Steve Fleetwood
Biographic Data
| ID | 362968 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Steve Fleetwood |
| GIVEN NAMES | Steve |
| FAMILY NAME | Fleetwood |
| SIGNATURE | FLEETWOOD S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of the West of England |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 34 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 200 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Reflections Upon Heterodox Economics: Legacy and Prospects
In this review article, I take three themes from Lynne Chester and Tae-Hee Jo’s edited collection Heterodox Economics: Legacy and Prospects. The first is Geoff Hodgson’s critique which I summarise thus: heterodox economics lacks consensus, coordination, and organizational coherence because it lacks a definition of heterodoxy. The second and third themes are pluralism and interdisciplinarity. But pluralism has a shortcoming: even a sophisticated s…
A definition of habit for socio-economics
The paper argues that it is a mistake to define habit as behaviour or action; as a regular conjunction of actions; as a stock; as a form of automaticity (although habit is acquired and activated automatically); as a tendency, propensity or disposition (even though habit acts tendentially); as a mechanism; and as a process (even though habit is acquired and activated via several processes). A taxonomic definition is provided wherein habit is a cog…
Re-visiting rules and norms
Rules (i.e. formal rules) are injunctions, constituted by social phenomena. They are learned, mutually understood, located in artefacts and govern agents’ actions. When rules are broken, formal sanctions occur. They are cognised and followed consciously. When rules are followed directly, they govern agents’ actions. Rules always exist separately from the agents in a rule-circle. Whilst the term unofficial or informal rules is widely used, I consi…
Critical Essay: Meta-analysis: A critical realist critique and alternative
Meta-analysis has proved increasingly popular in management and organization studies as a way of combining existing empirical quantitative research to generate a statistical estimate of how strongly variables are associated. Whilst a number of studies identify technical, procedural and practical limitations of meta-analyses, none have yet tackled the meta-theoretical flaws in this approach. We deploy critical realist meta-theory to argue that the…
The critical realist conception of open and closed systems
The critical realist (CR) conception of open and closed (O&C) systems is not about systems: it is about (ir)regularities in the flux of events and states of affairs. It has recently been criticised on the grounds that critical realists (CRs) should take on board ideas about the general nature of systems; recognise that genuinely open social systems would be impossible; avoid polarities or dualisms where either there are event regularities and ope…
Organizing for Alternative Futures: From the Philosophy of Science to the Science of Human Flourishing
What are the limits of influence for a philosophy of science? The last conference for the International Association for Critical Realism asked the question: ‘How can we organize for an alternative future?’. The implicit assumption within this question is that critical realism, with its specific contribution to the understanding of the ontology of the natural and social world, enables researchers to ask questions not only about what is, but also o…
Conceptualizing Future Labour Markets
An enquiry into what future labour markets might look like is, necessarily, an enquiry into what future labour market institutions might look like. Any such enquiry requires a conceptual apparatus (i.e. theory, metatheory, and model) capable of dealing with labour markets and institutions. The conceptual apparatus of orthodox labour economics is incapable of this. An alternative conceptual apparatus, the ‘socio-economics of labour markets’, augme…
From Labour Market Institutions to an Alternative Model of Labour Markets
This post-disciplinary article goes beyond orthodox labour economics and combines insights from the ‘socio-economics of labour markets’ (SELM), and critical realism (CR), to develop a SELMCR perspective, which is then used to create an alternative conception of labour market institutions and an alternative model of labour markets, i.e. the SELMCR model
Critical realism and systematic dialectics: A reply to Andrew Brown
In ‘Approach with caution: critical realism in social research’, Andrew Brown sets out a series of criticisms of critical realism from the perspective of systematic dialectics. This current article is one critical realist’s reply to Brown
From Political Economy to Economics’ and Beyond
Ben Fine and Dimitris Milonakis have done political economy a great service by drawing attention to the insights lost in the twists, turns and reductions in the transition from political economy to economics. These two volumes constitute a solid foundation upon which a new generation can build a political economy for the future. This review presses some of their meta-theoretical arguments a little further than they actually do in an attempt to ‘t…
Laws and tendencies in Marxist political economy
Whilst terms like 'law of the tendency', 'tendency law' and 'tendential law' appear in Marxist political economy, they are unclear. This paper identifies the main conceptions of laws and tendencies and disambiguates them. Part 1 differentiates between law as (i) event regularity; (ii) event regularity/tendency; and (iii) tendency. Part 2 focuses on (ii) identifying five interpretations: tendency as a trend, cyclical variation, stochastically spec…
Powers and Tendencies Revisited
While powers and tendencies are among the most fundamental concepts of critical realism, there are several problems with these concepts that have been ignored, avoided or glossed. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to tease out these problems and provide clarification and consistency where possible. In the first section of the paper I sketch the existing critical realist conceptualization of tendencies by identifying eight distinct moments …
The Ontology of Things, Properties and Powers
Whilst the concept of causal powers is central to much post-positivist social science in general, and to critical realism in particular, it has not been significantly developed by critical realists since the initial work of Harré and Madden and Bhaskar in the mid-1970s. To deepen our understanding of powers we need to start with a ‘package’ of related terms. In §1 of the paper I introduce this package, clear up some terminological ambiguity and i…
Structure, institution, agency, habit, and reflexive deliberation
The conceptual apparatus referred to generally as agency-structure or agency-institution is central to a great deal of social science, especially Institutional Economics . Despite its centrality, this apparatus has never been able to fully explain how institutions and social structures influence agents' intentions and actions. Economist, Geoff Hodgson and Sociologist, Margaret Archer have been at the forefront of endeavours to provide such an exp…
Institutions and Social Structures 1
This paper clarifies the terms “institutions” and “social structures” and related terms “rules”, “conventions”, “norms”, “values” and “customs”. Part one explores the similarities between institutions and social structures whilst the second and third parts explore differences . Part two considers institutions, rules, habits or habitus and habituation, whilst part three critically reflects on three common conceptions of social structures. The conc…
Workers and their alter egos as consumers
While socialists hardly need reminding that employers often mistreat their workers, we tend to overlook situations in which workers mistreat other workers. This tendency is exacerbated by discourses that urge us to act as consumers, and to treat cheap commodities as 'bargains' rather than, for example, as the result of someone else's poor working conditions. This paper uses arguments from political and moral economy to illustrate some of the ways…
Why work–life balance now
In the vast literature on work-life balance one question remains seriously under-elaborated: Why now? The paper opens by recognising that flexible working practices can be employee friendly or employer friendly, and that current employer friendly practices tend to constrain, rather than enable, possibilities for work-life balance. Part two introduces neoliberalism, interpreting it as a new class strategy: the iron fist of a renewed ruling class o…
Prediction in Social Science: The Case of Research on the Human Resource Management-Organisational Performance Link
Despite inroads made by critical realism against the ‘scientific method’ in social science, the latter remains strong in subject-areas like human resource management. One argument for the alleged superiority of the scientific method (i.e. its scientificity) lies in the taken-for-granted belief that it alone can formulate empirically testable predictions. Many of those who employ the scientific method are, however, confused about the way they unde…
Gender at Critical Realism Conferences
This paper reports the findings of a case study of recent IACR conferences where subtle, but significant, (negative) gender differences in conference participation were observed. It goes on to use notions of gender order, agency and structure, styles and genres to explain the key causal factors that generate these differences. It concludes with some suggestions about how these gender differences could be minimised in future conferences.
Gender at Critical Realism Conferences
This paper reports the findings of a case study of recent IACR conferences where subtle, but significant, (negative) gender differences in conference participation were observed. It goes on to use notions of gender order, agency and structure, styles and genres to explain the key causal factors that generate these differences. It concludes with some suggestions about how these gender differences could be minimised in future conferences
Prediction in social science: The case of research on the human resource management-organisational performance link
Despite inroads made by critical realism against the ‘scientific method’ in social science, the latter remains strong in subject-areas like human resource management. One argument for the alleged superiority of the scientific method (i.e. its scientificity) lies in the taken-for-granted belief that it alone can formulate empirically testable predictions. Many of those who employ the scientific method are, however, confused about the way they unde…
Transforming Economics Through Critical Realism: Themes and Issues
Beyond Measuring the Human Resources Management-Organizational Performance Link: Applying Critical Realist Meta-Theory
One response to the possible outsourcing of the human resource (HR) function is to turn to ‘science’ and seek to demonstrate an empirical association between HR practices and increased organizational performance. This paper critically examines the shortcomings of the ‘scientific’ approach by first, reviewing the three distinctive versions of research on the Human Resources Management (HRM)-Performance link in an attempt to demonstrate their commi…
Rethinking labour markets: A critical-realist-socioeconomic perspective
There are currently two main accounts of labour markets: the mainstream labour market (MLM) account, which avoids serious analysis of social structures; and a rather unsystematic SOCIOECONOMIC account, which recognises that labour markets are embedded in social structures, but remains ambiguous vis-à-vis the nature of this embedding. Augmenting the latter with a critical-realist approach serves to reduce that ambiguity, and allows us to break com…
A critical realist reply to Walters & Young
In a contribution to this journal, Bernard Walters & David Young offer a brief sketch of critical realism and three objections to it. This reply starts with three points of clarification to their sketch before going on to tackle their objections
Ontology in Organization and Management Studies: A Critical Realist Perspective
Organization studies has recently been captured by a cultural, linguistic, poststructural or postmodern turn, the impetus for which has come from the ontological turn from a (naive) realist ontology to a socially constructed ontology. Much of the current ontological discussion is, however, characterized by ambiguity, which makes it difficult to get to the bottom of ontological claims and, of course, to locate the source of any ontological errors.…
Structure, institution, agency, habit, and reflexive deliberation
The conceptual apparatus referred to generally as agency-structure or agency-institution is central to a great deal of social science, especially Institutional Economics . Despite its centrality, this apparatus has never been able to fully explain how institutions and social structures influence agents' intentions and actions. Economist, Geoff Hodgson and Sociologist, Margaret Archer have been at the forefront of endeavours to provide such an exp…
Institutions and Social Structures 1
This paper clarifies the terms “institutions” and “social structures” and related terms “rules”, “conventions”, “norms”, “values” and “customs”. Part one explores the similarities between institutions and social structures whilst the second and third parts explore differences . Part two considers institutions, rules, habits or habitus and habituation, whilst part three critically reflects on three common conceptions of social structures. The conc…
Causal Laws, Functional Relations and Tendencies
This paper draws upon critical realism to argue that the widespread use of functional relations and laws in economics is misconceived. This misconception stems from the inappropriate use of a deductivist mode of theorising; an empirical realist ontology; and a notion of causality as mere regularity or constant conjunction, all of which are associated with functional relations and laws. Not only does critical realism identify the cause of the misc…
The critical realist conception of open and closed systems
The critical realist (CR) conception of open and closed (O&C) systems is not about systems: it is about (ir)regularities in the flux of events and states of affairs. It has recently been criticised on the grounds that critical realists (CRs) should take on board ideas about the general nature of systems; recognise that genuinely open social systems would be impossible; avoid polarities or dualisms where either there are event regularities and ope…
Powers and Tendencies Revisited
While powers and tendencies are among the most fundamental concepts of critical realism, there are several problems with these concepts that have been ignored, avoided or glossed. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to tease out these problems and provide clarification and consistency where possible. In the first section of the paper I sketch the existing critical realist conceptualization of tendencies by identifying eight distinct moments …
What Kind of Theory is Marx's LabourTheoryof Value? A Critical Realist Inquiry
This paper uses critical realism to reflect upon the issue of theory in Marx's Labour Theory of Value (LTV). Like any theory, the LTV is rooted in a mode of theorisation. Rooting the LTV in an inappropriate ( deductivist) mode of theorisation encourages the formulation of ( quantitative) versions of the LTV that (a) have severe problems and (b) lack explanatory power. Conversely, rooting the LTV in an appropriate ( causal-explanatory) mode encour…
Rethinking labour markets: A critical-realist-socioeconomic perspective
There are currently two main accounts of labour markets: the mainstream labour market (MLM) account, which avoids serious analysis of social structures; and a rather unsystematic SOCIOECONOMIC account, which recognises that labour markets are embedded in social structures, but remains ambiguous vis-à-vis the nature of this embedding. Augmenting the latter with a critical-realist approach serves to reduce that ambiguity, and allows us to break com…
Critical Essay: Meta-analysis: A critical realist critique and alternative
Meta-analysis has proved increasingly popular in management and organization studies as a way of combining existing empirical quantitative research to generate a statistical estimate of how strongly variables are associated. Whilst a number of studies identify technical, procedural and practical limitations of meta-analyses, none have yet tackled the meta-theoretical flaws in this approach. We deploy critical realist meta-theory to argue that the…
Re-visiting rules and norms
Rules (i.e. formal rules) are injunctions, constituted by social phenomena. They are learned, mutually understood, located in artefacts and govern agents’ actions. When rules are broken, formal sanctions occur. They are cognised and followed consciously. When rules are followed directly, they govern agents’ actions. Rules always exist separately from the agents in a rule-circle. Whilst the term unofficial or informal rules is widely used, I consi…
Beyond Measuring the Human Resources Management-Organizational Performance Link: Applying Critical Realist Meta-Theory
One response to the possible outsourcing of the human resource (HR) function is to turn to ‘science’ and seek to demonstrate an empirical association between HR practices and increased organizational performance. This paper critically examines the shortcomings of the ‘scientific’ approach by first, reviewing the three distinctive versions of research on the Human Resources Management (HRM)-Performance link in an attempt to demonstrate their commi…
From Labour Market Institutions to an Alternative Model of Labour Markets
This post-disciplinary article goes beyond orthodox labour economics and combines insights from the ‘socio-economics of labour markets’ (SELM), and critical realism (CR), to develop a SELMCR perspective, which is then used to create an alternative conception of labour market institutions and an alternative model of labour markets, i.e. the SELMCR model
Laws and tendencies in Marxist political economy
Whilst terms like 'law of the tendency', 'tendency law' and 'tendential law' appear in Marxist political economy, they are unclear. This paper identifies the main conceptions of laws and tendencies and disambiguates them. Part 1 differentiates between law as (i) event regularity; (ii) event regularity/tendency; and (iii) tendency. Part 2 focuses on (ii) identifying five interpretations: tendency as a trend, cyclical variation, stochastically spec…
From Political Economy to Economics’ and Beyond
Ben Fine and Dimitris Milonakis have done political economy a great service by drawing attention to the insights lost in the twists, turns and reductions in the transition from political economy to economics. These two volumes constitute a solid foundation upon which a new generation can build a political economy for the future. This review presses some of their meta-theoretical arguments a little further than they actually do in an attempt to ‘t…
A critical realist reply to Walters & Young
In a contribution to this journal, Bernard Walters & David Young offer a brief sketch of critical realism and three objections to it. This reply starts with three points of clarification to their sketch before going on to tackle their objections
A definition of habit for socio-economics
The paper argues that it is a mistake to define habit as behaviour or action; as a regular conjunction of actions; as a stock; as a form of automaticity (although habit is acquired and activated automatically); as a tendency, propensity or disposition (even though habit acts tendentially); as a mechanism; and as a process (even though habit is acquired and activated via several processes). A taxonomic definition is provided wherein habit is a cog…
Critical realism and systematic dialectics: A reply to Andrew Brown
In ‘Approach with caution: critical realism in social research’, Andrew Brown sets out a series of criticisms of critical realism from the perspective of systematic dialectics. This current article is one critical realist’s reply to Brown
Workers and their alter egos as consumers
While socialists hardly need reminding that employers often mistreat their workers, we tend to overlook situations in which workers mistreat other workers. This tendency is exacerbated by discourses that urge us to act as consumers, and to treat cheap commodities as 'bargains' rather than, for example, as the result of someone else's poor working conditions. This paper uses arguments from political and moral economy to illustrate some of the ways…
Aristotle in the 21st Century
This review focuses upon three themes from Aristotle's Economic Thought (Meikle, 1995) to reveal how (i) Aristotle's essentialist metaphysics can assist in clarifying contemporary issues in (ii) value theory and (iii) economics as ethics. Essentialism allows one to pose (adequately) the central question of value, namely: what is the entity that renders incommensurable commodities commensurable? Essentialism, by discouraging the elision of differe…
Causal Laws, Functional Relations and Tendencies
This paper draws upon critical realism to argue that the widespread use of functional relations and laws in economics is misconceived. This misconception stems from the inappropriate use of a deductivist mode of theorising; an empirical realist ontology; and a notion of causality as mere regularity or constant conjunction, all of which are associated with functional relations and laws. Not only does critical realism identify the cause of the misc…
Conceptualizing Un employment in a Period of Atypical Em ployment: A Critical Realist Perspective
An adequate conceptualization and measurement of unemployment should express the reality of employment. Designing theoretical concepts that adequately express reality requires appropriate methodological foundations. This paper uses critical realism to demonstrate that the deductive method encourages the construction of theoretical concepts in such a way as to reduce the multidimensional, qualitative reality of employment and unemployment to the q…
What Kind of Theory is Marx's LabourTheoryof Value? A Critical Realist Inquiry
This paper uses critical realism to reflect upon the issue of theory in Marx's Labour Theory of Value (LTV). Like any theory, the LTV is rooted in a mode of theorisation. Rooting the LTV in an inappropriate ( deductivist) mode of theorisation encourages the formulation of ( quantitative) versions of the LTV that (a) have severe problems and (b) lack explanatory power. Conversely, rooting the LTV in an appropriate ( causal-explanatory) mode encour…
The continuing relevance of the communist manifesto
Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto, Junius Publications, 1996
Realist Perspectives on Management and Organisations
The marriage of critical realism and Marxism
Critical realism is steadily gaining ground in the social sciences and humanities. Critical realist orientated scholars are to be found in many areas such as: sociology and social theory, organisation and management studies, feminism, geography, law and economics. Whilst critical realism has many things to teach us about philosophy it is, primarily, a philosophy of science. Critical realism can supply the full-blown philosophy of science lacking …
Critical Realism and Marxism
1. The marriage of critical realism and Marxism: happy, unhappy or on the rocks? 2. Five ways in which critical realism can help Marxism 3. Critical realist arguments in Marx's Capital 4. What kind of theory is Marx's labour theory of value? A critical realist inquiry 5. Capitalism, regualtion approach, and critical realism 6. Critical realism: beyond the Marxism/post-Marxism divide 7. Materialism, realism and dialectics 8. Dialectic in Marxism a…
A critical realist reply to Walters & Young
In a contribution to this journal, Bernard Walters & David Young offer a brief sketch of critical realism and three objections to it. This reply starts with three points of clarification to their sketch before going on to tackle their objections
Ontology in Organization and Management Studies: A Critical Realist Perspective
Organization studies has recently been captured by a cultural, linguistic, poststructural or postmodern turn, the impetus for which has come from the ontological turn from a (naive) realist ontology to a socially constructed ontology. Much of the current ontological discussion is, however, characterized by ambiguity, which makes it difficult to get to the bottom of ontological claims and, of course, to locate the source of any ontological errors.…
Prediction in Social Science: The Case of Research on the Human Resource Management-Organisational Performance Link
Despite inroads made by critical realism against the ‘scientific method’ in social science, the latter remains strong in subject-areas like human resource management. One argument for the alleged superiority of the scientific method (i.e. its scientificity) lies in the taken-for-granted belief that it alone can formulate empirically testable predictions. Many of those who employ the scientific method are, however, confused about the way they unde…
Gender at Critical Realism Conferences
This paper reports the findings of a case study of recent IACR conferences where subtle, but significant, (negative) gender differences in conference participation were observed. It goes on to use notions of gender order, agency and structure, styles and genres to explain the key causal factors that generate these differences. It concludes with some suggestions about how these gender differences could be minimised in future conferences.
Gender at Critical Realism Conferences
This paper reports the findings of a case study of recent IACR conferences where subtle, but significant, (negative) gender differences in conference participation were observed. It goes on to use notions of gender order, agency and structure, styles and genres to explain the key causal factors that generate these differences. It concludes with some suggestions about how these gender differences could be minimised in future conferences
Prediction in social science: The case of research on the human resource management-organisational performance link
Despite inroads made by critical realism against the ‘scientific method’ in social science, the latter remains strong in subject-areas like human resource management. One argument for the alleged superiority of the scientific method (i.e. its scientificity) lies in the taken-for-granted belief that it alone can formulate empirically testable predictions. Many of those who employ the scientific method are, however, confused about the way they unde…
Transforming Economics Through Critical Realism: Themes and Issues
Beyond Measuring the Human Resources Management-Organizational Performance Link: Applying Critical Realist Meta-Theory
One response to the possible outsourcing of the human resource (HR) function is to turn to ‘science’ and seek to demonstrate an empirical association between HR practices and increased organizational performance. This paper critically examines the shortcomings of the ‘scientific’ approach by first, reviewing the three distinctive versions of research on the Human Resources Management (HRM)-Performance link in an attempt to demonstrate their commi…
Rethinking labour markets: A critical-realist-socioeconomic perspective
There are currently two main accounts of labour markets: the mainstream labour market (MLM) account, which avoids serious analysis of social structures; and a rather unsystematic SOCIOECONOMIC account, which recognises that labour markets are embedded in social structures, but remains ambiguous vis-à-vis the nature of this embedding. Augmenting the latter with a critical-realist approach serves to reduce that ambiguity, and allows us to break com…
Why work–life balance now
In the vast literature on work-life balance one question remains seriously under-elaborated: Why now? The paper opens by recognising that flexible working practices can be employee friendly or employer friendly, and that current employer friendly practices tend to constrain, rather than enable, possibilities for work-life balance. Part two introduces neoliberalism, interpreting it as a new class strategy: the iron fist of a renewed ruling class o…
Structure, institution, agency, habit, and reflexive deliberation
The conceptual apparatus referred to generally as agency-structure or agency-institution is central to a great deal of social science, especially Institutional Economics . Despite its centrality, this apparatus has never been able to fully explain how institutions and social structures influence agents' intentions and actions. Economist, Geoff Hodgson and Sociologist, Margaret Archer have been at the forefront of endeavours to provide such an exp…
Institutions and Social Structures 1
This paper clarifies the terms “institutions” and “social structures” and related terms “rules”, “conventions”, “norms”, “values” and “customs”. Part one explores the similarities between institutions and social structures whilst the second and third parts explore differences . Part two considers institutions, rules, habits or habitus and habituation, whilst part three critically reflects on three common conceptions of social structures. The conc…
Workers and their alter egos as consumers
While socialists hardly need reminding that employers often mistreat their workers, we tend to overlook situations in which workers mistreat other workers. This tendency is exacerbated by discourses that urge us to act as consumers, and to treat cheap commodities as 'bargains' rather than, for example, as the result of someone else's poor working conditions. This paper uses arguments from political and moral economy to illustrate some of the ways…
The Ontology of Things, Properties and Powers
Whilst the concept of causal powers is central to much post-positivist social science in general, and to critical realism in particular, it has not been significantly developed by critical realists since the initial work of Harré and Madden and Bhaskar in the mid-1970s. To deepen our understanding of powers we need to start with a ‘package’ of related terms. In §1 of the paper I introduce this package, clear up some terminological ambiguity and i…
Powers and Tendencies Revisited
While powers and tendencies are among the most fundamental concepts of critical realism, there are several problems with these concepts that have been ignored, avoided or glossed. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to tease out these problems and provide clarification and consistency where possible. In the first section of the paper I sketch the existing critical realist conceptualization of tendencies by identifying eight distinct moments …
From Political Economy to Economics’ and Beyond
Ben Fine and Dimitris Milonakis have done political economy a great service by drawing attention to the insights lost in the twists, turns and reductions in the transition from political economy to economics. These two volumes constitute a solid foundation upon which a new generation can build a political economy for the future. This review presses some of their meta-theoretical arguments a little further than they actually do in an attempt to ‘t…
Laws and tendencies in Marxist political economy
Whilst terms like 'law of the tendency', 'tendency law' and 'tendential law' appear in Marxist political economy, they are unclear. This paper identifies the main conceptions of laws and tendencies and disambiguates them. Part 1 differentiates between law as (i) event regularity; (ii) event regularity/tendency; and (iii) tendency. Part 2 focuses on (ii) identifying five interpretations: tendency as a trend, cyclical variation, stochastically spec…
Sociology (27 works) · Epistemology (26 works) · Economics (23 works) · Critical Realism in Sociology (19 works) · Realism (19 works) · Philosophy (18 works) · Computer Science (16 works) · Political science (12 works) · Positive economics (12 works) · Philosophy (11 works)