Alan Fogel
Biographic Data
| ID | 3774192 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Alan Fogel |
| GIVEN NAMES | Alan |
| FAMILY NAME | Fogel |
| SIGNATURE | FOGEL A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Utah |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 34 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 251 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 34 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Emotion and Early Interaction
An intensive longitudinal investigation of maternal and infant touching patterns across context and throughout the first 9‐months of life
Touch is a central component of mothers’ and infants’ everyday interactions and the formation of a healthy mother‐infant relationship. Twelve mothers and their full‐term infants from the Midwest, USA participated in the present study, which examined the quality and quantity of their touching behaviors longitudinally at 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, 7‐, and 9‐months postpartum and within two normative interaction contexts (face‐to‐face, floor play). Findings reveal…
Two principles of communication
This chapter presents a continuous process model of communication; a model that takes account of both sequential and concurrent events and that recognizes the creative and co-constructive features of ordinary social communication. It discusses two principles: co-regulation and framing. In addition, a comparison will be made between these principles and related constructs found in the developmental and social psychology literature. The chapter sug…
Effects of social games on infant vocalizations
The aim of the present study was to examine the contextual effects of social games on prelinguistic vocalizations. The two main goals were to (1) investigate the functions of vocalizations as symptoms of affective arousal and symbols of social understanding, and (2) explore form–function (de)coupling relations between vocalization types and game contexts. Seventy-one six-month-olds and sixty-four twelve-month-olds played with their mothers in nor…
Interdyad differences in early mother–infant face-to-face communication: Real-time dynamics and developmental pathways
A microgenetic research design with a multiple case study method and a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses was used to investigate interdyad differences in real-time dynamics and developmental change processes in mother-infant face-to-face communication over the first 3 months of life. Weekly observations of 24 mother-infant dyads with analyses performed dyad by dyad showed that most dyads go through 2 qualitatively different dev…
Self and other dialogue in infancy: Normal versus compromised developmental pathways
Dialogical Self Theory, co-regulation, and foundational movement analysis are used to present a description of the development of the dialogical self during the first five months of life using observations of two mother-infant dyads. Susan and her mother illustrate normative emergence of the dialogical self. Susan's I-positions emerge through positive interactions with her mother, for example, through body positioning and dialogue in a flexible y…
A New Perspective on Neonatal Smiling: Differences Between the Judgments of Expert Coders and Naive Observers
To better understand the form and recognizability of neonatal smiling, 32 newborns (14 girls; M = 25.6 hr) were videorecorded in the behavioral states of alertness, drowsiness, active sleep, and quiet sleep. Baby Facial Action Coding System coding of both lip corner raising (simple or non‐Duchenne) and lip corner raising with cheek raising (Duchenne smile) was followed by a smile recognition task using 48 naive observers. Both types of smiles wer…
Effects of normal and perturbed social play on the duration and amplitude of different types of infant smiles
Different types of smiling varying in amplitude of lip corner retraction were investigated during 2 mother-infant games--peekaboo and tickle--at 6 and 12 months and during normally occurring and perturbed games. Using Facial Action Coding System (FACS), infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (Duchenne plus jaw drop). In addition, again using FA…
Developmental Changes in the Relationship Between the Infant's Attention and Emotion During Early Face-to-Face Communication: The 2-Month Transition
Weekly observations documented developmental changes in mother-infant face-to-face communication between birth and 3 months. Developmental trajectories for each dyad of the duration of infant facial expressions showed a change from the dominance of Simple Attention (without other emotion expressions) to active and emotionally positive forms of attention to the mother toward the end of the 2nd month. The results support an overlapping waves model,…
Stability and Transitions in Mother-Infant Face-to-Face Communication During the First 6 Months: A Microhistorical Approach
In this study the authors attempted to unravel the relational, dynamical, and historical nature of mother-infant communication during the first 6 months. Thirteen mothers and their infants were videotaped weekly from 4 to 24 weeks during face-to-face interactions. Three distinct patterns of mother-infant communication were identified: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and unilateral. Guided by a dynamic systems perspective, the authors explored the stab…
Social Regulatory Effects of Infant Nondistress Vocalization on Maternal Behavior
This study investigated the social regulatory function of infant nondistress vocalization in modulating maternal response. Thirteen infants and their mothers were observed weekly in a face-to-face interaction situation from 4 to 24 weeks. After the occurrences and the speech quality of infant nondistress vocalization were identified, maternal contingent responses to these vocalizations were also coded. Each responsive action was further classifie…
The Dialogical Self in the First Two Years of Life: Embarking on a Journey of Discovery
The first aim of this paper is to present a theory of development of the dialogical self in which change originates in creative innovations during intrapersonal and interpersonal dialogues that highlight the self (Fogel, 1993, 2001b). Dialogues form into regularly recurring routines, called frames, that are either creative (changing, developing) or rigid (unchanging). Second, we argue that there is a non-verbal form of the dialogical self that fi…
Developmental changes in mother-infant face-to-face communication: Birth to 3 months
This study documented the growth of the earliest form of face-to-face communication in 16 mother-infant dyads, videotaped weekly during a naturalistic face-to-face interaction, between 1 and 14 weeks, in 2 conditions: with the infant in the mother's arms and with the infant semi-reclined on a sofa. Results showed a curvilinear development of early face-to-face communication, with a significant increase occurring between Week 4 and Week 9 dependin…
Infant Vocal Development in a Dynamic Mother‐Infant Communication System
This study is an investigation of the development of infant vocalization in a changing and dynamic mother–infant communication system. Thirteen infants and their moth-ers were observed weekly from 4 to 24 weeks of age in a face-to-face interaction situa-tion. Three patterns of mother–infant communication dynamics were classified: sym-metrical (mutual engagement by mother and infant), asymmetrical (mother active while infant inactive), and unilate…
All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others
All in-text\treferences\tunderlined\tin\tblue\tare\tlinked\tto\tpublications\ton\tResearchGate, letting you\taccess\tand\tread\tthem\timmediately
The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution
Contents Vol. 43, 2000
Systems, Attachment, and Relationships 1
Do Different Infant Smiles Reflect Different Positive Emotions
Different types of infant smiles in the family of positive emotions were investigated during two mother‐infant games: peekaboo and tickle. There were 27 6‐month‐old infants and 28 12‐month‐olds. Infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (simple plus cheek raise and jaw drop). Results show that each type of smile has a systematic pattern of associa…
O contexto sociocultural e histórico dos estudos do desenvolvimento
Este é um comentário baseado nos artigos deste Número Especial. Uma leitura desses artigos sugere que eles se unem em torno dos seguintes temas gerais: orientação relacional (em oposição a foco em indivíduos, corporificação sensual do self (em contraste com concepção mentalista de self), visão de desenvolvimento como co-construção histórica que é culturalmente mediada, concepção de relações como auto-organizadas e emergentes (mais do que soma de …
Systems, Cycles, and Developmental Pathways
The painting ‘Nighthawks’ (1942) shows three people sitting at the counter of a city diner. It must be late at night because no one is on the street except the viewers. We look into the diner at the subjects, incased in plate glass tinted green and yellow. It was one of many paintings in which Edward Hopper probed human loneliness and alienation in postdepression American society. Normal folks would have been home in bed, finding the rest they ne…
What's in a smile
In positive social contexts, both adults and older infants show more Duchenne smiling (which involves high cheek raising) than non-Duchenne smiling (which does not). This study compared Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles in early infancy for clues to their emotional significance. Infants (N = 13) from 1 to 6 months of age were videotaped weekly for 5 min in 208 face-to-face interactions with their mothers. Levels of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smilin…
The relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant play
This study examined the relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant interactions in the home. Thirty-six mother-infant and father-infant dyads were videotaped playing for 10 min. Smile type (basic, Duchenne, and duplay smiles) and play type (object, physical, vocal, and book reading) were coded. Results of loglinear analysis indicated that different types of smiles occur during different types of play more often than expect…
Laughter in mother-infant emotional communication
Infant response to the still-face situation at 3 and 6 months
To investigate developmental changes in infant responses to the mother's still face (SF), we ob-served 37 mother-infant dyads in the laboratory when infants were 3 and 6 months old. Infantsreduced their smiling and increased their gazing away from mother during the SF at both 3 and 6months. Compared with 3-month-olds, 6-month-olds were more likely to use directed hand activi-ties while gazing away from mother. Results suggest that developmental c…
The temporal structure of face-to-face communication between mothers and infants
Development of early expressive and communicative action: Reinterpreting the evidence from a dynamic systems perspective
A systems approach is introduced and applied to the development of expressive and communicative action of infants in the first year of life. In this approach, expressive and communicative actions are organized, as part of cooperative systems with other elements of the infants' physiology, cognition, behavior, and social environment. A systems approach presumes that order arises dynamically as a result of the interaction between the cooperating el…
Developmental changes in mother-infant face-to-face communication: Birth to 3 months
This study documented the growth of the earliest form of face-to-face communication in 16 mother-infant dyads, videotaped weekly during a naturalistic face-to-face interaction, between 1 and 14 weeks, in 2 conditions: with the infant in the mother's arms and with the infant semi-reclined on a sofa. Results showed a curvilinear development of early face-to-face communication, with a significant increase occurring between Week 4 and Week 9 dependin…
Developmental Changes in the Relationship Between the Infant's Attention and Emotion During Early Face-to-Face Communication: The 2-Month Transition
Weekly observations documented developmental changes in mother-infant face-to-face communication between birth and 3 months. Developmental trajectories for each dyad of the duration of infant facial expressions showed a change from the dominance of Simple Attention (without other emotion expressions) to active and emotionally positive forms of attention to the mother toward the end of the 2nd month. The results support an overlapping waves model,…
Infant response to the still-face situation at 3 and 6 months
To investigate developmental changes in infant responses to the mother's still face (SF), we ob-served 37 mother-infant dyads in the laboratory when infants were 3 and 6 months old. Infantsreduced their smiling and increased their gazing away from mother during the SF at both 3 and 6months. Compared with 3-month-olds, 6-month-olds were more likely to use directed hand activi-ties while gazing away from mother. Results suggest that developmental c…
Stability and Transitions in Mother-Infant Face-to-Face Communication During the First 6 Months: A Microhistorical Approach
In this study the authors attempted to unravel the relational, dynamical, and historical nature of mother-infant communication during the first 6 months. Thirteen mothers and their infants were videotaped weekly from 4 to 24 weeks during face-to-face interactions. Three distinct patterns of mother-infant communication were identified: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and unilateral. Guided by a dynamic systems perspective, the authors explored the stab…
Mother-infant face-to-face interaction in Japan and the United States: A laboratory comparison using 3-month-old infants
In this cross-cultural comparison 36 Japanese and 36 American 3-month-old infant-mother dyads were videotaped in a standardized laboratory setting in their own countries. Mothers in both countries responded contingently to these infant behaviors, but there were differences in the type and timing of maternal behavior vis-a-vis infant behavior. Japanese mothers were more likely than American mothers to punctuate their facial expressions and vocaliz…
All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others
All in-text\treferences\tunderlined\tin\tblue\tare\tlinked\tto\tpublications\ton\tResearchGate, letting you\taccess\tand\tread\tthem\timmediately
Social process theory of emotion: A dynamic systems approach
In this paper we apply a dynamic systems perspective to infant emotional development. We propose that emotions are not states but self‐organizing dynamic processes intimately tied to the flow of an individual's activity in a context. We review data on the relationship between emotional actions and the social context, in particular the development of smiling and laughter. These data are more adequately explained by our perspective than by other th…
What's in a smile
In positive social contexts, both adults and older infants show more Duchenne smiling (which involves high cheek raising) than non-Duchenne smiling (which does not). This study compared Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles in early infancy for clues to their emotional significance. Infants (N = 13) from 1 to 6 months of age were videotaped weekly for 5 min in 208 face-to-face interactions with their mothers. Levels of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smilin…
The relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant play
This study examined the relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant interactions in the home. Thirty-six mother-infant and father-infant dyads were videotaped playing for 10 min. Smile type (basic, Duchenne, and duplay smiles) and play type (object, physical, vocal, and book reading) were coded. Results of loglinear analysis indicated that different types of smiles occur during different types of play more often than expect…
Interdyad differences in early mother–infant face-to-face communication: Real-time dynamics and developmental pathways
A microgenetic research design with a multiple case study method and a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses was used to investigate interdyad differences in real-time dynamics and developmental change processes in mother-infant face-to-face communication over the first 3 months of life. Weekly observations of 24 mother-infant dyads with analyses performed dyad by dyad showed that most dyads go through 2 qualitatively different dev…
Effects of normal and perturbed social play on the duration and amplitude of different types of infant smiles
Different types of smiling varying in amplitude of lip corner retraction were investigated during 2 mother-infant games--peekaboo and tickle--at 6 and 12 months and during normally occurring and perturbed games. Using Facial Action Coding System (FACS), infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (Duchenne plus jaw drop). In addition, again using FA…
Social Regulatory Effects of Infant Nondistress Vocalization on Maternal Behavior
This study investigated the social regulatory function of infant nondistress vocalization in modulating maternal response. Thirteen infants and their mothers were observed weekly in a face-to-face interaction situation from 4 to 24 weeks. After the occurrences and the speech quality of infant nondistress vocalization were identified, maternal contingent responses to these vocalizations were also coded. Each responsive action was further classifie…
Do Different Infant Smiles Reflect Different Positive Emotions
Different types of infant smiles in the family of positive emotions were investigated during two mother‐infant games: peekaboo and tickle. There were 27 6‐month‐old infants and 28 12‐month‐olds. Infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (simple plus cheek raise and jaw drop). Results show that each type of smile has a systematic pattern of associa…
Laughter in mother-infant emotional communication
Cyclicity and stability in mother-infant face-to-face interaction: A comment on Cohn and Tronick (1988)
Cohn and Tronick (1988) found that the onset times of behavioral change in mother-infant face-toface interaction are stochastic rather than periodic. This comment offers an explanation of why thenresult replicates that of Kaye and Fogel (1980), in spite of important differences in how interactive behavior is conceptualized, coded, and treated statistically. Furthermore, it is suggested that stochastic variability in onset times has profound impli…
The temporal structure of face-to-face communication between mothers and infants
Self-organizing systems and infant motor development
Development of early expressive and communicative action: Reinterpreting the evidence from a dynamic systems perspective
A systems approach is introduced and applied to the development of expressive and communicative action of infants in the first year of life. In this approach, expressive and communicative actions are organized, as part of cooperative systems with other elements of the infants' physiology, cognition, behavior, and social environment. A systems approach presumes that order arises dynamically as a result of the interaction between the cooperating el…
Cyclicity and stability in mothernfant face-to-face interaction: A comment on Cohn and Tronick (1988)
Cyclicity and stability in mother-infant face-to-face interaction: A comment on Cohn and Tronick (1988)
Cohn and Tronick (1988) found that the onset times of behavioral change in mother-infant face-toface interaction are stochastic rather than periodic. This comment offers an explanation of why thenresult replicates that of Kaye and Fogel (1980), in spite of important differences in how interactive behavior is conceptualized, coded, and treated statistically. Furthermore, it is suggested that stochastic variability in onset times has profound impli…
Mother-infant face-to-face interaction in Japan and the United States: A laboratory comparison using 3-month-old infants
In this cross-cultural comparison 36 Japanese and 36 American 3-month-old infant-mother dyads were videotaped in a standardized laboratory setting in their own countries. Mothers in both countries responded contingently to these infant behaviors, but there were differences in the type and timing of maternal behavior vis-a-vis infant behavior. Japanese mothers were more likely than American mothers to punctuate their facial expressions and vocaliz…
Maternal speech to three-month-old infants in the United States and Japan
An American-Japanese comparison of maternal speech to 3-month-old infants is presented. Mother-infant dyads were videotaped in the laboratory, and the maternal speech was analysed by function and syntactic form. US mothers were more information-oriented than were Japanese mothers; they also used more question forms, especially yes/no questions. Japanese mothers were affect-oriented, and they used more nonsense, onomatopoeic sounds, baby talk, and…
Social process theory of emotion: A dynamic systems approach
In this paper we apply a dynamic systems perspective to infant emotional development. We propose that emotions are not states but self‐organizing dynamic processes intimately tied to the flow of an individual's activity in a context. We review data on the relationship between emotional actions and the social context, in particular the development of smiling and laughter. These data are more adequately explained by our perspective than by other th…
Authors' response The social process theory of emotion: A radical contextualist perspective
Laughter in mother-infant emotional communication
Infant response to the still-face situation at 3 and 6 months
To investigate developmental changes in infant responses to the mother's still face (SF), we ob-served 37 mother-infant dyads in the laboratory when infants were 3 and 6 months old. Infantsreduced their smiling and increased their gazing away from mother during the SF at both 3 and 6months. Compared with 3-month-olds, 6-month-olds were more likely to use directed hand activi-ties while gazing away from mother. Results suggest that developmental c…
The relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant play
This study examined the relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant interactions in the home. Thirty-six mother-infant and father-infant dyads were videotaped playing for 10 min. Smile type (basic, Duchenne, and duplay smiles) and play type (object, physical, vocal, and book reading) were coded. Results of loglinear analysis indicated that different types of smiles occur during different types of play more often than expect…
Systems, Cycles, and Developmental Pathways
The painting ‘Nighthawks’ (1942) shows three people sitting at the counter of a city diner. It must be late at night because no one is on the street except the viewers. We look into the diner at the subjects, incased in plate glass tinted green and yellow. It was one of many paintings in which Edward Hopper probed human loneliness and alienation in postdepression American society. Normal folks would have been home in bed, finding the rest they ne…
What's in a smile
In positive social contexts, both adults and older infants show more Duchenne smiling (which involves high cheek raising) than non-Duchenne smiling (which does not). This study compared Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles in early infancy for clues to their emotional significance. Infants (N = 13) from 1 to 6 months of age were videotaped weekly for 5 min in 208 face-to-face interactions with their mothers. Levels of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smilin…
The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution
Contents Vol. 43, 2000
Systems, Attachment, and Relationships 1
Do Different Infant Smiles Reflect Different Positive Emotions
Different types of infant smiles in the family of positive emotions were investigated during two mother‐infant games: peekaboo and tickle. There were 27 6‐month‐old infants and 28 12‐month‐olds. Infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (simple plus cheek raise and jaw drop). Results show that each type of smile has a systematic pattern of associa…
O contexto sociocultural e histórico dos estudos do desenvolvimento
Este é um comentário baseado nos artigos deste Número Especial. Uma leitura desses artigos sugere que eles se unem em torno dos seguintes temas gerais: orientação relacional (em oposição a foco em indivíduos, corporificação sensual do self (em contraste com concepção mentalista de self), visão de desenvolvimento como co-construção histórica que é culturalmente mediada, concepção de relações como auto-organizadas e emergentes (mais do que soma de …
Infant Vocal Development in a Dynamic Mother‐Infant Communication System
This study is an investigation of the development of infant vocalization in a changing and dynamic mother–infant communication system. Thirteen infants and their moth-ers were observed weekly from 4 to 24 weeks of age in a face-to-face interaction situa-tion. Three patterns of mother–infant communication dynamics were classified: sym-metrical (mutual engagement by mother and infant), asymmetrical (mother active while infant inactive), and unilate…
All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others
All in-text\treferences\tunderlined\tin\tblue\tare\tlinked\tto\tpublications\ton\tResearchGate, letting you\taccess\tand\tread\tthem\timmediately
The Dialogical Self in the First Two Years of Life: Embarking on a Journey of Discovery
The first aim of this paper is to present a theory of development of the dialogical self in which change originates in creative innovations during intrapersonal and interpersonal dialogues that highlight the self (Fogel, 1993, 2001b). Dialogues form into regularly recurring routines, called frames, that are either creative (changing, developing) or rigid (unchanging). Second, we argue that there is a non-verbal form of the dialogical self that fi…
Developmental changes in mother-infant face-to-face communication: Birth to 3 months
This study documented the growth of the earliest form of face-to-face communication in 16 mother-infant dyads, videotaped weekly during a naturalistic face-to-face interaction, between 1 and 14 weeks, in 2 conditions: with the infant in the mother's arms and with the infant semi-reclined on a sofa. Results showed a curvilinear development of early face-to-face communication, with a significant increase occurring between Week 4 and Week 9 dependin…
Stability and Transitions in Mother-Infant Face-to-Face Communication During the First 6 Months: A Microhistorical Approach
In this study the authors attempted to unravel the relational, dynamical, and historical nature of mother-infant communication during the first 6 months. Thirteen mothers and their infants were videotaped weekly from 4 to 24 weeks during face-to-face interactions. Three distinct patterns of mother-infant communication were identified: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and unilateral. Guided by a dynamic systems perspective, the authors explored the stab…
Social Regulatory Effects of Infant Nondistress Vocalization on Maternal Behavior
This study investigated the social regulatory function of infant nondistress vocalization in modulating maternal response. Thirteen infants and their mothers were observed weekly in a face-to-face interaction situation from 4 to 24 weeks. After the occurrences and the speech quality of infant nondistress vocalization were identified, maternal contingent responses to these vocalizations were also coded. Each responsive action was further classifie…
Psychology (32 works) · Developmental psychology (29 works) · Child and Animal Learning Development (16 works) · Communication (15 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Communication (13 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Infant Health and Development (11 works) · Computer Science (8 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (7 works)