Donald Stokes
Biographic Data
| ID | 3633372 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Donald Stokes |
| GIVEN NAMES | Donald |
| FAMILY NAME | Stokes |
| SIGNATURE | STOKES D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Michigan |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2,346 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 39 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1958 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Seeing, Doing, and Knowing
INSeeing, Doing, and Knowing Mohan Matthen offers a theory of perceptual experience and perceptual systems that challenges traditional research paradigms and assumptions. The problems Matthen targets are distinctively philosophical and his analytical methods are true to the spirit of philosophers of perception extending back at least to Descartes. Nevertheless, Matthen takes very seriously the constraints that the natural sciences place upon any …
Presidential” address1
Valence Politics
Communication between leaders and led is a central, problematic element of political democracy. The importance of this element at the dawn of the democratic idea is shown by the inclusion of rhetoric among the liberal arts preparing the citizen for the civic role. But democracy took root in little places, like Athens or Thebes, where direct discussion was possible. Its extension through representative institutions to the colossal states of the mo…
Analysis, organization, and leadership
Political and Organizational Analysis in the Policy Curriculum
A guide to bird behavior
Contributions of social science to innovation and productivity
Political Change in Britain
Compound Paths
The Rise of the Class Alignment
Few party systems of the world have as long a past or as settled a character as Britain’s. Yet the last two generations have brought profound changes both in the basis of political alignment and in the identity of the leading parties. This historical period has seen the Liberals displaced by Labour, which became the second major party after one world war and an equal contestant for power after another. These keywords were added by machine and not…
Comparative Perspectives
This book is about the politics of a single country. Yet there is much here of interest to the student of comparative government as well. This is true first of all because the British example of government has been widely influential in the modern world. Britain’s experience with parliamentary institutions, with the relationship of government to opposition, with elections as a legitimate means of transferring power, and other aspects of its polit…
The Environment of Party Support
The role of class in electoral alignments is not a uniform fact of modern politics. There are countries where the basic division between parties cuts completely across class lines, and even in Britain class effects differ markedly from area to area. In the pages that follow we shall explore some of these variations for what they can tell us about processes by which class membership is converted into party support. We shall find in these processes…
Parties in the Voter’s Mind
The role played by the parties in giving shape and direction to the behavior of voters is so taken for granted that its importance is easily missed. Without it, however, the mass of the people could scarcely participate in regular transfers of power. The individual elector accepts the parties as leading actors on the political stage and sees in partisan terms the meaning of the choices which the universal franchise puts before him. British govern…
The Political Life Cycle
There has been a natural inclination in electoral studies to consider single elections. While the focus is a useful one, it is important to see that one election with all its preliminaries is but a moment in the life of the nation or the individual citizen and that much is to be gained by taking a longer view. The processes of change are hardly to be understood without doing so. We begin here with the development of political attitudes during the…
Approaches to Change
The possibility of rulers Being constitutionally driven from office in a free election is relatively new in the history of government. The voters who now hold this power in the liberal democracies can, of course, exercise it only by selecting between alternatives that have been defined by competing leaders or groups. In Britain it is the political parties that provide the focus of choice. Indeed, in the longer historical view, parties antedate th…
Ideological Factors in Change
Political change—whether in the individual or in the mass electorate—will seldom be provoked by a single issue, standing on its own. Most voters have attitudes towards many issues, and these may fall into discernible patterns. Such patterns could obviously have a bearing on the sources of electoral change. Indeed, one of the most familiar frameworks for interpreting change—the schema of left and right—assumes that the public sees a number of poli…
Issues and Change
British politics in the 1960s presented issues that fulfilled in varying degree the three prerequisites for an issue to have an impact on the relative strength of the parties which we discussed in the preceding chapter. There were, moreover, several notable cases in which an issue’s properties changed quite abruptly in this period, altering its capacity to influence the party balance. Our analytic framework suggests some new insights into the imp…
The Dominant Class Alignment
In contemporary interpretations of British voting behavior class is accorded the leading role. Pulzer was entirely in the academic main stream when he wrote, “class is the basis of British party politics; all else is embellishment and detail.” 1 The same view is echoed among party activists. The Labour canvasser is warned away from the surburban areas “lest he stir them up,” while some Conservative agents can he heard dismissing public housing ar…
The Analysis of Short-Term Influences
The issues of modern politics are extraordinarily varied, but common processes can be seen in the way various issues sway the electorate. We can build a general framework that will allow us to analyze the actual or potential contribution of any issue to electoral change. Elements of such a framework are indeed implicit in our treatment of the “issues” that underlie the great alignments which have endured for long periods of British politics. Cons…
The Decline of Past Alignments
Class plays a varied role in the electoral alignments of modern politics. There are many countries and party systems where race, or religion, or region, or other lines of potential cleavage are more important than class in defining electoral support. We can indeed imagine a very different electoral history for modern Britain. The Irish question in particular might have influenced the pattern of party politics even more radically than it did. This…
The Economic Context
“A Government is not supported a hundredth part so much by the constant, uniform, quiet prosperity of the country as by those damned spurts which Pitt used to have just in the nick of time.” So wrote Brougham to Thomas Creevey in 1814. The fact that he could attribute the Tory hegemony in the 1790s to the same cause that was commonly given as the reason for the party’s success in the 1950s shows how deeply rooted in British politics is the idea t…
The Pull of the Leaders
Politics in Britain, to a remarkable degree, are based on the competition between cohesive parties which act together in the national legislature and offer unified appeals for the support of the mass electorate. A member almost never goes against the party whips in the division lobbies, and very few candidates diverge from the party line in their election appeals. 1 The familiar American phenomenon of the candidate who plays down his party affili…
The Study of Political Generations
Changes of alignment in British politics during this century were accomplished only in part by shifts in the established loyalties of those making up the electorate. These realignments came as well from changes in the composition of the electorate itself as new generations displaced those being removed by death. The younger cohorts were more open to new political appeals, while their elders carried the ideas and preferences of an earlier era with…
Replacement and Political Change 1959–66
Many electoral changes of the twentieth century cannot now be reconstructed. In the last chapter we drew a broad description of the long-term changes of party strength which have accompanied the movement of successive political generations through the British electorate. But we were able to say little as to short-run changes within various eras, changes that depended primarily on the shifting preferences of people who continued as members of the …
Political Change in Britain
Constituency Influence in Congress
Substantial constituency influence over the lower house of Congress is commonly thought to be both a normative principle and a factual truth of American government. From their draft constitution we may assume the Founding Fathers expected it, and many political scientists feel, regretfully, that the Framers' wish has come all too true. Nevertheless, much of the evidence of constituency control rests on inference. The fact that our House of Repres…
Spatial Models of Party Competition
The use of spatial ideas to interpret party competition is a universal phenomenon of modern politics. Such ideas are the common coin of political journalists and have extraordinary influence in the thought of political activists. Especially widespread is the conception of a liberal-conservative dimension on which parties maneuver for the support of a public that is itself distributed from left to right. This conception goes back at least to Frenc…
Party Government and the Saliency of Congress
To what extent do public reactions to the legislative records of the major parties influence voter's choices among party candidates at mid-term congressional elections? Here is a study that provides an answer and throws light on some of the unique aspects of the American party system. Donald E. Stokes and Warren E. Miller are members of the staff of the Survey Research Center and Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan. Mr. …
Some Dynamic Elements of Contests for the Presidency
Despite the measured pace of American elections, there have now been a number of presidential campaigns since the advent of survey studies of voting. However sparingly, political history slowly has added to the set of distinct configurations of men and events which comprise a contest for the Presidency. The set is still small, whatever the impression created by massed thousands of interviews or by the accompanying files of election returns. Yet i…
Political Change in Britain
On the Existence of Forces Restoring Party Competition
The concept of equilibrium, like Emerson's concept of compensation, has fascinating applications in many fields where processes of change may be interpreted as deflections of a moving system by external forces and the counteracting influence of restoring forces that return the system to its normal state or course. This article investigates the evidence for the existence of restoring forces which appear to maintain competition between the major pa…
Party Loyalty and the Likelihood of Deviating Elections
Components of Electoral Decision
What combination of forces elects a President? Each electoral decision releases a flood of interpretive comment about the conditions, circumstances, and causes which have influenced the result. A very great assortment of factors is examined and varying estimates are made of the responsibility of each for the outcome. Certainly, interpretations of the most recent presidential contest have shown the variety of ideas Americans bring to the analysis …
Stability and Change in 1960
John F. Kennedy's narrow popular vote margin in 1960 has already insured this presidential election a classic position in the roll call of close American elections. Whatever more substantial judgments historical perspective may bring, we can be sure that the 1960 election will do heavy duty in demonstrations to a reluctant public that after all is said and done, every vote does count. And the margin translated into "votes per precinct" will becom…
On the Analytical Division of Social Class
The subtleties of class systems have always presented a challenge to social investigators. Ever since Stevenson's pioneer work on class differences in fertility,' new categories have been offered for measuring the stratification of British society. In America, although class is a less obtrusive phenomenon, the variety of empirical approaches has been if anything even greater.2 As the result of a current study of British political attitudes we hav…
Compound Paths
Political and Organizational Analysis in the Policy Curriculum
Components of Electoral Decision
What combination of forces elects a President? Each electoral decision releases a flood of interpretive comment about the conditions, circumstances, and causes which have influenced the result. A very great assortment of factors is examined and varying estimates are made of the responsibility of each for the outcome. Certainly, interpretations of the most recent presidential contest have shown the variety of ideas Americans bring to the analysis …
The American Voter
Voting Research and the Businessman in Politics
Stability and Change in 1960
John F. Kennedy's narrow popular vote margin in 1960 has already insured this presidential election a classic position in the roll call of close American elections. Whatever more substantial judgments historical perspective may bring, we can be sure that the 1960 election will do heavy duty in demonstrations to a reluctant public that after all is said and done, every vote does count. And the margin translated into "votes per precinct" will becom…
Party Loyalty and the Likelihood of Deviating Elections
Party Government and the Saliency of Congress
To what extent do public reactions to the legislative records of the major parties influence voter's choices among party candidates at mid-term congressional elections? Here is a study that provides an answer and throws light on some of the unique aspects of the American party system. Donald E. Stokes and Warren E. Miller are members of the staff of the Survey Research Center and Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan. Mr. …
On the Existence of Forces Restoring Party Competition
The concept of equilibrium, like Emerson's concept of compensation, has fascinating applications in many fields where processes of change may be interpreted as deflections of a moving system by external forces and the counteracting influence of restoring forces that return the system to its normal state or course. This article investigates the evidence for the existence of restoring forces which appear to maintain competition between the major pa…
Constituency Influence in Congress
Substantial constituency influence over the lower house of Congress is commonly thought to be both a normative principle and a factual truth of American government. From their draft constitution we may assume the Founding Fathers expected it, and many political scientists feel, regretfully, that the Framers' wish has come all too true. Nevertheless, much of the evidence of constituency control rests on inference. The fact that our House of Repres…
Spatial Models of Party Competition
The use of spatial ideas to interpret party competition is a universal phenomenon of modern politics. Such ideas are the common coin of political journalists and have extraordinary influence in the thought of political activists. Especially widespread is the conception of a liberal-conservative dimension on which parties maneuver for the support of a public that is itself distributed from left to right. This conception goes back at least to Frenc…
On the Analytical Division of Social Class
The subtleties of class systems have always presented a challenge to social investigators. Ever since Stevenson's pioneer work on class differences in fertility,' new categories have been offered for measuring the stratification of British society. In America, although class is a less obtrusive phenomenon, the variety of empirical approaches has been if anything even greater.2 As the result of a current study of British political attitudes we hav…
Some Dynamic Elements of Contests for the Presidency
Despite the measured pace of American elections, there have now been a number of presidential campaigns since the advent of survey studies of voting. However sparingly, political history slowly has added to the set of distinct configurations of men and events which comprise a contest for the Presidency. The set is still small, whatever the impression created by massed thousands of interviews or by the accompanying files of election returns. Yet i…
Elections and the Political Order
Elections and The Political Order
The last section of a well-known earlier production by the same team of University of Michigan psephologists, The American Voter, bore the title, 'The Electoral Decision and the Political System'. It was a short section, which tentatively advanced a few suggestions and frankly recognized the need for further work, focused on the consequences of the electoral process, as against its makings in the personality and the group affiliations of individu…
The Strength of the Liberals Under Different Electoral Systems
THE STRENGTH OF THE LIBERALS UNDER DIFFERENT ELECTORAL SYSTEMS Get access David Butler, David Butler Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Arthur Stevens, Arthur Stevens Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Donald Stokes Donald Stokes Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 22, Issue 1968sep, September 1968, Pages …
The Rise of the Class Alignment
Few party systems of the world have as long a past or as settled a character as Britain’s. Yet the last two generations have brought profound changes both in the basis of political alignment and in the identity of the leading parties. This historical period has seen the Liberals displaced by Labour, which became the second major party after one world war and an equal contestant for power after another. These keywords were added by machine and not…
Comparative Perspectives
This book is about the politics of a single country. Yet there is much here of interest to the student of comparative government as well. This is true first of all because the British example of government has been widely influential in the modern world. Britain’s experience with parliamentary institutions, with the relationship of government to opposition, with elections as a legitimate means of transferring power, and other aspects of its polit…
The Environment of Party Support
The role of class in electoral alignments is not a uniform fact of modern politics. There are countries where the basic division between parties cuts completely across class lines, and even in Britain class effects differ markedly from area to area. In the pages that follow we shall explore some of these variations for what they can tell us about processes by which class membership is converted into party support. We shall find in these processes…
Parties in the Voter’s Mind
The role played by the parties in giving shape and direction to the behavior of voters is so taken for granted that its importance is easily missed. Without it, however, the mass of the people could scarcely participate in regular transfers of power. The individual elector accepts the parties as leading actors on the political stage and sees in partisan terms the meaning of the choices which the universal franchise puts before him. British govern…
The Political Life Cycle
There has been a natural inclination in electoral studies to consider single elections. While the focus is a useful one, it is important to see that one election with all its preliminaries is but a moment in the life of the nation or the individual citizen and that much is to be gained by taking a longer view. The processes of change are hardly to be understood without doing so. We begin here with the development of political attitudes during the…
Approaches to Change
The possibility of rulers Being constitutionally driven from office in a free election is relatively new in the history of government. The voters who now hold this power in the liberal democracies can, of course, exercise it only by selecting between alternatives that have been defined by competing leaders or groups. In Britain it is the political parties that provide the focus of choice. Indeed, in the longer historical view, parties antedate th…
Ideological Factors in Change
Political change—whether in the individual or in the mass electorate—will seldom be provoked by a single issue, standing on its own. Most voters have attitudes towards many issues, and these may fall into discernible patterns. Such patterns could obviously have a bearing on the sources of electoral change. Indeed, one of the most familiar frameworks for interpreting change—the schema of left and right—assumes that the public sees a number of poli…
Issues and Change
British politics in the 1960s presented issues that fulfilled in varying degree the three prerequisites for an issue to have an impact on the relative strength of the parties which we discussed in the preceding chapter. There were, moreover, several notable cases in which an issue’s properties changed quite abruptly in this period, altering its capacity to influence the party balance. Our analytic framework suggests some new insights into the imp…
The Dominant Class Alignment
In contemporary interpretations of British voting behavior class is accorded the leading role. Pulzer was entirely in the academic main stream when he wrote, “class is the basis of British party politics; all else is embellishment and detail.” 1 The same view is echoed among party activists. The Labour canvasser is warned away from the surburban areas “lest he stir them up,” while some Conservative agents can he heard dismissing public housing ar…
The Analysis of Short-Term Influences
The issues of modern politics are extraordinarily varied, but common processes can be seen in the way various issues sway the electorate. We can build a general framework that will allow us to analyze the actual or potential contribution of any issue to electoral change. Elements of such a framework are indeed implicit in our treatment of the “issues” that underlie the great alignments which have endured for long periods of British politics. Cons…
The Decline of Past Alignments
Class plays a varied role in the electoral alignments of modern politics. There are many countries and party systems where race, or religion, or region, or other lines of potential cleavage are more important than class in defining electoral support. We can indeed imagine a very different electoral history for modern Britain. The Irish question in particular might have influenced the pattern of party politics even more radically than it did. This…
Political science (32 works) · Law (30 works) · Politics (29 works) · Sociology (27 works) · Political economy (22 works) · Political and Economic history of UK and US (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Economics (10 works) · Philosophy (10 works)