Jonathan Kelley
Biographic Data
| ID | 3628665 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jonathan Kelley |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jonathan |
| FAMILY NAME | Kelley |
| SIGNATURE | KELLEY J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Department of Sociology and Interdisciplinary Social Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of Nevada, and International Survey Center, LLC, 18124 Wedge Parkway, Suite 1035, Reno, NV 89511, USA |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 49 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1053 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 49 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Legitimate earnings inequality and national welfare commitment: Correspondence between economic institutions and the pay 80,000+ people in 30 nations think legitimate for ordinary jobs and for elite j…
Status Construction During Covid-19: Antibody Positive People's Rising Prestige
The protracted COVID-19 crisis provides a new social niche in which new inequalities can emerge. We provide predictions about one such new inequality using the logic of Status Construction Theory (SCT). SCT, rooted in Expectations State Theory and from there developed by Ridgeway and colleagues, proposes general hypotheses about how new inequalities arise through process of interaction at the individual level: an unordered categorical difference …
Prejudice Against Immigrants Symptomizes a Larger Syndrome, Is Strongly Diminished by Socioeconomic Development, and the UK Is Not an Outlier: Insights From the WVS, EVS, and EQLS Surveys
Public attitudes toward immigrants in the UK, especially prejudice against them, form a strong theme in retrospective media postmortems emphasizing the uniqueness of Brexit, yet similarly hostile public opinion on immigrants forms a recurrent theme in populist politics in many European Union nations. Indeed, if UK residents are not uniquely hostile, then the UK's exit from the EU may be only the first symptom of proliferating conflicts over immig…
Scholarly culture: How books in adolescence enhance adult literacy, numeracy and technology skills in 31 societies
Strong Welfare States Do Not Intensify Public Support for Income Redistribution, but Even Reduce It among the Prosperous: A Multilevel Analysis of Public Opinion in 30 Countries
How tightly linked are the strength of a country’s welfare state and its residents’ support for income redistribution? Multilevel model results (with appropriate controls) show that the publics of strong welfare states recognize their egalitarian income distributions, i.e., the stronger the welfare state, the less the actual and perceived inequality; but they do not differ from their peers in liberal welfare states/market-oriented societies in th…
Communism, Capitalism, and Images of Class: Effects of Reference Groups, Reality, and Regime in 43 Nations and 110,000 Individuals, 1987-2009
People differ vastly in perceptions of inequality, some seeing a small elite at the top of their society with a vast impoverished mass at the bottom, others a prosperous society with most people in the middle. This was found first for two nations, Australia and Communist-era Hungary. We extend these results to 43 nations and to the post-Communist era. The results support our original middle-range "reference group and reality blend" hypothesis. We…
The new income inequality and well-being paradigm: Inequality has no effect on happiness in rich nations and normal times, varied effects in extraordinary circumstances, increases happiness in poor na…
Societal Inequality and individual subjective well-being: Results from 68 societies and over 200,000 individuals, 1981-2008
Family Background and Education: China in Comparative Perspective
This paper investigates how the drastic educational reforms during the Communist period changed the effects of family background on education in China, in comparison to other nations. Data are from the Life Histories and Social Change in Contemporary China survey and the World Inequality Study; N=130,109 in 28 societies. Since World Warii, the mean number of years of education in China paralleled, at a lower level, the rises in Eastern European C…
Prejudice, Exclusion, and Economic Disadvantage: A Theory
A central hypothesis about discrimination is that prejudice forces the stigmatized into low-paying, undesirable jobs. Prejudice clearly leads to exclusion. But surprisingly, evidence linking exclusion to disadvantage is mixed. We address this issue theoretically, providing a formal rational choice model combining arguments from sociology (on prejudice) and economics (on competition). Our theory suggests that economic organization is crucial. In e…
Scholarly Culture and Occupational Success in 31 Societies
Prior research shows that coming from a book-oriented family is a great advantage for children's education, especially for the 'ordinary success' of children from disadvantaged families. Focusing on the next career stage, our multi-level analysis (58,944 respondents in 31 societies) shows that it furthers children's later occupational career even more than parents' education or occupation, especially in developing nations where there is a small a…
A Clash of Civilizations? Preferences for Religious Political Leaders in 86 Nations
Huntington claimed that today's major conflicts are most likely to erupt between religiously defined “civilizations,” in particular between Christianity and Islam. Using World Values Surveys from 86 nations, we examine differences between Christians and Muslims in preferences for religious political leaders. The results suggest a marked difference between Muslims and Christians in their attitudes toward religious politicians, with Muslims more fa…
Justifications of Inequality: The Normative Basis of Pay Differentials in 31 Nations
Objectives. We investigate social consensus and dissensus within and between nations in three important justifications for pay differences: family needs, performance on the job, and education/authority. Methods. Data are from 31 nations and 66,777 individual respondents analyzed using structural equation and multilevel regression methods with multiple imputation of missing data. Results. In poor countries, but not in rich, most believe that famil…
Trends in women's labor force participation in Australia: 1984-2002
Effect of family structure on life satisfaction: Australian Evidence
L'influence de la richesse et de l'origine familiale sur la carrière professionnelle: Théorie Et Données Transculturelles
Naître dans une famille jouissant d'un statut social élevé confère très tôt des privilèges tant à l'école que lors de l'obtention du premier emploi, et ces privilèges ont des effets permanents. De plus, cela confère d'autres avantages en cours de carrière. Je fais l'hypothèse que certains de ces avantages découlent de la richesse des parents et d'autres ressources économiques et que la plupart des avantages obtenus en cours de carrière proviennen…
Educational attainment of the children of divorce: Australia, 1940-90
Much research suggests that the disruption of marriage through parental death or divorce imposes a small but significant educational disadvantage on American children, although the most recent and comprehensive analysis casts serious doubt on this claim. What is the situation in Australia? Using representative national samples (n= 29,443) and OLS and logistic regression with robust standard errors, we estimate models controlling many potentially …
National Context, Parental Socialization, and Religious Belief: Results from 15 Nations
ear regression to control for a nation's level of economic development and exposure to Communism, andfor the individual's denomination, age, gender, and education. We find that (1) people living in religious nations will, in proportion to the religiosity of their fellow-citizens, acquire more orthodox beliefs than otherwise similar people living in secular nations; (2) in relatively secular nations, family religiosity strongly shapes children's r…
The Electoral Impact of New Politics Issues: The Environment in the 1990 Australian Federal Election
L'analyse des elections federales d'Australie en 1990 montre l'influence de la question de l'environnement sur les votes et les deux principaux partis nationaux. Le systeme electoral australien (vote preferentiel) explique en partie que les nouvelles questions politiques influencent peu le resultat des elections meme si le parti travailliste, vainqueur, avait introduit dans son programme le probleme ecologique
Class and Class Conflict in Six Western Nations
People's subjective images of class and class conflict reflect a mixture of both materialist forces and the vivid subjective images of equality and consensus among family, friends, and coworkers. These reference group processes distort perceptions of class: They make most people think they are middle class, thereby weakening the link between objective class and subjective perceptions of class and class conflict, fostering consensual rather than c…
Moral Reasoning and Political Conflict: The Abortion Controversy
We argue that the abortion controversy has one major source--religion--and two less important ones--attitudes towards sexual permissiveness and women's employment. Traditional Christianity promotes opposition to abortion using three distinct modes of moral reasoning: through deductive moral reasoning, by the Christian world view's implication that abortion violates the sanctity of life and is a rebellion against God's design; through authoritativ…
The Legitimation of Inequality: Occupational Earnings in Nine Nations
Comprehensive data on public beliefs about the legitimacy of income inequality gathered from large, representative national sample surveys in nine nations conducted by the International Social Survey Programme show: (1) broad agreement on the legitimate pay of low-status, ordinary jobs, (2) agreement that high-status, elite occupations should be paid more than the minimum, but (3) disagreement over how much more they should get. This disagreement…
Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, positive affect, anxiety and depression
Images of Class: Public Perceptions in Hungary and Australia
Based on reference group and cognitive bias considerations, we advance a theory, explicated via a computer simulation, to explain (1) people's perceptions of how equalitarian the class system is, (2) where people place themselves in the class system, (3) where people place others' occupations, and (4) people's estimates of the pay of different occupations. Using a new set of diagrammatic and verbal questions on class, we test our hypotheses on la…
Prejudice, Discrimination, and the Labor Market: Attainments of Immigrants in Australia
This article develops hypotheses about how prejudice can be expected to affect discrimination and tests them in Australia, a nation with numerous and diverse immigrants. Census data, analyzed with a flexible regression model, are from the 1981 1% Public Use Sample (PUS), with detailed information on education, occupation, income, timing of immigration, and language fluency. Attitudinal data, analyzed with LISREL methods, are from a representative…
National Context, Parental Socialization, and Religious Belief: Results from 15 Nations
ear regression to control for a nation's level of economic development and exposure to Communism, andfor the individual's denomination, age, gender, and education. We find that (1) people living in religious nations will, in proportion to the religiosity of their fellow-citizens, acquire more orthodox beliefs than otherwise similar people living in secular nations; (2) in relatively secular nations, family religiosity strongly shapes children's r…
Class as Conceived by Marx and Dahrendorf: Effects on Income Inequality and Politics in the United States and Great Britain
The class theories of Karl Marx and Ralf Dahrendorf, although subject to much theoretical analysis, largely have been ignored in the dominant lines of quantitative research on status attainment and the political consequences of social stratification. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by drawing out some of the implications of Marx's ownership of the means of production and Dahrendorf s authority for both income inequality and politics, by ev…
Class and Class Conflict in Six Western Nations
People's subjective images of class and class conflict reflect a mixture of both materialist forces and the vivid subjective images of equality and consensus among family, friends, and coworkers. These reference group processes distort perceptions of class: They make most people think they are middle class, thereby weakening the link between objective class and subjective perceptions of class and class conflict, fostering consensual rather than c…
Decomposing Differences between Groups: A Cautionary Note on Measuring Discrimination
Somewhat divergent approaches to finding the components of group differences (for example, the difference in average earnings across gender or racial groups) have grown up in the literatures of economics and sociology. Both, however, are variants of the same underlying approach. This article illustrates different approaches and draws attention to the conditions under which two, three, or four components of the income gap between groups can be use…
Images of Class: Public Perceptions in Hungary and Australia
Based on reference group and cognitive bias considerations, we advance a theory, explicated via a computer simulation, to explain (1) people's perceptions of how equalitarian the class system is, (2) where people place themselves in the class system, (3) where people place others' occupations, and (4) people's estimates of the pay of different occupations. Using a new set of diagrammatic and verbal questions on class, we test our hypotheses on la…
The Legitimation of Inequality: Occupational Earnings in Nine Nations
Comprehensive data on public beliefs about the legitimacy of income inequality gathered from large, representative national sample surveys in nine nations conducted by the International Social Survey Programme show: (1) broad agreement on the legitimate pay of low-status, ordinary jobs, (2) agreement that high-status, elite occupations should be paid more than the minimum, but (3) disagreement over how much more they should get. This disagreement…
Ballot Paper Cues and the Vote in Australia and Britain: Alphabetic Voting, Sex, and Title
When a voter comes to cast a ballot, some information about the candidates is evident on the ballot paper itself. Using multiple regression techniques, this study provides quantitative estimates of the impact of such information in recent British and Australian elections. The results suggest that whether the candidate's name comes first, middle, or last on the ballot paper has no effect on the vote in Britain. But it does matter in Australia, par…
Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, positive affect, anxiety and depression
Causal Chain Models for the Socioeconomic Career
This paper develops a theoretical model for the socioeconomic career in which income and occupational attainment at successive stages in the life cycle are both modified causal chains. Income is affected only by education, current occupation, and income in the immediate past; occupation is affected only by family background, education, and occupation in the immediate past. Neither is affected by attainments in the more remote past. This dual caus…
Societal Inequality and individual subjective well-being: Results from 68 societies and over 200,000 individuals, 1981-2008
Effect of family structure on life satisfaction: Australian Evidence
Justifications of Inequality: The Normative Basis of Pay Differentials in 31 Nations
Objectives. We investigate social consensus and dissensus within and between nations in three important justifications for pay differences: family needs, performance on the job, and education/authority. Methods. Data are from 31 nations and 66,777 individual respondents analyzed using structural equation and multilevel regression methods with multiple imputation of missing data. Results. In poor countries, but not in rich, most believe that famil…
Immigrants, Socio-Economic Attainment, and Politics in Australia
Prejudice, Discrimination, and the Labor Market: Attainments of Immigrants in Australia
This article develops hypotheses about how prejudice can be expected to affect discrimination and tests them in Australia, a nation with numerous and diverse immigrants. Census data, analyzed with a flexible regression model, are from the 1981 1% Public Use Sample (PUS), with detailed information on education, occupation, income, timing of immigration, and language fluency. Attitudinal data, analyzed with LISREL methods, are from a representative…
Class and Party in Australia: Comparison with Britain and the USA
One of the most familiar theories about politics in Australia, as in Britain, is that the political parties are divided fundamentally on class lines. But the strength and nature of the link between class and party remains both controversial and unclear. This paper brings new evidence to bear by applying powerful multivariate techniques to national sample survey data from Australia, Britain and the USA. We distinguish three separate aspects of cla…
Strong Welfare States Do Not Intensify Public Support for Income Redistribution, but Even Reduce It among the Prosperous: A Multilevel Analysis of Public Opinion in 30 Countries
How tightly linked are the strength of a country’s welfare state and its residents’ support for income redistribution? Multilevel model results (with appropriate controls) show that the publics of strong welfare states recognize their egalitarian income distributions, i.e., the stronger the welfare state, the less the actual and perceived inequality; but they do not differ from their peers in liberal welfare states/market-oriented societies in th…
Social Context and Electoral Behavior in Britain
It has long been thought that voting behavior is shaped not only by voters' own class and family background, but by the social context in which they live. Whereas almost all previous empirical studies of social context have found it highly significant, most notably in the substantial literature on contextual influences in Britain, the authors argue for a contrary view. Reanalyzing the classic British case, applying multivariate techniques to 1966…
A Clash of Civilizations? Preferences for Religious Political Leaders in 86 Nations
Huntington claimed that today's major conflicts are most likely to erupt between religiously defined “civilizations,” in particular between Christianity and Islam. Using World Values Surveys from 86 nations, we examine differences between Christians and Muslims in preferences for religious political leaders. The results suggest a marked difference between Muslims and Christians in their attitudes toward religious politicians, with Muslims more fa…
Moral Reasoning and Political Conflict: The Abortion Controversy
We argue that the abortion controversy has one major source--religion--and two less important ones--attitudes towards sexual permissiveness and women's employment. Traditional Christianity promotes opposition to abortion using three distinct modes of moral reasoning: through deductive moral reasoning, by the Christian world view's implication that abortion violates the sanctity of life and is a rebellion against God's design; through authoritativ…
The Electoral Consequences of Gender in Australia
The increasing importance of women in politics is a common feature of almost all advanced industrial societies. Women have become increasingly active in most aspects of political life during the 1970s: as voters, as lobbyists and, perhaps most significantly of all, as candidates for election to public office. The traditional prejudice against women in public life, which assumes women to be less suited to politics by temperament and training, sugg…
The Politics of School Busing
Although rejecting school busing has the objective consequence of perpetuating racial segregation and educational inequality, data from a large national sample indicate that the subjective motivations involved are not merely racism. In contrast to the position among the mass public, opposition is closely linked to racial prejudice among college graduates
The new income inequality and well-being paradigm: Inequality has no effect on happiness in rich nations and normal times, varied effects in extraordinary circumstances, increases happiness in poor na…
Scholarly culture: How books in adolescence enhance adult literacy, numeracy and technology skills in 31 societies
Communism, Capitalism, and Images of Class: Effects of Reference Groups, Reality, and Regime in 43 Nations and 110,000 Individuals, 1987-2009
People differ vastly in perceptions of inequality, some seeing a small elite at the top of their society with a vast impoverished mass at the bottom, others a prosperous society with most people in the middle. This was found first for two nations, Australia and Communist-era Hungary. We extend these results to 43 nations and to the post-Communist era. The results support our original middle-range "reference group and reality blend" hypothesis. We…
Wealth and Family Background in the Occupational Career: Theory and Cross-Cultural Data
Being born into a lligh status family confers an early advantage in school and when first getting a job and these advantages have enduring consequences. In addition, it confers a further advantage in mid-career. I propose that some of the early advantages stem from parents' wealth and other economic resources and that most of the advantage in mid-career is from these resources. I predict that the effects will be larger in less-developed societies…
Social Mobility in Toro: Some Preliminary Results from Western Uganda
History, Causal Chains and Careers: A Reply
Causal Chain Models for the Socioeconomic Career
This paper develops a theoretical model for the socioeconomic career in which income and occupational attainment at successive stages in the life cycle are both modified causal chains. Income is affected only by education, current occupation, and income in the immediate past; occupation is affected only by family background, education, and occupation in the immediate past. Neither is affected by attainments in the more remote past. This dual caus…
The Politics of School Busing
Although rejecting school busing has the objective consequence of perpetuating racial segregation and educational inequality, data from a large national sample indicate that the subjective motivations involved are not merely racism. In contrast to the position among the mass public, opposition is closely linked to racial prejudice among college graduates
Revolution and the Rebirth of Inequality: A Theory of Stratification in Postrevolutionary Society
This paper offers a theory and an explicit mathematical model of a peasant revolution's effects on inequality and status inheritance. We predict that, when an exploited peasantry revolts and overthrows the traditional elite, (1) in the short run, peasants are better off, and both inequality and status inheritance decline. But human capital becomes more valuable, and revolution does not benefit the poorest of its supporters as much as those who we…
Wealth and Family Background in the Occupational Career: Theory and Cross-Cultural Data
Being born into a lligh status family confers an early advantage in school and when first getting a job and these advantages have enduring consequences. In addition, it confers a further advantage in mid-career. I propose that some of the early advantages stem from parents' wealth and other economic resources and that most of the advantage in mid-career is from these resources. I predict that the effects will be larger in less-developed societies…
Sexual Permissiveness: Evidence for a Theory
This paper presents evidence in support of a theory of human sexuality. The theory basically argues that sex is highly pleasurable and therefore reinforcing; because it reinforces further contacts with the partner sexual involvement makes the formation of stable bonds love and eventually marriage likely. The prospect of marriage gives a clear incentive for people to control their sexual behavior and for society to regulate it. This theory leads t…
Class as Conceived by Marx and Dahrendorf: Effects on Income Inequality and Politics in the United States and Great Britain
The class theories of Karl Marx and Ralf Dahrendorf, although subject to much theoretical analysis, largely have been ignored in the dominant lines of quantitative research on status attainment and the political consequences of social stratification. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by drawing out some of the implications of Marx's ownership of the means of production and Dahrendorf s authority for both income inequality and politics, by ev…
Synthesis and Comparison of Stratification Theories: A Reply
Revolution and Inequality: Reply to Eckstein
Revolution and the Rebirth of Inequality: A Theory Applied to the National Revolution in Bolivia
Revolution and the Rebirth of Inequality
Revolution and Rebirth of Inequality: A Theory Applied to the National Revolution in Bolivia
The Electoral Consequences of Gender in Australia
The increasing importance of women in politics is a common feature of almost all advanced industrial societies. Women have become increasingly active in most aspects of political life during the 1970s: as voters, as lobbyists and, perhaps most significantly of all, as candidates for election to public office. The traditional prejudice against women in public life, which assumes women to be less suited to politics by temperament and training, sugg…
Confronting Sociological Theory with Data: Regression Analysis, Goodman's Log-Linear Models and Comparative Research
Comparisons are central to sociology and prominent among them are comparisons between the way two variables are related in different contexts (e.g. the present compared to the past, blacks compared to whites, industrial societies compared to agrarian ones). It is crucial, therefore, that analytic techniques used to test for such differences accurately reflect the true situation. A variety of statistical approaches have been used, most notably, or…
Ballot Paper Cues and the Vote in Australia and Britain: Alphabetic Voting, Sex, and Title
When a voter comes to cast a ballot, some information about the candidates is evident on the ballot paper itself. Using multiple regression techniques, this study provides quantitative estimates of the impact of such information in recent British and Australian elections. The results suggest that whether the candidate's name comes first, middle, or last on the ballot paper has no effect on the vote in Britain. But it does matter in Australia, par…
Immigrants, Socio-Economic Attainment, and Politics in Australia
Decomposing Differences between Groups: A Cautionary Note on Measuring Discrimination
Somewhat divergent approaches to finding the components of group differences (for example, the difference in average earnings across gender or racial groups) have grown up in the literatures of economics and sociology. Both, however, are variants of the same underlying approach. This article illustrates different approaches and draws attention to the conditions under which two, three, or four components of the income gap between groups can be use…
The Genesis of Conflict: Religion and Status Attainment in Ulster, 1968
Almost a decade and a half after the start of the civil disturbances in Ulster, there remains scholarly disagreement over how extensive economic disparities between Protestants and Catholics were when the disturbances began in the late 1960s. This paper applies multivariate regression techniques to 1968 survey data to examine these disparities. The picture that emerges is a complex one. The apparently lower levels of occupational status among Cat…
Party Identification and Political Socialization: A Note on Australia and Britain
The inheritance and continuity of party identification is usually traced to the predominant influence of parental political socialization. This paper applies multivariate analysis to Australian and British data to examine (1) the relative importance of parents' partisanship and social milieu on the respondent's own partisanship and (2) the influence of parentsapos; partisanship on the preferences of the respondent in later life. The analysis show…
Social Context and Electoral Behavior in Britain
It has long been thought that voting behavior is shaped not only by voters' own class and family background, but by the social context in which they live. Whereas almost all previous empirical studies of social context have found it highly significant, most notably in the substantial literature on contextual influences in Britain, the authors argue for a contrary view. Reanalyzing the classic British case, applying multivariate techniques to 1966…
Class and Party in Australia: Comparison with Britain and the USA
One of the most familiar theories about politics in Australia, as in Britain, is that the political parties are divided fundamentally on class lines. But the strength and nature of the link between class and party remains both controversial and unclear. This paper brings new evidence to bear by applying powerful multivariate techniques to national sample survey data from Australia, Britain and the USA. We distinguish three separate aspects of cla…
The Decline of Class Revisited: Class and Party in England, 1964-1979
Class has long been the preeminent source of political conflict in industrial society, but its electoral influence has declined in recent years. The sources of the decline are not yet firmly established, and moreover the implications for political parties remain unclear. The decline-of-class hypothesis states that parties on the left will decline as the working class becomes more affluent and adopts middle-class styles of conduct. By contrast, th…
Science versus advocacy in research on immigrants1
Prejudice, Discrimination, and the Labor Market: Attainments of Immigrants in Australia
This article develops hypotheses about how prejudice can be expected to affect discrimination and tests them in Australia, a nation with numerous and diverse immigrants. Census data, analyzed with a flexible regression model, are from the 1981 1% Public Use Sample (PUS), with detailed information on education, occupation, income, timing of immigration, and language fluency. Attitudinal data, analyzed with LISREL methods, are from a representative…
Sociology (39 works) · Political science (34 works) · Economics (24 works) · Psychology (23 works) · Law (21 works) · Politics (18 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Demographic economics (14 works) · Inequality (14 works) · Law (11 works)