Zachary W Brewster
Biographic Data
| ID | 3685367 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Zachary W Brewster |
| GIVEN NAMES | Zachary W |
| FAMILY NAME | Brewster |
| SIGNATURE | BREWSTER Z W |
| AFFILIATIONS | Wayne State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2096-7767 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 18 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 91 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 18 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2003 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Retail Racism: Shopping while Black and Brown in America
Expressions of Anti-Black Biases, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intentions in the Full-Service Restaurant Industry
Verbal and behavioral manifestations of anti-Black biases have been shown to be quite common in many full-service restaurant establishments. Such explicit expressions of anti-Black biases have been linked with servers’ endorsement of racial stereotypes depicting Black Americans as undesirable customers and their self-reported proclivities to withhold effort from their Black clientele. However, there have been limited efforts to advance our unders…
Shopping While Black: Consumer Racial Profiling in America
Racialized Workplaces, Contemporary Racial Attitudes, and Stereotype Endorsement: A Recipe for Consumer Racial Profiling
Negative stereotypes are widely assumed to underpin the mistreatment that black Americans sometimes experience while engaging in everyday consumption activities like shopping or dining away from home. However, studies that directly observe the relationship between service providers' endorsement of racial stereotypes and the nature of their interactions with black consumers are rare. In response, this study presents results from a factorial survey…
Students’ Religiosity and Perceptions of Professor Bias: Some Empirical Lessons for Sociologists
Morality at Work: Do Employees’ Moral Commitments Inhibit Service Disparities and Reactive Workplace Behaviors
The current study draws from contemporary theories of morality to examine moral motives underlying service employees’ interactions with clientele. Specifically, we posit that employees who exhibit strong moral commitments to service equality (MCSE) are likely to make efforts to treat all clients equally—even when differential treatment is externally motivated by economic incentives or workplace frustrations. An analysis of self-report survey data…
Tableside Justice: Racial Differences in Retributive Reactions to Dissatisfaction
Existing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is a common, if not pervasive, feature of Black Americans' experiences in U.S. consumer markets. However, few studies have quantitatively explored specific social psychological and interactional consequences of consumer racial discrimination. In response, we draw from literatures on experiences, attributions, and reactions to racial discrimination to posit and test for Black-White differences…
Economic Motivations and Moral Controls Regulating Discrimination Against Black and Hispanic Diners
Racial discrimination in restaurant service is often depicted as an economically rational response to servers' concerns about perceived inadequate tipping by black and/or Hispanic customers. However, drawing from sociological and criminological theories that critique the limits of economic models of human behavior, we argue that discrimination against black and Hispanic diners may be inhibited by servers' moral concerns about discrimination. Furt…
Consumer Racial Profiling in U.S. Restaurants: Exploring Subtle Forms of Service Discrimination against Black Diners
In this article we advance scholarship on consumer racial profiling ( CRP ), in general, and the practice as it occurs in restaurant establishments, in particular, by presenting findings from a survey of restaurant consumers that was designed to ascertain the degree to which discriminate service is evident in black and white customers' perceptions and evaluations of their servers' behaviors. We found no evidence of interracial differences in subj…
Black-White Earnings Gap among Restaurant Servers: A Replication, Extension, and Exploration of Consumer Racial Discrimination in Tipping
There is a rich history of social science research centering on racial inequalities that continue to be observed across various markets (e.g., labor, housing, and credit markets) and social milieus. Existing research on racial discrimination in consumer markets is, however, relatively scarce and that which has been done has disproportionately focused on consumers as the victims of race-based mistreatment. As such, we know relatively little about …
The Institution of Tipping as a Source of Employee Agency: The Case of Restaurant Servers
Authors have called for concerted scholarship on how service workers strategically express agency in their work. This article furthers our knowledge of service workers' experiences by analyzing qualitative data derived from in-depth interviews in which restaurant servers discussed how they experience the labor process of serving. We delineate the various ways servers exercise control in an otherwise constraining and emotionally demanding field. W…
Quantitative Evidence of the Continuing Significance of Race: Tableside Racism in Full-Service Restaurants
Despite popular claims that racism and discrimination are no longer salient issues in contemporary society, members of racially underrepresented groups continue to experience disparate treatment in everyday public interactions. The context of full-service restaurants is one such public setting wherein African Americans, in particular, encounter racial prejudices and discriminatory treatment. To further understand the pervasiveness of such anti-Bl…
Racialized Customer Service in Restaurants: A Quantitative Assessment of the Statistical Discrimination Explanatory Framework
Despite popular claims that racism and discrimination are no longer salient issues in contemporary society, racial minorities continue to experience disparate treatment in everyday public interactions. The context of full-service restaurants is one such public setting wherein racial minority patrons, African Americans in particular, encounter racial prejudices and discriminate treatment. To further understand the causes of such discriminate treat…
Teaching & Learning Guide for: ‘Because they tip for shit!’: The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants
This guide accompanies the following article: Sarah E. Rusche and Zachary W. Brewster, ‘“Because they tip for shit!” The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants,’ Sociology Compass 2/6 (2008): 2008–2029, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2008.00167.x Author's Introduction The context of the article is very relatable to students, many who have worked in restaurants and most who eat in them. Sociologically, this article taps into three major topical …
Because they tip for shit!’: The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants
Despite the notion that racism and discrimination are things of the past, racial minorities continue to experience such treatment in everyday interactions, often occurring in commercial transactions. In this paper, we analyze data from a survey of restaurant servers ( N = 200) and a qualitative field study. Both were designed to explore the racial climate in restaurants. Our findings show that servers not only observe their co‐workers practicing …
Blacks and bubbas’: Stereotypes, ideology, and categorization processes in restaurant servers' discourse
Individuals employ general, cognitively grounded categorization processes to form expectations for interactions with members of other social groups. Such categorizations sometimes surface in the form of racial, ethnic, or other stereotypes. But although much literature describes and/or tests the cognitive nature of stereotyping and categorization, less investigates how stereotypes and categories are formed in casual interaction, through casual di…
The Stratification Puzzle: An Active-Learning Exercise in Hard Work and Success
Dans cet article, l'A decrit et evalue un exercice d'apprentissage actif visant a la comprehension par les etudiants de sociologie de la stratification sociale. Le but de l'exercice est de faire prendre conscience aux etudiants americains que l'ideologie de la meritocratie ne suffit pas a la reussite sociale et professionnelle
Behavioral and Interactional Patterns of Strip Club Patrons: Tipping Techniques and Club Attendance
In the last three decades a significant amount of research has been done on various aspects of strip clubs. The overwhelming majority of this research has focused on the females who perform at these clubs. Until recently, the patrons who frequent these clubs have been virtually ignored. Using covert participant observation, data were collected on patrons who frequented a small, private, strip club located in a small, rural city in the southeaster…
Behavioral and Interactional Patterns of Strip Club Patrons: Tipping Techniques and Club Attendance
In the last three decades a significant amount of research has been done on various aspects of strip clubs. The overwhelming majority of this research has focused on the females who perform at these clubs. Until recently, the patrons who frequent these clubs have been virtually ignored. Using covert participant observation, data were collected on patrons who frequented a small, private, strip club located in a small, rural city in the southeaster…
Blacks and bubbas’: Stereotypes, ideology, and categorization processes in restaurant servers' discourse
Individuals employ general, cognitively grounded categorization processes to form expectations for interactions with members of other social groups. Such categorizations sometimes surface in the form of racial, ethnic, or other stereotypes. But although much literature describes and/or tests the cognitive nature of stereotyping and categorization, less investigates how stereotypes and categories are formed in casual interaction, through casual di…
Consumer Racial Profiling in U.S. Restaurants: Exploring Subtle Forms of Service Discrimination against Black Diners
In this article we advance scholarship on consumer racial profiling ( CRP ), in general, and the practice as it occurs in restaurant establishments, in particular, by presenting findings from a survey of restaurant consumers that was designed to ascertain the degree to which discriminate service is evident in black and white customers' perceptions and evaluations of their servers' behaviors. We found no evidence of interracial differences in subj…
The Stratification Puzzle: An Active-Learning Exercise in Hard Work and Success
Dans cet article, l'A decrit et evalue un exercice d'apprentissage actif visant a la comprehension par les etudiants de sociologie de la stratification sociale. Le but de l'exercice est de faire prendre conscience aux etudiants americains que l'ideologie de la meritocratie ne suffit pas a la reussite sociale et professionnelle
The Institution of Tipping as a Source of Employee Agency: The Case of Restaurant Servers
Authors have called for concerted scholarship on how service workers strategically express agency in their work. This article furthers our knowledge of service workers' experiences by analyzing qualitative data derived from in-depth interviews in which restaurant servers discussed how they experience the labor process of serving. We delineate the various ways servers exercise control in an otherwise constraining and emotionally demanding field. W…
Because they tip for shit!’: The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants
Despite the notion that racism and discrimination are things of the past, racial minorities continue to experience such treatment in everyday interactions, often occurring in commercial transactions. In this paper, we analyze data from a survey of restaurant servers ( N = 200) and a qualitative field study. Both were designed to explore the racial climate in restaurants. Our findings show that servers not only observe their co‐workers practicing …
Racialized Customer Service in Restaurants: A Quantitative Assessment of the Statistical Discrimination Explanatory Framework
Despite popular claims that racism and discrimination are no longer salient issues in contemporary society, racial minorities continue to experience disparate treatment in everyday public interactions. The context of full-service restaurants is one such public setting wherein racial minority patrons, African Americans in particular, encounter racial prejudices and discriminate treatment. To further understand the causes of such discriminate treat…
Black-White Earnings Gap among Restaurant Servers: A Replication, Extension, and Exploration of Consumer Racial Discrimination in Tipping
There is a rich history of social science research centering on racial inequalities that continue to be observed across various markets (e.g., labor, housing, and credit markets) and social milieus. Existing research on racial discrimination in consumer markets is, however, relatively scarce and that which has been done has disproportionately focused on consumers as the victims of race-based mistreatment. As such, we know relatively little about …
Students’ Religiosity and Perceptions of Professor Bias: Some Empirical Lessons for Sociologists
Racialized Workplaces, Contemporary Racial Attitudes, and Stereotype Endorsement: A Recipe for Consumer Racial Profiling
Negative stereotypes are widely assumed to underpin the mistreatment that black Americans sometimes experience while engaging in everyday consumption activities like shopping or dining away from home. However, studies that directly observe the relationship between service providers' endorsement of racial stereotypes and the nature of their interactions with black consumers are rare. In response, this study presents results from a factorial survey…
Shopping While Black: Consumer Racial Profiling in America
Tableside Justice: Racial Differences in Retributive Reactions to Dissatisfaction
Existing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is a common, if not pervasive, feature of Black Americans' experiences in U.S. consumer markets. However, few studies have quantitatively explored specific social psychological and interactional consequences of consumer racial discrimination. In response, we draw from literatures on experiences, attributions, and reactions to racial discrimination to posit and test for Black-White differences…
Behavioral and Interactional Patterns of Strip Club Patrons: Tipping Techniques and Club Attendance
In the last three decades a significant amount of research has been done on various aspects of strip clubs. The overwhelming majority of this research has focused on the females who perform at these clubs. Until recently, the patrons who frequent these clubs have been virtually ignored. Using covert participant observation, data were collected on patrons who frequented a small, private, strip club located in a small, rural city in the southeaster…
Blacks and bubbas’: Stereotypes, ideology, and categorization processes in restaurant servers' discourse
Individuals employ general, cognitively grounded categorization processes to form expectations for interactions with members of other social groups. Such categorizations sometimes surface in the form of racial, ethnic, or other stereotypes. But although much literature describes and/or tests the cognitive nature of stereotyping and categorization, less investigates how stereotypes and categories are formed in casual interaction, through casual di…
The Stratification Puzzle: An Active-Learning Exercise in Hard Work and Success
Dans cet article, l'A decrit et evalue un exercice d'apprentissage actif visant a la comprehension par les etudiants de sociologie de la stratification sociale. Le but de l'exercice est de faire prendre conscience aux etudiants americains que l'ideologie de la meritocratie ne suffit pas a la reussite sociale et professionnelle
Because they tip for shit!’: The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants
Despite the notion that racism and discrimination are things of the past, racial minorities continue to experience such treatment in everyday interactions, often occurring in commercial transactions. In this paper, we analyze data from a survey of restaurant servers ( N = 200) and a qualitative field study. Both were designed to explore the racial climate in restaurants. Our findings show that servers not only observe their co‐workers practicing …
Teaching & Learning Guide for: ‘Because they tip for shit!’: The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants
This guide accompanies the following article: Sarah E. Rusche and Zachary W. Brewster, ‘“Because they tip for shit!” The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants,’ Sociology Compass 2/6 (2008): 2008–2029, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2008.00167.x Author's Introduction The context of the article is very relatable to students, many who have worked in restaurants and most who eat in them. Sociologically, this article taps into three major topical …
Quantitative Evidence of the Continuing Significance of Race: Tableside Racism in Full-Service Restaurants
Despite popular claims that racism and discrimination are no longer salient issues in contemporary society, members of racially underrepresented groups continue to experience disparate treatment in everyday public interactions. The context of full-service restaurants is one such public setting wherein African Americans, in particular, encounter racial prejudices and discriminatory treatment. To further understand the pervasiveness of such anti-Bl…
Racialized Customer Service in Restaurants: A Quantitative Assessment of the Statistical Discrimination Explanatory Framework
Despite popular claims that racism and discrimination are no longer salient issues in contemporary society, racial minorities continue to experience disparate treatment in everyday public interactions. The context of full-service restaurants is one such public setting wherein racial minority patrons, African Americans in particular, encounter racial prejudices and discriminate treatment. To further understand the causes of such discriminate treat…
The Institution of Tipping as a Source of Employee Agency: The Case of Restaurant Servers
Authors have called for concerted scholarship on how service workers strategically express agency in their work. This article furthers our knowledge of service workers' experiences by analyzing qualitative data derived from in-depth interviews in which restaurant servers discussed how they experience the labor process of serving. We delineate the various ways servers exercise control in an otherwise constraining and emotionally demanding field. W…
Consumer Racial Profiling in U.S. Restaurants: Exploring Subtle Forms of Service Discrimination against Black Diners
In this article we advance scholarship on consumer racial profiling ( CRP ), in general, and the practice as it occurs in restaurant establishments, in particular, by presenting findings from a survey of restaurant consumers that was designed to ascertain the degree to which discriminate service is evident in black and white customers' perceptions and evaluations of their servers' behaviors. We found no evidence of interracial differences in subj…
Black-White Earnings Gap among Restaurant Servers: A Replication, Extension, and Exploration of Consumer Racial Discrimination in Tipping
There is a rich history of social science research centering on racial inequalities that continue to be observed across various markets (e.g., labor, housing, and credit markets) and social milieus. Existing research on racial discrimination in consumer markets is, however, relatively scarce and that which has been done has disproportionately focused on consumers as the victims of race-based mistreatment. As such, we know relatively little about …
Economic Motivations and Moral Controls Regulating Discrimination Against Black and Hispanic Diners
Racial discrimination in restaurant service is often depicted as an economically rational response to servers' concerns about perceived inadequate tipping by black and/or Hispanic customers. However, drawing from sociological and criminological theories that critique the limits of economic models of human behavior, we argue that discrimination against black and Hispanic diners may be inhibited by servers' moral concerns about discrimination. Furt…
Morality at Work: Do Employees’ Moral Commitments Inhibit Service Disparities and Reactive Workplace Behaviors
The current study draws from contemporary theories of morality to examine moral motives underlying service employees’ interactions with clientele. Specifically, we posit that employees who exhibit strong moral commitments to service equality (MCSE) are likely to make efforts to treat all clients equally—even when differential treatment is externally motivated by economic incentives or workplace frustrations. An analysis of self-report survey data…
Tableside Justice: Racial Differences in Retributive Reactions to Dissatisfaction
Existing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is a common, if not pervasive, feature of Black Americans' experiences in U.S. consumer markets. However, few studies have quantitatively explored specific social psychological and interactional consequences of consumer racial discrimination. In response, we draw from literatures on experiences, attributions, and reactions to racial discrimination to posit and test for Black-White differences…
Students’ Religiosity and Perceptions of Professor Bias: Some Empirical Lessons for Sociologists
Racialized Workplaces, Contemporary Racial Attitudes, and Stereotype Endorsement: A Recipe for Consumer Racial Profiling
Negative stereotypes are widely assumed to underpin the mistreatment that black Americans sometimes experience while engaging in everyday consumption activities like shopping or dining away from home. However, studies that directly observe the relationship between service providers' endorsement of racial stereotypes and the nature of their interactions with black consumers are rare. In response, this study presents results from a factorial survey…
Shopping While Black: Consumer Racial Profiling in America
Expressions of Anti-Black Biases, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intentions in the Full-Service Restaurant Industry
Verbal and behavioral manifestations of anti-Black biases have been shown to be quite common in many full-service restaurant establishments. Such explicit expressions of anti-Black biases have been linked with servers’ endorsement of racial stereotypes depicting Black Americans as undesirable customers and their self-reported proclivities to withhold effort from their Black clientele. However, there have been limited efforts to advance our unders…
Retail Racism: Shopping while Black and Brown in America
Sociology (16 works) · Psychology of Social Influence (14 works) · Psychology (13 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Business (12 works) · Gender Studies (10 works) · Racism (10 works) · Marketing (9 works) · Political science (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works)