employ the heuristic of learning from and emulatingforeign successful (incumbent) parties. Spatial-econometric analyses of parties' election policies from several established democracies robustly confirm that political parties respond to left-right policy positions of foreign political parties that have recently…
Public Information and Performance: The Role of Spatial Dependence in the Worldwide Governance Indicators among African Countries
Structural Group Leadership and Regime Effectiveness
Usually the provision of international environmental public goods cannot be secured by a single state. Rather, a group of major powers has to pool its resources to provide structural leadership in order to achieve an effective regime. Such a group of pushers uses its structural power to achieve its goal. However, it faces two challenges. First, it may have to overcome the opposition of a group of laggards that desires less environmental protectio…
Winning Coalition Size, State Capacity, and Time Horizons: An Application of Modified Selectorate Theory to Environmental Public Goods Provision
Selectorate theory proposes that authoritarian regimes supply fewer public goods than democracies. Smaller winning coalitions make it less costly for autocracies to maintain support among critical groups by providing private goods. Democracies, with large winning coalitions, find it cheaper to provide public goods. In contrast, we argue for a conditional effect of winning coalition size on public good provisions: Many public goods require conside…
Research Frontiers in Comparative and International Environmental Politics: An Introduction
Given the recognition of the seriousness of climate change and other forms of environmental challenges, a growing number of political scientists are working in the environmental area. We have a substantial body of research examining local, regional, and global environmental issues. It is our sense that time is ripe for the field of international and comparative environmental politics to reflect on existing work, integrate it, and clearly articula…
State Capacity and the Environmental Investment Gap in Authoritarian States
We construct an n-period, constrained optimization model where the authoritarian ruler maximizes expected rents subject to budget constraint of available surplus. We show that the larger state capacity is in the previous period, the worse environmental quality will be in the next period: while infrastructural investment and environmental protection increase with state capacity, the former increases at a faster rate which enlarges the gap between …
Competitive Learning in Yardstick Competition: Testing Models of Policy Diffusion With Performance Data – Corrigendum
Competitive Learning in Yardstick Competition: Testing Models of Policy Diffusion With Performance Data
Organizations that learn from others’ successful policies not only become more competitive because their policies improve but also avoid the costs of policy innovation. While economists have widely recognized latecomer advantage, the policy diffusion literature in political science has failed to emphasize the connection between learning and competition. This article distinguishes competitive learning from learning that is not driven by competitiv…
Domestic and International Influences on Green Taxation
Economists have made a strong case for the relative efficiency of market-based mechanisms for environmental regulation such as cap and trade and “green taxes,” yet the spread of these forms has been limited, and traditional “command and control” regulation still predominates. The authors explain geographical and temporal variation in green tax burdens by considering their domestic and international determinants, modeling international influences …
Any Ties that Bind? Economic Diplomacy on the South Asian Subcontinent
The ‘liberal peace’ model emphasizes the importance of commercial ties and shared norms for peaceful inter-state relations. In view of that, economic diplomacy promotes cross-border economic activities not only for direct economic gains but also for the indirect benefits of stable political relations. Ever since the creation of India and Pakistan in 1947, political relations between the two states have been tense and have witnessed six military c…
Globalization, Party Positions, and the Median Voter
The authors argue that the effects of economic globalization on social democratic parties in Western Europe are conditional on the position of the median voter. If the median is far enough to the right, such parties will adopt business-friendly policies because they are required to win office. Only when the median is relatively far to the left will globalization constrain social democratic parties, forcing them to adopt policies further to the ri…
Is Rule by Majorities Special
One way of making decisions is for political associates or their representatives to vote on each issue separately in accordance with the majority principle and then take the cumulative outcomes of such majority decision making to define the collective choice for public policy. We call such a system one of majorities rule. Thought of in spatial terms, majorities rule is equivalent to the principle of making decisions according to the issue-by-issu…
Trade networks and the Kantian peace
Classical-liberal arguments about the pacifying effects of international trade are revisited, and it is argued that they consistently refer to the ability of trade to provide 'connections' between people and to create a perceived 'global community'. Dependency and openness are commonly used to test for any pacifying effects of trade in the current literature, but these measures fail to capture some of the classical liberals' key insights. Several…
Social Capital and the Environment
Intergovernmental Organizations and the Kantian Peace: A Network Perspective
The authors use network analysis to argue that the main contribution of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) to international stability is not necessarily their direct and individual impact, because generally IGOs are institutionally weak. Rather, membership of IGOs creates network ties between states, allowing them, either individually or collectively, to intervene more effectively in latent conflicts. The IGO network also provides direct and …
Government Popularity and the Falklands War: A Reassessment
Mrs Thatcher's decisive and determined stand during the Falklands crisis in 1982 has been widely credited with restoring the electoral fortunes of the Conservative party in the run-up to the 1983 general election. This article argues that the Falklands war produced a boost to Conservative popularity of at most three percentage points for a period of only three months. Government popularity was already accelerating as a result of macroeconomic fac…
Party Policy Diffusion
Do parties learn from or emulate parties in other political systems? This research develops the argument that parties are more likely to employ the heuristic of learning from and emulatingforeign successful (incumbent) parties. Spatial-econometric analyses of parties' election policies from several established democracies robustly confirm that political parties respond to left-right policy positions of foreign political parties that have recently…
Domestic and International Influences on Green Taxation
Economists have made a strong case for the relative efficiency of market-based mechanisms for environmental regulation such as cap and trade and “green taxes,” yet the spread of these forms has been limited, and traditional “command and control” regulation still predominates. The authors explain geographical and temporal variation in green tax burdens by considering their domestic and international determinants, modeling international influences …
Globalization, Party Positions, and the Median Voter
The authors argue that the effects of economic globalization on social democratic parties in Western Europe are conditional on the position of the median voter. If the median is far enough to the right, such parties will adopt business-friendly policies because they are required to win office. Only when the median is relatively far to the left will globalization constrain social democratic parties, forcing them to adopt policies further to the ri…
Targeting Benefits for Electoral Gain: Constituency Marginality and the Distribution of Grants to English Local Authorities
We model the spatial allocation of resources over constituencies as an optimization problem in which governing parties face uncertainty about voter preferences, but seek to increase their chances of getting re-elected. We show that a rational government should allocate extra resources to marginal constituencies and especially favour opposition-held marginals. We test this hypothesis on data about central government grants to larger English local …
Chickens, Whales, and Lumpy Goods: Alternative Models of Public-Goods Provision
The game-theoretic literature on the problem of the provision of public goods has concentrated almost exclusively on one model—the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Several other simple games may be more applicable in certain situations. In particular, the game structure known as Chicken seems to provide a better description of an important sub-class of games where the good is lumpy rather than continuously divisible. Many environmental public goods belon…
Trade networks and the Kantian peace
Classical-liberal arguments about the pacifying effects of international trade are revisited, and it is argued that they consistently refer to the ability of trade to provide 'connections' between people and to create a perceived 'global community'. Dependency and openness are commonly used to test for any pacifying effects of trade in the current literature, but these measures fail to capture some of the classical liberals' key insights. Several…
International Linkages and Environmental Sustainability: The Effectiveness of the Regime Network
While the literature on environmental regime effectiveness has focused on particular regimes considered in isolation, the overall effects of the system of regimes are more relevant. First, regimes are connected because they often share institutional architecture, deal with different aspects of the same problem, frame issues using similar legal and policy principles, and are subject to attempts to coordinate across issues by groups of nations, NGO…
Exogenous Voter Preferences and Parties with State Power: Some Internal Problems of Economic Theories of Party Competition
This paper deals with the theories of electoral or party competition in liberal democracies which have been put forward in ‘economic’ models of democracy by Downs, Riker and Ordeshook, Robertson and others. There can be few doubts about the growing importance or appeal of these models, especially for North American political science. Barry, for example, argues that ‘we have seen the last of the “sociologists” in political science’, while in contr…
Democratic inclusiveness, climate policy outputs, and climate policy outcomes
In an ideal inclusive political system, all citizens are equally able to influence and challenge policies. We focus on how inclusiveness affects climate policies and outcomes. We argue that more inclusive systems should produce more policies in response to environmental threats and should have better outcomes. We test these hypotheses using panel and cross-sectional data relating to climate policy outputs and outcomes. The results suggest that in…
Winning Coalition Size, State Capacity, and Time Horizons: An Application of Modified Selectorate Theory to Environmental Public Goods Provision
Selectorate theory proposes that authoritarian regimes supply fewer public goods than democracies. Smaller winning coalitions make it less costly for autocracies to maintain support among critical groups by providing private goods. Democracies, with large winning coalitions, find it cheaper to provide public goods. In contrast, we argue for a conditional effect of winning coalition size on public good provisions: Many public goods require conside…
Liberal democracy and sustainability
Although theory strongly suggests that liberal democracies should perform better than autocracies on sustainability indicators, the empirical evidence is unclear. Using multivariate statistical techniques, political factors such as the stability of the system, public opinion, the nature of the party system and other institutional features such as presidentialism are considered. Liberal democracy is given qualified endorsement: it typically promot…
Transnational Climate Governance Networks and Domestic Regulatory Action
Transnational climate governance (TCG) creates networks between countries as governments and other organizations enter joint arrangements to further their interests. We argue that actors build TCG, rather than focusing on promoting change at the domestic level, when this is a more efficient way of using their limited resources than lobbying to increase the level of domestic regulation. Based on standard micro-economic theory, we show that actors …
The Bidding Game: Competitive Funding Regimes and the Political Targeting of Urban Programme Schemes
Public bodies adopt procedures for the competitive bidding for funds in the belief that they improve public welfare, while critics regard such practices as a waste of resources and open to political manipulation. We test the operation of a competitive bidding regime through Tobit models of data drawn from successful and unsuccessful bids in four years of the Single Regeneration Budget programme in England. We derive hypotheses from a model of com…
Research Frontiers in Comparative and International Environmental Politics: An Introduction
Given the recognition of the seriousness of climate change and other forms of environmental challenges, a growing number of political scientists are working in the environmental area. We have a substantial body of research examining local, regional, and global environmental issues. It is our sense that time is ripe for the field of international and comparative environmental politics to reflect on existing work, integrate it, and clearly articula…
Is Rule by Majorities Special
One way of making decisions is for political associates or their representatives to vote on each issue separately in accordance with the majority principle and then take the cumulative outcomes of such majority decision making to define the collective choice for public policy. We call such a system one of majorities rule. Thought of in spatial terms, majorities rule is equivalent to the principle of making decisions according to the issue-by-issu…
Marching at the Pace of the Slowest: A Model of International Climate-Change Negotiations
We model international negotiations on climate change. Leaders such as the European Union and the US can make proposals and influence veto players, including other countries and domestic lobbies, who must choose whether to accept or reject proposals. We explain why policy change has been minimal in this issue area, which veto-players receive the greatest and least attention and why leader actors wishing to see less progress are in such a strong b…
State Capacity and the Environmental Investment Gap in Authoritarian States
We construct an n-period, constrained optimization model where the authoritarian ruler maximizes expected rents subject to budget constraint of available surplus. We show that the larger state capacity is in the previous period, the worse environmental quality will be in the next period: while infrastructural investment and environmental protection increase with state capacity, the former increases at a faster rate which enlarges the gap between …
Why Dominant Governing Parties Are Cross-Nationally Influential
Previous research suggests that political parties learn from and emulate the successful election strategies of governing parties in other countries. But what explains variation in the degree of influence that governing parties have on their foreign counterparts? We argue that clarity of responsibility within government, or the concentration of executive responsibility in the hands of a dominant governing party, allows parties to learn from the mo…
Standing alongside your friends: Network centrality and providing troops to UN peacekeeping operations
Why do countries contribute troops to UN peacekeeping? Recognizing the incentives to free ride on the contributions of other countries, existing explanations have tended to focus on the private benefits of providing troops. There has been particular emphasis on some major contributing countries that gain financially from providing peacekeepers. An alternative explanation could be that countries prefer to deploy troops to peacekeeping alongside co…
Competitive Learning in Yardstick Competition: Testing Models of Policy Diffusion With Performance Data
Organizations that learn from others’ successful policies not only become more competitive because their policies improve but also avoid the costs of policy innovation. While economists have widely recognized latecomer advantage, the policy diffusion literature in political science has failed to emphasize the connection between learning and competition. This article distinguishes competitive learning from learning that is not driven by competitiv…
The triangular relationship between public concern for environmental issues, policy output, and media attention
We theoretically argue for and empirically examine, for the first time, a triangular relationship between concern among citizens about the environment, media attention to environmental issues, and policy output. Previous work has studied these relationships, but analyzed the respective links rather in isolation from each other. This research has significant implications for the understanding of environmental policymaking and, more generally, info…
Political Manipulation in a Majoritarian Democracy: Central Government Targeting of Public Funds to English Subnational Government, in Space and across Time
This article argues that it is rational for the executive to target resources in space and through time if it seeks to maximise its chances of electoral success. In majoritarian democracies such as the United Kingdom, there are particularly strong incentives to target resources to marginal legislative constituencies, although similar opportunies exist in other political systems. The benefits of such a practice could be growing, because the costs …
Infectious Disease in the Western Highlands of New Guinea
A Behavioural Model of Bargaining
In this paper I shall present a very simple version of a bargaining model based on assumptions of limited information and limited capacity to make rational decisions. The justification for my work lies in the inadequacies both of the formal models in the microeconomic literature and of accounts of bargaining and other conflicts where power or closely related concepts lie at the basis of the discussion
Exogenous Voter Preferences and Parties with State Power: Some Internal Problems of Economic Theories of Party Competition
This paper deals with the theories of electoral or party competition in liberal democracies which have been put forward in ‘economic’ models of democracy by Downs, Riker and Ordeshook, Robertson and others. There can be few doubts about the growing importance or appeal of these models, especially for North American political science. Barry, for example, argues that ‘we have seen the last of the “sociologists” in political science’, while in contr…
A Reply to Iain McLean's Paper
Why Liberal Theories of Power are Utilitarian: Real Costs, Opportunity Costs and Power
Chickens, Whales, and Lumpy Goods: Alternative Models of Public-Goods Provision
The game-theoretic literature on the problem of the provision of public goods has concentrated almost exclusively on one model—the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Several other simple games may be more applicable in certain situations. In particular, the game structure known as Chicken seems to provide a better description of an important sub-class of games where the good is lumpy rather than continuously divisible. Many environmental public goods belon…
Comparative political studies
Recent Games Theory and the Ethics of Nuclear Deterrence
Structural Power—A Contradiction in Terms
The idea that capital possesses structural power over the state is of growing importance. Yet the theoretical literature on power has argued that this concept is either a contradiction in terms or is conceptually redundant. This paper seeks to show that a coherent distinction can be made between structural power, non-structural power, and structural constraints. These distinctions are based upon a concept of human agency which draws attention to …
Government Popularity and the Falklands War: A Reassessment
Mrs Thatcher's decisive and determined stand during the Falklands crisis in 1982 has been widely credited with restoring the electoral fortunes of the Conservative party in the run-up to the 1983 general election. This article argues that the Falklands war produced a boost to Conservative popularity of at most three percentage points for a period of only three months. Government popularity was already accelerating as a result of macroeconomic fac…
The Risks of a Reputation for Toughness: Strategy in Public Goods Provision Problems Modelled by Chicken Supergames
In this article, versions of then-person Chicken supergame are applied to the problem of public goods provision. The literature on two-person Chicken suggests that players should build a reputation for toughness in Chicken supergames by making, and sticking to, commitments not to co-operate. By doing this they are able to make the other player more likely to co-operate in future rounds of the game. However, in then-person and continuous-strategy …
Testing the Waters: Taking Risks to Gain Reassurance in Public Goods Games
Individuals often fail to cooperate because they are not sufficiently reassured that others involved share their desire for reciprocal cooperation. Such situations may be seen as Assurance games. The existing literature fails to examine the problems posed by lack of information about others' preferences, either assuming that information is perfect, or that it may be made perfect by mutual verbal reassurances. This article shows that in sequential…
A Reply to Clarke, Mishler and Whiteley
Clarke, Mishler and Whiteley (CMW) provide an interesting review and critique of our analysis of Mrs Thatcher's first-term popularity. They challenge our findings on two main grounds: (1) that we use orthodox time-series regression techniques inappropriately; and (2) that Box-Jenkins techniques are a superior vehicle for analysing government-popularity time series anyway. In this reply we seek to answer both of these general criticisms. We then o…
Chicken and technology: The politics of the European Community's budget for research and development
Member governments of the European Community have frequently urged the necessity of closer cooperation and collaboration in meeting the challenge posed by new technologies and in countering the lead achieved by the United States and Japan. After delays which seemed almost to contradict any sense of urgency, the Council of Ministers of the Community agreed to a multi-annual Framework Programme of Scientific Research in 1983. A critically important…
Three Men in a Boat, Two Must Row: An Analysis of a Three-Person Chicken Pregame
This article deals with the pregame phase of a three-person chicken game in which each player obtains joint gains so long as at least two of the three cooperate. Players have repeated opportunities to commit themselves to noncooperation in the pregame. As observations of others' pregame behavior are made, players may come to perceive their best strategy as commitments, even if they did not initially do so. It is shown that relatively few pregames…
Working for Benefits: Rational Choice and the Rise of Work—Welfare Programmes
This paper develops a rational-choice explanation for the adoption of deterrent work–welfare programmes by recent governments in Britain and the US. Such programmes require the recipients of welfare or unemployment benefits to participate in a training programme or work activity in exchange for receiving their benefits and reflect a New Right (in contrast to a social democratic) conception of social citizenship. Governments design such policies t…
The Electoral Impact of Press Coverage of the British Economy, 1979–87
There is a considerable amount of evidence to suggest that the political preferences of voters are influenced by the condition of the domestic economy. This article examines the proposition that, in Britain at least, the connections between macro-economic change and public perceptions of the government are mediated by the way in which the major national daily newspapers cover economic news. Using an aggregate data-analytic approach, it is shown t…
The environment in international relations
Journal Article The environment in international relations Get access The environment in international relations. By Caroline Thomas. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1992. 291pp. £25.00; ISBN 0 905031 46 6. Pb.: £12.50; ISBN 0 905031 45 8. Hugh Ward Hugh Ward 1University of Essex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 69, Issue 3, July 1993, Page 580, https://doi.or…
A green dimension for the European Community: Political issues and processes
Journal Article A green dimension for the European Community: political issues and processes Get access A green dimension for the European Community: political issues and processes. Edited by David Judge. London: Cass. 1993. 253pp. Index. £35.00;ISBN 0 7146 4510 9. Pb.: £28.00; ISBN 0 7146 4096 4. Hugh Ward Hugh Ward 1University of Essex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 69, Iss…
Game Theory and the Politics of the Global Commons
I assume that politicians maximize domestic political support subject to a political feasibility constraint set by the relationship between environmental quality and some politically desirable economic performance indicator. Because pollution flows across national frontiers, the political feasibility frontier depends on other nations' environmental policies. Depending on the nature of domestic political pressures and the environmental spillovers …
Advances in the Spatial Theory of Voting
The politics of nature: Explorations in Green political theory
Journal Article The politics of nature: explorations in Green political theory Get access The politics of nature: explorations in Green political theory. Edited by Andrew Dobsonand Paul Lucardie. London: Routledge. 1993. 240pp. Index. £37.50. ISBN 0 415 08593 4. Hugh Ward Hugh Ward 1University of Essex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 70, Issue 2, April 1994, Page 342, https://…
Green Globe yearbook of international co-operation on environment and development 1994
Journal Article Green Globe yearbook of international co-operation on environment and development 1994 Get access Green Globe yearbook of international co-operation on environment and development 1994. Edited by Helge Ole Bergesenand Georg Parmann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1994. 344pp. Index. £30.00. ISBN 0 19 823324 8. Hugh Ward Hugh Ward 1University of Essex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Intern…
A Contractarian Defence of Ideal Proportional Representation
Coalitional Instability and the New Multidimensional Politics of Security: A Rational Choice Argument for US-EU Cooperation
Changing definitions of security and the shift to multipolarity have prompted a move from a one-dimensional to a multidimensional international politics of security. States holding similar positions on traditional security concerns now often hold different positions on `new' security issues, which are themselves more multidimensional than traditional security issues. Our central argument is: the more that the politics of international security ar…
Political science (57 works) · Economics (54 works) · Law (44 works) · Politics (44 works) · Law (39 works) · Computer Science (25 works) · Sociology (25 works) · Political economy (20 works) · Microeconomics (19 works) · Law and economics (17 works)