Richard H Williams
Biographic Data
| ID | 3632617 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Richard H Williams |
| GIVEN NAMES | Richard H |
| FAMILY NAME | Williams |
| SIGNATURE | WILLIAMS R H |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Miami |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 111 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 46 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1958 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Glucose Tolerance, Body Stature, and Intramuscular Fat in African American Females
Leisure as a Resource in Transcending Negative Life Events
Negative life events, such as the unexpected loss of a loved one, a disabling accident or a natural disaster, are inevitably distressing and disruptive. Coping with and recovering from such events generally requires a variety of personal and social resources. Previous research on leisure and coping has suggested that leisure orientations and relationships can be important in reducing the likelihood that stress becomes debilitating in some way. Bu…
Constructing the European Spatial Development Perspective
(1999). Constructing the European Spatial Development Perspective: Consensus Without a Competence. Regional Studies: Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 793-797
Computing Many-One Comparisons among Sample Variances with the SAS System
The SAS System was used to program a statistical procedure developed by Levy (1975a). The focus was on Dunnett-like pairwise multiple comparisons among sample variances. An example using data from Glass and Hopkins (1996) was used to illustrate the final analysis of a computer run conducted with this program
A SAS Algorithm for Computing Scheffe-Marascuilo Comparisons among Correlations
The SAS System was used to program an algorithm for constructing both simple and complex multiple comparisons among product-moment correlation coefficients. The statistical procedure is attributable to Marascuilo (1966) and is based on Scheff6's method (1959). This SAS program is applicable to designs with either equal or unequal sample sizes in the cells
Scheffe-Marascuilo Comparisons among Independent Binomial Samples
A large-sample technique attributable to Leonard Marascuilo, which is based on Henry Scheffe's well-known multiple comparison procedure, was programmed with the SAS System. The focus was on comparisons among independent binomial samples. As in Scheffe's "data snooping" analytic method, the comparisons can be planned or post hoc, they can be simple or complex, and they need not be orthogonal, but none of them will be statistically significant unle…
From Hierarchy to Networks? Sub‐central Government and EU Urban Environment Policy
This article examines the role of networking as a mode of interaction between sub‐central government and the EU, and as a medium for policy development. Evidence from research into EU urban environmental policy‐making is analysed to argue that a shift in the policy‐making style is being adopted by DG XI, moving away from top‐down legislating, to a more responsive and participatory style, and that networking provides the non‐tangible infrastructur…
European cities, planning systems and property markets
An SAS Program for Pairwise Comparisons among Variances
Levy devised a large-sample statistical technique that makes it possible to apply Tukey's method of multiple comparisons to statistics other than the sample mean. In the present article, an SAS program is described for constructing pairwise comparisons among the variances of k independent samples, which is based on Levy's procedure. The method is illustrated with an example from marine biology. This computer program can accommodate equal or unequ…
Pairwise Comparisons among Proportions
The SAS System was used to program an algorithm designed to construct pairwise multiple comparisons among proportions. The statistical method is attributable to Levy and is based on a procedure described by Spjøtvoll and Stoline, which is an extension of Tukey's T-method. This SAS program can accommodate applications involving unequal sample sizes for a set of k independent sample proportions
Computing Pairwise Comparisons among Correlations with the SAS System
A SAS program was written to compute pairwise multiple comparisons among a set of k independent product-moment correlation coefficients. The program can accommodate both equal and unequal sample sizes for up to k = 10 samples. Although the theoretical basis of the statistical technique is attributable to Tukey, the applicability of the method to correlation coefficients was made possible through a large-sample technique described by Levy
Computing Many-One Comparisons among Independent Sample Proportions with the SAS System
Levy extended Dunnett's procedure for multiple comparisons to include contrasts defined on proportions, variances, and product-moment correlations. In the present article, an SAS program that uses Levy's method for conducting many-one pairwise comparisons among proportions associated with k independent samples is described. An example from Introduction to Design and Analysis by Keppel, Saufley, and Togunaga was used to illustrate the final analys…
Many-One Comparisons among Correlations
A large-sample statistical technique attributable to Levy and based on Dunnett's well-known multiple-comparison method was programmed with the SAS system. The focus was on many-one comparisons among k independent sample product-moment correlation coefficients. An application using the numerical example in Levy's paper was introduced to illustrate the final analysis of a computer run conducted with this SAS program
Contaminated Land
European Urban Planning Systems
This paper explores pressures on planning systems and practices in Europe for change in response to the economic development and environmental policy concerns arising as
Spjøtvoll-Stoline-Like Pairwise Comparisons among Independent Product-Moment Correlations
An Applesoft BASIC computer program is described which enables the researcher to conduct pair wise multiple comparisons on a set of independent correlation coefficients. The statistical technique used is attributable to Levy (1977), and is a modification of the Spjøtvoll-Stoline method. Applications involving both equal and unequal sample sizes can be accommodated
Multiple Comparisons among K Independent Binomial Samples
An Applesoft BASIC computer program is described which enables the user to conduct multiple comparisons on K independent binomial samples. The statistical method used is attributable to Marascuilo (1966)
Tukey-Like Pairwise Comparisons among Proportions
A Quick BASIC microcomputer program for conducting Tukey-Like pairwise comparisons on k independent sample proportions is described. It was written on a 386 SX and can accommodate applications involving equal or unequal sample sizes
Dunnett-Like Comparisons among Proportions
A Quick BASIC program is described which can be used to conduct Dunnett-like comparisons on a set of independent proportions. The statistical method employed was devised by Levy (1975), and is an extension of the well-known Dunnett test for multiple comparisons on means
Statistical Power Analysis and Reliability of Measurement
Reliability of measurement as a determinant of the power of significance tests is investigated using concepts from statistical power analysis and from test and measurement theory. Results of specific power calculations based on measures of effect size together with particular reliability coefficients are presented in the form of tables. The importance of assumptions about true variance, error variance, and observed variance in determining the rel…
Note on the reliability of experimental measures and the power of significance tests
Note on the reliability of experimental measures and the power of significance tests
On the High Predictive Potential of Change and Growth Measures
Formulas in the statistical theory of test scores have led some psychometricians to believe that measures of change and growth have questionable value in research. However, certain combinations of parameters, when substituted into these formulas, yield reliable change scores and high non-spurious correlations between change scores and independent criterion scores, even when pretest scores are not good predictors of either changes or the criterion…
Comparative Validity of Simple and Residualized Difference Scores
Apart from some anomalous exceptions which are not likely to occur in testing practice, the predictor-criterion validity of simple difference scores is greater than, less than, or equal to that of residualized difference scores depending on whether the correlation between observed pretest and posttest scores is greater than, less than, or equal to the ratio of the standard deviations of pretest and posttest scores
Element of Chance and Comparative Reliability of Matching Tests and Multiple-Choice Tests
Simple formulas for the reliability of matching tests and multiple-choice tests, based on the assumption that chance success by guessing is the only source of error variation, are derived. The reliabilities of the two types of tests are compared, and an explicit formula relating their reliability coefficients when relevant test parameters remain fixed is presented. It is found that, in the majority of cases which are likely in practice, matching …
Leisure as a Resource in Transcending Negative Life Events
Negative life events, such as the unexpected loss of a loved one, a disabling accident or a natural disaster, are inevitably distressing and disruptive. Coping with and recovering from such events generally requires a variety of personal and social resources. Previous research on leisure and coping has suggested that leisure orientations and relationships can be important in reducing the likelihood that stress becomes debilitating in some way. Bu…
From Hierarchy to Networks? Sub‐central Government and EU Urban Environment Policy
This article examines the role of networking as a mode of interaction between sub‐central government and the EU, and as a medium for policy development. Evidence from research into EU urban environmental policy‐making is analysed to argue that a shift in the policy‐making style is being adopted by DG XI, moving away from top‐down legislating, to a more responsive and participatory style, and that networking provides the non‐tangible infrastructur…
European Urban Planning Systems
This paper explores pressures on planning systems and practices in Europe for change in response to the economic development and environmental policy concerns arising as
Lives Through the Years
The Patient and the Mental Hospital
Statistical Power Analysis and Reliability of Measurement
Reliability of measurement as a determinant of the power of significance tests is investigated using concepts from statistical power analysis and from test and measurement theory. Results of specific power calculations based on measures of effect size together with particular reliability coefficients are presented in the form of tables. The importance of assumptions about true variance, error variance, and observed variance in determining the rel…
Processes of Aging
Processes of Aging: Social and Psychological Perspectives is based on a monumental series of studies on the psychological and social aspects of aging in relation to mental health. This effort gives scientists from North America and Europe an opportunity to explore the concepts, methodological problems, and conclusions of their researches in the rapidly growing field of gerontology. Much work has been done in an attempt to present this material in…
Constructing the European Spatial Development Perspective
(1999). Constructing the European Spatial Development Perspective: Consensus Without a Competence. Regional Studies: Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 793-797
Some Effects of Participation in a Summer Upward Bound Program on the Self-Concept and Attitude of the Disadvantaged Adolescent
Billy J. Paschal, Richard H. Williams, Some Effects of Participation in a Summer Upward Bound Program on the Self-Concept and Attitude of the Disadvantaged Adolescent, The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Winter, 1970), pp. 34-43
The Patient and the Mental Hospital
The Patient and the Mental Hospital
Mental Health Manpower Trends
Research Methodology and Potential in Community Health and Preventive Medicine
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND POTENTIAL IN COMMUNITY HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Richard H. Williams CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.54.3.542 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Chance Success Due to Guessing and Non-Independence of True Scores and Error Scores in Multiple-Choice Tests
The effect of chance success due to guessing upon the variance of multiple-choice test scores was estimated from prepared distributions of large numbers of scores. Each score consisted of an assumed “true score” component and an “error score” component generated by a computer. A large negative correlation was found between true scores and error scores and a positive correlation between error scores and error scores. The equation showing reliabili…
Effect of Chance Success Due to Guessing on Error of Measurement in Multiple-Choice Tests
Chance success due to guessing is treated as a component of the error variance of a multiple-choice test score. It is shown that for a test of given item structure the minimum standard error of measurement can be estimated by the formula ( N − X ) / a . where N is the total number of items, X is the score, and a is the number of alternative choices per item. The significance of non-independence of true score and this component of error score on m…
Processes of Aging
Processes of Aging: Social and Psychological Perspectives is based on a monumental series of studies on the psychological and social aspects of aging in relation to mental health. This effort gives scientists from North America and Europe an opportunity to explore the concepts, methodological problems, and conclusions of their researches in the rapidly growing field of gerontology. Much work has been done in an attempt to present this material in…
Dependence of Reliability of Multiple-Choice Tests Upon Number of Choices per Item
An equation is derived which expresses test reliability as a function of number of item alternatives for the case in which only error due to guessing is present. This result is compared with the modified Spearman-Brown equation given by H. H. Remmers and his associates. Reliability coefficients predicted by these equations are compared with coefficients generated by a computer simulation method
Empirical Estimates of Intercorrelations among the Components of Scores on Multiple-Choice Tests
College students were instructed to indicate on various multiple-choice tests whether they “knew the answer” or “guessed” each item, and the results were treated as estimated true and error components of scores. The values of the intercorrelations of these components were similar to those given by a computer program described previously. The values found for all tests were consistent with the assumption that test scores consist of both independen…
Interpretation of the Standard Error of Measurement when True Scores and Error Scores on Mental Tests are Not Independent
It is shown that for the case of non-independence of true scores and error scores interpretation of the standard error of measurement is modified in two ways. First, the standard deviation of the distribution of error scores is given by a modified equation. Second, the confidence interval for true score varies with the individual's observed score. It is shown that the equation, s o = √ [ ( N − O / a ] + [ s o 2 ( r o o ̄ − r o o ) / r o o ̄ ] ̄ ,…
Apragmatism among youth
Lives Through the Years
Dependence of Test Reliability Upon Heterogeneity of Individual and Group Score Distributions
Computer Program for Artists
Some Effects of Participation in a Summer Upward Bound Program on the Self-Concept and Attitude of the Disadvantaged Adolescent
Billy J. Paschal, Richard H. Williams, Some Effects of Participation in a Summer Upward Bound Program on the Self-Concept and Attitude of the Disadvantaged Adolescent, The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Winter, 1970), pp. 34-43
The Treatment of Mental Illness
Statistical Shading Using Digital Computer Program ART2
Institutionalism and Schizophrenia
Arteonica
The Reliability of Difference Scores When Errors Are Correlated
The usual formulas for the reliability of differences between two test scores X and Y are based on the assumption that the error scores E X and E Y are uncorrelated. In modern developments of test score theory, such as that of Lord and Novick, a true score is defined as the expected value of an individual's observed score. This definition implies that true scores on any test are uncorrelated with error scores on any test, but it does not imply th…
On the High Predictive Potential of Change and Growth Measures
Formulas in the statistical theory of test scores have led some psychometricians to believe that measures of change and growth have questionable value in research. However, certain combinations of parameters, when substituted into these formulas, yield reliable change scores and high non-spurious correlations between change scores and independent criterion scores, even when pretest scores are not good predictors of either changes or the criterion…
Comparative Validity of Simple and Residualized Difference Scores
Apart from some anomalous exceptions which are not likely to occur in testing practice, the predictor-criterion validity of simple difference scores is greater than, less than, or equal to that of residualized difference scores depending on whether the correlation between observed pretest and posttest scores is greater than, less than, or equal to the ratio of the standard deviations of pretest and posttest scores
Element of Chance and Comparative Reliability of Matching Tests and Multiple-Choice Tests
Simple formulas for the reliability of matching tests and multiple-choice tests, based on the assumption that chance success by guessing is the only source of error variation, are derived. The reliabilities of the two types of tests are compared, and an explicit formula relating their reliability coefficients when relevant test parameters remain fixed is presented. It is found that, in the majority of cases which are likely in practice, matching …
A Note on the Correlation of Gains and Initial Status
By writing the familiar equation for the correlation of gains and initial status in a form which reveals that the correlation does not depend on the standard deviations of pretest and posttest scores separately, but only on their ratio, it is possible to exhibit a one-parameter family of functions which throws new light on this relationship. The same family of functions provides information about the correlation between the true components of gai…
Note on the reliability of experimental measures and the power of significance tests
Mathematics (25 works) · Statistics (25 works) · Psychology (21 works) · Computer Science (18 works) · Econometrics (14 works) · Sample (material) (10 works) · Advanced Statistical Methods and Models (8 works) · Correlation (8 works) · Medicine (8 works) · Pairwise comparison (7 works)