Terance D Miethe
Biographic Data
| ID | 3631467 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Terance D Miethe |
| GIVEN NAMES | Terance D |
| FAMILY NAME | Miethe |
| SIGNATURE | MIETHE T D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Nevada, Las Vegas |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7771-7865 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 38 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 597 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 38 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1982 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
Facial Recognition Technology in Policing: A National Survey of Public Support for This Technology and Privacy/Safety Concerns
Using a national sample of U.S. adults, this study examines the level of public support for facial recognition technology (FRT) and its correlates across different policing activities. Multivariate analyses are conducted to assess how public support for FRT usage is influenced by individuals’ perceptions of its effectiveness in enhancing public safety, privacy concerns about its usage, and other attitudes (e.g., trust in police, worry about crime…
Cross-national differences in women’s imprisonment rates: Exploring the conditional effects of gender inequality and other macro-level factors
Prior research examined cross-national differences in imprisonment, yet few studies considered the specific nature of women’s imprisonment. The current study fills an important gap in the literature by assessing the socio-economic factors associated with women’s imprisonment rates. Cross-national differences in women’s imprisonment are examined using a social threat perspective. Our study demonstrates that the relationship between gender inequali…
Police use of force and its video coverage: An experimental study of the impact of media source and content on public perceptions
Civil Protection Orders and their Courtroom Context: The Impact of Gatekeepers on Legal Decisions
Volatile Places, Volatile Times: Predicting Revolutionary Situations with Nations’ Governance and Fragility Indicators
Homicide
The Mismeasure of Crime
'The Mismeasure of Crime' addresses the measurement of crime both historically and cross-nationally. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each data source, the fundamental issues surrounding their accuracy, and the applications of these data in theoretical and policy research
Gold versus platinum: Do jurors recognize the superiority and limitations of DNA evidence compared to other types of forensic evidence
In a series of studies, the authors examined (a) public perceptions concerning forensic scientific evidence, (b) the relative influence attributed to DNA evidence compared to other forms of forensic identification evidence, and (c) the impact of cross-examination addressing the limitations of DNA testimony. In Studies 1 and 2, both undergraduate students and representative jurors rated DNA as the most accurate and persuasive type of evidence comp…
Sources of Variation in Pro-Death Penalty Attitudes in China
This paper examines Chinese students’ attitudes about the death penalty in contemporary China. Drawing upon Western public opinion research on the death penalty, samples of Chinese college students at home and abroad are used to explore the magnitude of their pro-death penalty attitudes and sources of variation in these opinions. Both groups of Chinese students are found to support the death penalty across different measures of this concept. Seve…
Rethinking Homicide: List of Tables
Punishment: A Comparative Historical Perspective
Punishment is the common response to crime and deviance in all societies. However, its particular form and purpose are also linked to specific features of the structure of these societies at a particular time and place. Through a comparative historical analysis of punishment, this 2005 book is designed to identify and examine the sources of similarity and differences in types of economic punishments, incapacitation devices and structures, and let…
Rethinking Homicide: Exploring the Structure and Process Underlying Deadly Situations
Using multiple data sources and methods, this book involves a micro-historical analysis of the nature of change and stability in homicide situations over time. It focuses on the homicide situation as the unit of analysis, and explores similarities and differences in the context of homicide for different social groups. For example, using Qualitative Comparative Analysis, we investigate whether various social groups (e.g., men vs. women, teenagers …
Confessions and Criminal Case Disposition in China
This research examines confessions and criminal case disposition in China. It describes how wider economic reforms in China and subsequent changes in its legal system may have affected the nature and consequence of criminal confessions. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of a sample of 1,009 criminal court cases reveal that the majority of offenders confessed to their crime and that confession is associated with less severe punishments (e.g., lo…
Character Contests and Dispute-Related Offenses
Using police narratives on dispute-related assaults, this study examines the extent to which the notion of character contests underlies these assaults and the individual and situational factors associated with them. Previous research emphasizes youth, masculinity, and public location as major contributing factors in escalating character contests to violence. Accordingly, we expected particular combination of variables to correlate with character …
Interdependency, communitarianism and reintegrative shaming in China
Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming (1989) depicts that shaming has either crime-amplifying or inhibiting effects depending on how it is done. Using a sample of residents in Shanghai, China, this study tests Braithwaite’s hypothesis that interdependency is conducive to reintegrative rather than stigmatizing shaming. We hypothesize that individuals who have greater interdependent relationships are more likely to practice reintegrative, r…
Whistleblowing at Work: Tough Choices in Exposing Fraud, Waste, and Abuse on the Job
Introduction What Is Whistleblowing and How Do We Study It? Snitching, Changing Work Organizations, and Whistleblowing The Prevalence and the Profile of Whistleblowers Individual and Organizational Consequences of Whistleblowing The Legal Protection of Whistleblowers Case Histories of Six Whistleblowers Strategic Choices and Practical Advice
Crime Profiles: The Anatomy of Dangerous Persons, Places, and Situations
Whistle-Blower Disclosures and Management Retaliation: The Battle to Control Information about Organization Corruption
Based on nationwide data the authors collected on whistle-blowers and on silent observers, this article reports, that (a) whistle-blowing is more frequent in the public sector than in the private; (b) there are almost no sociodemographic characteristics that distinguish the whistle-blower from the silent observer; (c) whistle-blowers suffer severe retaliation from management, especially when their information proves significant; and (d) no specia…
Crime and Its Social Context: Toward an Integrated Theory of Offenders, Victims, and Situations
The Roots of Prison Violence: A Test of the Deprivation, Management, and “Not-So-Total” Institution Models
Studies of prison violence typically focus either on individual-level aggression or large-scale collective acts. Most past work consists of case studies, limiting the generalizations from the results. The present study used data from 371 state prisons and measures of both individual and collective violence and attempted to identify the structural, managerial, and environmental determinants of prison disorder. Findings suggest that poor prison man…
Fear and Withdrawal from Urban Life
Crime and fear of criminal victimization have become major problems in American society. Citizens react to crime in a variety of ways, including distrusting others, avoiding particular places, taking protective action, changing their daily activities, and participating in collective action. The present article reviews these psychological and behavioral reactions to crime. It summarizes current trends in the nature of crime and fear of criminal vi…
Crime and its social context: Toward an Integrated Theory of Offenders, Victims, and Situations
Macro‐micro Integration in the Study of Victimization: A Hierarchical Logistic Model Analysis Across Seattle Neighborhoods
Recent contextual analyses of victimization survey data are extended by application of hierarchical logistic model techniques. Using a multi‐stage sample of 5,090 Seattle residents, we estimate models for individuals' risks of violent crime and burglary victimization as a function of both individual crime opportunity factors (routine activity and personal lifestyle) and contextual indicators of neighborhood social disorganization (neighborhood in…
Whistleblowing and the Control of Organizational Misconduct
The current study reviews the literature on whistleblowing and examines its role in detecting and controlling organizational misconduct. We begin with a definition of this concept, show how micro-level theories of 'deviance' explain whistleblowing, summarize evidence on its prevalence and correlates, and examine the legal protection of whistleblowers against organizational retaliation. The effectiveness of whistleblowing legislation in encouragin…
Understanding Theories of Criminal Victimization
Current theories of victimization have generated a sizable body of empirical research, mostly within the last two decades. The two most widely known perspectives, lifestyle-exposure and routine activities theories, have been the object of much current thinking and empirical testing, but their maturation has been hampered by many of the same problems impeding theories of criminality. These include inadequate attention to variation by type of crime…
Social Differentiation in Criminal Victimization: A Test of Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theories
Recent theories posit that social differentiation in the risks of criminal victimization is due to variation in routine activities/lifestyles which place some persons or their property in proximity to motivated offenders. For a sample of 107,678 residents in thirteen U.S. cities, measures of the nature and quantity of routine activities outside the home (major daytime activity, frequency of nighttime activity) are introduced to assess the mediati…
Macro‐micro Integration in the Study of Victimization: A Hierarchical Logistic Model Analysis Across Seattle Neighborhoods
Recent contextual analyses of victimization survey data are extended by application of hierarchical logistic model techniques. Using a multi‐stage sample of 5,090 Seattle residents, we estimate models for individuals' risks of violent crime and burglary victimization as a function of both individual crime opportunity factors (routine activity and personal lifestyle) and contextual indicators of neighborhood social disorganization (neighborhood in…
Fear and Withdrawal from Urban Life
Crime and fear of criminal victimization have become major problems in American society. Citizens react to crime in a variety of ways, including distrusting others, avoiding particular places, taking protective action, changing their daily activities, and participating in collective action. The present article reviews these psychological and behavioral reactions to crime. It summarizes current trends in the nature of crime and fear of criminal vi…
Socioeconomic Disparities Under Determinate Sentencing Systems: A Comparison of Preguideline and Postguideline Practices in Minnesota
After a brief review of determinate sentencing systems, this study examines the impact of Minnesota's determinate sentencing law on various presentence and sentencing outcomes. Using comparable pre‐ and postguideline measures, the results of this study suggest that Minnesota's reform effort was largely successful in reducing disparity within the scope of the new guidelines. However, although the direct impact of socioeconomic attributes of the of…
Contextual Effects in Models of Criminal Victimization
Contextual analysis is widely endorsed as a research tool to bridge the macro-micro gap in studies of social phenomena. Using a multistage sample of 5,098 Seattle residents, we extend previous work by examining how individuals' risks of criminal victimization are influenced by their personal life-styles and by the characteristics of their neighborhood. Although several types of contextual effects were observed, a major finding is that lower level…
Regulated and Unregulated Sentencing Decisions: An Analysis of First-Year Practices Under Minnesota's Felony Sentencing Guidelines
Determinate sentencing reform in Minnesota aimed at enhancing sentencing uniformity and neutrality. According to official reports by the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission, both of these goals were largely (although not completely) achieved during the first year of guideline implementation. However, methodological shortcomings in these reports question the true effectiveness of sentencing reform. Moreover, Minnesota's felony sentencing gu…
Racial Differences in Criminal Processing: The Consequences of Model Selection on Conclusions About Differential Treatment
This study examines the impact of model selection on substantive conclusions about racial differences in presentence and sentencing practices. Using a statewide sample of convicted felons, an additive model is estimated to assess the direct and indirect effects of race on various dispositional decisions. Then, separate models for blacks and whites are estimated to evaluate within- and between-race differences. A comparison of the results from eac…
Whistle-Blower Disclosures and Management Retaliation: The Battle to Control Information about Organization Corruption
Based on nationwide data the authors collected on whistle-blowers and on silent observers, this article reports, that (a) whistle-blowing is more frequent in the public sector than in the private; (b) there are almost no sociodemographic characteristics that distinguish the whistle-blower from the silent observer; (c) whistle-blowers suffer severe retaliation from management, especially when their information proves significant; and (d) no specia…
Public Consensus on Crime Seriousness Normative Structure or Methodological Artifact
S Research on public perceptions of crime seriousness is reviewed. Two explanations for subgroup consensus are advanced as alternatives to the dominant view that ratings of crime seriousness reflect an underlying normative structure. It is argued that a normative explanation is plausible only after dismissing these alternative explanations. Research and data analytic strategies are proposed to evaluate the plausibility of these alternative explan…
Understanding Theories of Criminal Victimization
Current theories of victimization have generated a sizable body of empirical research, mostly within the last two decades. The two most widely known perspectives, lifestyle-exposure and routine activities theories, have been the object of much current thinking and empirical testing, but their maturation has been hampered by many of the same problems impeding theories of criminality. These include inadequate attention to variation by type of crime…
Fear of Crime Among Older People: A Reassessment of the Predictive Power of Crime-Related Factors
The impact of victimization experiences and crime-related variables on act-specific fear of crime are reinvestigated. Perceived risk and vulnerability to crime were expected to mediate the influence of demographic and crime-related variables on fear. The results of this study suggest that fear of property loss is more explainable by crime-related variables than is fear of violent victimization. Perceptual variables diminish the direct impact of v…
Citizen‐based Crime Control Activity and Victimization Risks: An Examination of Displacement and Free‐rider Effects
A common criticism of crime control activities is that such efforts simply redistribute crime to more vulnerable locales and persons rather than prevent it. This displacement effect has been widely assumed but rarely evaluated in previous studies. Using a sample of 5,302 Seattle residents who live on 600 city blocks, this study examines the crime‐reduction benefits of safety precautions and whether either displacement or a “free‐rider” effect bes…
Whistleblowing and the Control of Organizational Misconduct
The current study reviews the literature on whistleblowing and examines its role in detecting and controlling organizational misconduct. We begin with a definition of this concept, show how micro-level theories of 'deviance' explain whistleblowing, summarize evidence on its prevalence and correlates, and examine the legal protection of whistleblowers against organizational retaliation. The effectiveness of whistleblowing legislation in encouragin…
Confessions and Criminal Case Disposition in China
This research examines confessions and criminal case disposition in China. It describes how wider economic reforms in China and subsequent changes in its legal system may have affected the nature and consequence of criminal confessions. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of a sample of 1,009 criminal court cases reveal that the majority of offenders confessed to their crime and that confession is associated with less severe punishments (e.g., lo…
Social Change and Crime Rates: An Evaluation of Alternative Theoretical Approaches
Two general theoretical perspectives, criminal opportunity and social disorganization, have been widely used to explain the level of crime in cities and temporal changes in their crime rates. Using a pooled cross-sectional and time-series design of 584 U.S. cities for the years 1960, 1970, and 1980, the present study evaluates the empirical adequacy of these theories. The cross-sectional findings were far more supportive of social disorganization…
Sources of Variation in Pro-Death Penalty Attitudes in China
This paper examines Chinese students’ attitudes about the death penalty in contemporary China. Drawing upon Western public opinion research on the death penalty, samples of Chinese college students at home and abroad are used to explore the magnitude of their pro-death penalty attitudes and sources of variation in these opinions. Both groups of Chinese students are found to support the death penalty across different measures of this concept. Seve…
Character Contests and Dispute-Related Offenses
Using police narratives on dispute-related assaults, this study examines the extent to which the notion of character contests underlies these assaults and the individual and situational factors associated with them. Previous research emphasizes youth, masculinity, and public location as major contributing factors in escalating character contests to violence. Accordingly, we expected particular combination of variables to correlate with character …
Interdependency, communitarianism and reintegrative shaming in China
Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming (1989) depicts that shaming has either crime-amplifying or inhibiting effects depending on how it is done. Using a sample of residents in Shanghai, China, this study tests Braithwaite’s hypothesis that interdependency is conducive to reintegrative rather than stigmatizing shaming. We hypothesize that individuals who have greater interdependent relationships are more likely to practice reintegrative, r…
Police use of force and its video coverage: An experimental study of the impact of media source and content on public perceptions
Civil Protection Orders and their Courtroom Context: The Impact of Gatekeepers on Legal Decisions
Gold versus platinum: Do jurors recognize the superiority and limitations of DNA evidence compared to other types of forensic evidence
In a series of studies, the authors examined (a) public perceptions concerning forensic scientific evidence, (b) the relative influence attributed to DNA evidence compared to other forms of forensic identification evidence, and (c) the impact of cross-examination addressing the limitations of DNA testimony. In Studies 1 and 2, both undergraduate students and representative jurors rated DNA as the most accurate and persuasive type of evidence comp…
Volatile Places, Volatile Times: Predicting Revolutionary Situations with Nations’ Governance and Fragility Indicators
Public Consensus on Crime Seriousness Normative Structure or Methodological Artifact
S Research on public perceptions of crime seriousness is reviewed. Two explanations for subgroup consensus are advanced as alternatives to the dominant view that ratings of crime seriousness reflect an underlying normative structure. It is argued that a normative explanation is plausible only after dismissing these alternative explanations. Research and data analytic strategies are proposed to evaluate the plausibility of these alternative explan…
The impact of victim provocation on judgments of legal responsibility: An experimental assessment
Fear of Crime Among Older People: A Reassessment of the Predictive Power of Crime-Related Factors
The impact of victimization experiences and crime-related variables on act-specific fear of crime are reinvestigated. Perceived risk and vulnerability to crime were expected to mediate the influence of demographic and crime-related variables on fear. The results of this study suggest that fear of property loss is more explainable by crime-related variables than is fear of violent victimization. Perceptual variables diminish the direct impact of v…
Socioeconomic Disparities Under Determinate Sentencing Systems: A Comparison of Preguideline and Postguideline Practices in Minnesota
After a brief review of determinate sentencing systems, this study examines the impact of Minnesota's determinate sentencing law on various presentence and sentencing outcomes. Using comparable pre‐ and postguideline measures, the results of this study suggest that Minnesota's reform effort was largely successful in reducing disparity within the scope of the new guidelines. However, although the direct impact of socioeconomic attributes of the of…
Regulated and Unregulated Sentencing Decisions: An Analysis of First-Year Practices Under Minnesota's Felony Sentencing Guidelines
Determinate sentencing reform in Minnesota aimed at enhancing sentencing uniformity and neutrality. According to official reports by the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission, both of these goals were largely (although not completely) achieved during the first year of guideline implementation. However, methodological shortcomings in these reports question the true effectiveness of sentencing reform. Moreover, Minnesota's felony sentencing gu…
Racial Differences in Criminal Processing: The Consequences of Model Selection on Conclusions About Differential Treatment
This study examines the impact of model selection on substantive conclusions about racial differences in presentence and sentencing practices. Using a statewide sample of convicted felons, an additive model is estimated to assess the direct and indirect effects of race on various dispositional decisions. Then, separate models for blacks and whites are estimated to evaluate within- and between-race differences. A comparison of the results from eac…
Charging and Plea Bargaining Practices under Determinate Sentencing: An Investigation of the Hydraulic Displacement of Discretion
Numerous reform activities have been undertaken to minimize discretion within the criminal justice system.Yet, the success of these programs has been questioned on the grounds that discretion will simply resurface at stages of processing not covered by the reform effort.'In fact, this "hydraulic" or "zero-sum" effect is so firmly entrenched as a criticism of current reform efforts that most researchers begin with the assumption that the displacem…
Social Differentiation in Criminal Victimization: A Test of Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theories
Recent theories posit that social differentiation in the risks of criminal victimization is due to variation in routine activities/lifestyles which place some persons or their property in proximity to motivated offenders. For a sample of 107,678 residents in thirteen U.S. cities, measures of the nature and quantity of routine activities outside the home (major daytime activity, frequency of nighttime activity) are introduced to assess the mediati…
Academic Effort and College Grades
This study examines the possibility that specification errors contribute to the Schuman et al (1985) findings of a weak relationship between study time and college grades. Our analyses investigate both main and interactive effects, measures of quantity and quality of study, and various context-specific models of college grades. In contrast to previous findings, we observe significant main and interactive effects of academic effort on college grad…
Opportunity, Choice, and Criminal Victimization: A Test of a Theoretical Model
The present article examines the key concepts underlying victimization theories (i.e., exposure, proximity, target attractiveness, guardianship). Measures of each concept are developed and evaluated in terms of their ability to explain individuals' risks of residential burglary, personal theft, and personal violence. Using data from 5,271 respondents in the British Crime Survey, mixed empirical support is found for the structural-choice model und…
Citizen‐based Crime Control Activity and Victimization Risks: An Examination of Displacement and Free‐rider Effects
A common criticism of crime control activities is that such efforts simply redistribute crime to more vulnerable locales and persons rather than prevent it. This displacement effect has been widely assumed but rarely evaluated in previous studies. Using a sample of 5,302 Seattle residents who live on 600 city blocks, this study examines the crime‐reduction benefits of safety precautions and whether either displacement or a “free‐rider” effect bes…
Social Change and Crime Rates: An Evaluation of Alternative Theoretical Approaches
Two general theoretical perspectives, criminal opportunity and social disorganization, have been widely used to explain the level of crime in cities and temporal changes in their crime rates. Using a pooled cross-sectional and time-series design of 584 U.S. cities for the years 1960, 1970, and 1980, the present study evaluates the empirical adequacy of these theories. The cross-sectional findings were far more supportive of social disorganization…
Understanding Theories of Criminal Victimization
Current theories of victimization have generated a sizable body of empirical research, mostly within the last two decades. The two most widely known perspectives, lifestyle-exposure and routine activities theories, have been the object of much current thinking and empirical testing, but their maturation has been hampered by many of the same problems impeding theories of criminality. These include inadequate attention to variation by type of crime…
Contextual Effects in Models of Criminal Victimization
Contextual analysis is widely endorsed as a research tool to bridge the macro-micro gap in studies of social phenomena. Using a multistage sample of 5,098 Seattle residents, we extend previous work by examining how individuals' risks of criminal victimization are influenced by their personal life-styles and by the characteristics of their neighborhood. Although several types of contextual effects were observed, a major finding is that lower level…
Crime and its social context: Toward an Integrated Theory of Offenders, Victims, and Situations
Macro‐micro Integration in the Study of Victimization: A Hierarchical Logistic Model Analysis Across Seattle Neighborhoods
Recent contextual analyses of victimization survey data are extended by application of hierarchical logistic model techniques. Using a multi‐stage sample of 5,090 Seattle residents, we estimate models for individuals' risks of violent crime and burglary victimization as a function of both individual crime opportunity factors (routine activity and personal lifestyle) and contextual indicators of neighborhood social disorganization (neighborhood in…
Whistleblowing and the Control of Organizational Misconduct
The current study reviews the literature on whistleblowing and examines its role in detecting and controlling organizational misconduct. We begin with a definition of this concept, show how micro-level theories of 'deviance' explain whistleblowing, summarize evidence on its prevalence and correlates, and examine the legal protection of whistleblowers against organizational retaliation. The effectiveness of whistleblowing legislation in encouragin…
The Roots of Prison Violence: A Test of the Deprivation, Management, and “Not-So-Total” Institution Models
Studies of prison violence typically focus either on individual-level aggression or large-scale collective acts. Most past work consists of case studies, limiting the generalizations from the results. The present study used data from 371 state prisons and measures of both individual and collective violence and attempted to identify the structural, managerial, and environmental determinants of prison disorder. Findings suggest that poor prison man…
Fear and Withdrawal from Urban Life
Crime and fear of criminal victimization have become major problems in American society. Citizens react to crime in a variety of ways, including distrusting others, avoiding particular places, taking protective action, changing their daily activities, and participating in collective action. The present article reviews these psychological and behavioral reactions to crime. It summarizes current trends in the nature of crime and fear of criminal vi…
Crime and Its Social Context: Toward an Integrated Theory of Offenders, Victims, and Situations
Crime Profiles: The Anatomy of Dangerous Persons, Places, and Situations
Whistle-Blower Disclosures and Management Retaliation: The Battle to Control Information about Organization Corruption
Based on nationwide data the authors collected on whistle-blowers and on silent observers, this article reports, that (a) whistle-blowing is more frequent in the public sector than in the private; (b) there are almost no sociodemographic characteristics that distinguish the whistle-blower from the silent observer; (c) whistle-blowers suffer severe retaliation from management, especially when their information proves significant; and (d) no specia…
Whistleblowing at Work: Tough Choices in Exposing Fraud, Waste, and Abuse on the Job
Introduction What Is Whistleblowing and How Do We Study It? Snitching, Changing Work Organizations, and Whistleblowing The Prevalence and the Profile of Whistleblowers Individual and Organizational Consequences of Whistleblowing The Legal Protection of Whistleblowers Case Histories of Six Whistleblowers Strategic Choices and Practical Advice
Interdependency, communitarianism and reintegrative shaming in China
Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming (1989) depicts that shaming has either crime-amplifying or inhibiting effects depending on how it is done. Using a sample of residents in Shanghai, China, this study tests Braithwaite’s hypothesis that interdependency is conducive to reintegrative rather than stigmatizing shaming. We hypothesize that individuals who have greater interdependent relationships are more likely to practice reintegrative, r…
Confessions and Criminal Case Disposition in China
This research examines confessions and criminal case disposition in China. It describes how wider economic reforms in China and subsequent changes in its legal system may have affected the nature and consequence of criminal confessions. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of a sample of 1,009 criminal court cases reveal that the majority of offenders confessed to their crime and that confession is associated with less severe punishments (e.g., lo…
Psychology (34 works) · Criminology (31 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (22 works) · Political science (21 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Law (18 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (10 works) · Social Psychology (10 works)