Patricia Noller
Biographic Data
| ID | 3794145 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Patricia Noller |
| GIVEN NAMES | Patricia |
| FAMILY NAME | Noller |
| SIGNATURE | NOLLER P |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Queensland |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 48 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 442 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 47 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Adolescent in the Family
Family Life in Adolescence
Many parents fear the time when their beautiful happy children will become unmanageable adolescents continually engaging in risky or destructive behaviour. Unfortunately, this view of adolescents is the focus of the media, even though it relates to just a small proportion of young people. As the large amount of research we report shows, most adolescents are responsible young people who care about their families and crave the support of their pare…
Personal Relationships Across the Lifespan
Personal Relationships Across the Lifespan presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the role of personal relationships in people's lives. Highlighting areas of special significance and research interest at each major life-stage, Patricia Noller, Judith A. Feeney and Candida Peterson, examine how close relationships develop over time and influence individual adjustment. They explore a wide rangeof relationships, including some that are o…
Apego adulto
Time to Face It! Facebook Intrusion and the Implications for Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction
Young people's exposure to social network sites such as Facebook is increasing, along with the potential for such use to complicate romantic relationships. Yet, little is known about the overlaps between the online and offline worlds. We extended previous research by investigating the links between Facebook intrusion, jealousy in romantic relationships, and relationship outcomes in a sample of undergraduates currently in a romantic relationship. …
Understanding Marriage: Developments in the Study of Couple Interaction
Conflict in Divorcing and Continuously Married Families: A Study of Marital, Parent–Child and Sibling Relationships
Family members in both separated or divorcing and married families completed a range of questionnaires about the conflict in 3 relationships-couple, parent-child, and sibling-across 2 phases of the study approximately 12 months apart. In addition, the adolescents completed measures of adjustment: self esteem, depression, and anxiety. Adolescents in a subset of the divorcing families were interviewed about the conflict in their families across the…
Sibling relationships in adolescence: Learning and growing together
In this article, I discuss the reasons for my interest in sibling relationships, and showcase studies on sibling relationships in adolescence carried out with my colleagues and students, in the context of the broader literature on sibling relationships. Our studies have focused on a number of important issues concerned with sibling relationships. First, I report on the associations between sibling relationships and other family relationships and …
Children's Perceptions of Their Sibling Relationships During Parental Separation and Divorce
The central aim of this paper is to explore whether parental separation and divorce influence children's experiences of the sibling relationship. In addressing this research aim, the paper draws on the first wave data from a longitudinal study of sibling relationships and adolescent adjustment to parental divorce. Participants include the adolescent children and their parents from 137 divorcing families, and from a comparison sample of 165 intact…
Patterns and Universals of Adult Romantic Attachment Across 62 Cultural Regions: Are Models of Self and of Other Pancultural Constructs
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions …
The relationship of adult attachment dimensions to depression and agoraphobia
We examined the unique relations between the five dimensions of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeney, Noller, & Hanrahan, 1994 ) and depression and agoraphobic behavior (i.e., avoidance of situations where high anxiety is experienced). In addition, we examined mediation models in an attempt to clarify the link between adult attachment and these two dimensions of psychopathology. In testing these models, we administered the ASQ, General…
Attachment insecurity, depression, and the transition to parenthood
In a longitudinal study of adult attachment and depression during the transition to parenthood, 76 couples completed questionnaires on three occasions: during the second trimester of pregnancy, and six weeks and six months postbirth. On the first and second occasions, the couples were also interviewed about their experiences of pregnancy and parenthood, respectively. Measures were also completed at similar time intervals by a comparison group of …
Attachment and Infant Difficultness in Postnatal Depression
This project investigated the relationship between attachment style and postnatal depression. In a sample of mothers with infants, those identifying themselves as depressed reported a more preoccupied attachment style by comparison with their nondepressed counterparts. Maternal attachment style was not related to perceived infant characteristics or to the reported mother-child relationship. Postnatal depression, however, was related to both perce…
Adolescent’s perceptions of differential parenting: Links with attachment style and adolescent adjustment
The study examines whether adolescent twins’ attachment style mediates the association between their perceptions of differential parental treatment and their reported adjustment. Data from a survey of 174 adolescent twins are used to assess the links between twins’ reports of differential parental affection and differential parental control, their attachment style, and their reported personal self‐esteem, social self‐esteem, and anxiety. Twins’ r…
Attachment style and coping resources as predictors of coping strategies in the transition to parenthood
The relations among adult attachment style, coping resources, appraised strain, and coping strategies were examined in a prospective study of married couples having their first child ( N = 92). Attachment and coping resources were measured during the second trimester of pregnancy, and parenting strain and coping strategies were assessed when the babies were about 6 weeks old. Results supported a theoretical model proposing that attachment is pred…
Marital conflict patterns: Links with family conflict and family members’perceptions of one another
The goal of this study was to explore the effects of marital conflict on conflict patterns in the family, and on family members’perceptions of one another. Sixty‐eight two‐parent families with adolescent twins participated, with parents reporting on the conflict patterns used by the marital dyad, and by themselves in interaction with each of their twins, and adolescent twins reporting on their interactions with each other. In addition, all four f…
Parent–Adolescent Relationships in Families with Depressed and Self–Harming Adolescents
Although research into adolescent suicide and mental health has identified links between maladaptive parent–adolescent relationships and poor adolescent adjustment, there are few studies comparing nonclinical adolescents’ perceptions of these relationships to those of clinical groups. This study used a content analysis methodology to assess the quality and nature of 115 parent–adolescent relationships. Dependent variables derived to assess the re…
Determinants of Marital Quality: A Partial Test of Lewis and Spanier’s Model
In this paper, two studies of the structure of marital quality are reported. The studies were based on Lewis and Spanier’s (1979) theorizing about marital quality, and in particular, about “rewards from spousal interaction”. In the first study, Lewis and Spanier’s 38 propositions about the links between spousal interaction and marital satisfaction were operationalised as two sets of 38 items: one assessing behaviours in the current relationship a…
Adult Attachment
Adult Attachment
What is this thing called love? Defining the love that supports marriage and family
The aim of this article was to define, on the basis of theorizing and research, the love that supports marriage and the family, or the type of love that is related to high levels of satisfaction in relationships, to the psychological well‐being of family members and to stable family relationships. Literature is reviewed that explores the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of both mature and immature love, and I conclude that all three a…
Youth Homelessness: Abuse, Gender, and the Process of Adjustment to Life on the Streets
Interviews were conducted with 66 homeless adolescents from various parts of Brisbane. Information regarding incidence of abuse, reasons for leaving home and lifestyle on the streets was sought. Homeless adolescents were compared using the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Questionnaire and the Beck Hopelessness Scale, by gender and whether they were abused or not. There were differences related to gender, but not to the abuse category. Females showed lower …
Equity and marital satisfaction over the family life cycle
Marital satisfaction and perceptions of global marital equity were assessed in a sample of 373 Australian husbands and wives drawn from four phases of the family life cycle: preparenthood, childrearing, launching, and the empty nest. For wives only, satisfaction levels across successive phases described the U‐shaped curve predicted from previous research. Sex differences emerged in perceptions of marital equity: During childrearing and the empty …
The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for adolescents: Psychometric properties and factor structure
A Longitudinal Study of Conflict in Early Marriage
Thirty-three couples were assessed in terms of their communication and relationship satisfaction, just before marriage and twice during the first 2 years, using questionnaire and interaction-based methods. There were few changes over time, except that couples lower in relationship satisfaction temporarily decreased their use of negative strategies and increased their use of positive strategies after 1 year. Spouses high in satisfaction after 2 ye…
Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships
Questionnaire measures of attachment style, attachment history, beliefs about relationships, self-esteem, limerence, loving, love addiction, and love styles were administered to 374 undergraduates. Attachment style was related in theoretically expected ways to attachment history and to beliefs about relationships. Securely attached Ss reported relatively positive perceptions of their early family relationships. Avoidant Ss were most likely to rep…
Attachment Style and Verbal Descriptions of Romantic Partners
The present study investigated attachment style differences in subjects' reports of their romantic partners. The sample consisted of seventy-four undergraduates (thirty-seven males and thirty-seven females) who had been in a dating relationship for at least 1 month. Subjects supplied a verbal description of their current dating partner and later completed the single-item measure of attachment style developed by Hazan & Shaver (1987). The verbal r…
A Longitudinal Study of Conflict in Early Marriage
Thirty-three couples were assessed in terms of their communication and relationship satisfaction, just before marriage and twice during the first 2 years, using questionnaire and interaction-based methods. There were few changes over time, except that couples lower in relationship satisfaction temporarily decreased their use of negative strategies and increased their use of positive strategies after 1 year. Spouses high in satisfaction after 2 ye…
Patterns and Universals of Adult Romantic Attachment Across 62 Cultural Regions: Are Models of Self and of Other Pancultural Constructs
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions …
Adolescents' perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents
Marital Communication in the Eighties
Understanding parent-adolescent interactions: Perceptions of family members and outsiders
Misunderstandings in marital communication: A study of couples' nonverbal communication
Each member of 48 married couples (Cs) sent a standard set of ambiguous messages to his or her spouse and decoded a similar set received from the spouse. The ambiguous messages were designed so that the verbal content could have a positive, neutral, or negative meaning depending on the nonverbal communication that accompanied it. All messages were rated by groups of judges who categorized each error as related to encoding or decoding. Females wer…
Gender and Emotional Communication in Marriage: Different Cultures or Differential Social Power
This article focuses on the issue of whether gender differences in responses to emotional situations involving high levels of marital conflict can best be explained in terms of a deficit in either male or female functioning, males and females being socialized into different cultures, or the differential social power assigned to males and females. These different conceptualizations of gender differences are examined, and relevant research findings…
Understanding parent^adolescent interactions: Perceptions of family members and outsiders
To see whether adolescents view parent-child relationships more like their parents or more like outsiders, 41 mother-father-adolescent child triads were videotaped interacting over two tasks. Each family member then viewed both interactions and rated levels of anxiety, dominance, involvement, and friendliness, for each interactant. These same interactions were also watched and rated by another mother-father-adolescent triad (outsider family) who …
Perceptions of Communicative Relationships in Families with Adolescents
In this study of perceptions of interactions within the family group, both parents and one adolescent from 54 two-child middle-class families were videotaped while interacting on two set topics. Each pair of parents and their adolescent child then viewed the videotape and made ratings on the dimensions of anxiety, involvement, dominance, andfriendliness of themselves and the other family members. While there were few differences between parents, …
Cross-gender effect in two-child families
Describes an experiment involving 20 2-parent 2-child families with a child of each gender, 10 with the older child a boy and 10 with the older child a girl. The families were videotaped in a standardized situation, and the amount of time spent in various interactive behaviors was recorded for each parent-child dyad. A multivariate ANOVA revealed differences between same-gender parent-child dyads and cross-gender parent-child dyads, with parents …
Negative Communications in Marriage
This article examines data obtained from the coding of 10-minute videotapes of married couples dicussing their relationships. Each speaker turn was coded as positive, neutral or negative separately for each of the communication channels - verbal, visual, vocal or total. Three different types of negative messages were then isolated: (a) direct negative messages or those that are negative on all channels (verbal, visual and vocal), (b) negative mes…
Perceptions of Overaccommodation Used by Nurses in Communication with the Elderly
The aim of the study was to determine how aspects of communication between nurses and the elderly were perceived by elderly people, future nurses, and uninvolved observers. Respondents (elderly women and nursing and psychology students) rated videotapes of interactions between a nurse and an elderly woman on three dimensions: patronizing, status, and solidarity. Three communication strategies and their combinations were represented in the vignett…
Gender and marital adjustment level differences in decoding messages from spouses and strangers
48 married couples (mean age 33.5 yrs) who, in an earlier study by the present author (see record 1981-25650-001), had received a score indicating how accurately they decoded ambiguous messages from their spouses, were shown a videotape of strangers of both sexes sending similar messages in the present study. In the earlier study, low-marital-adjustment (determined by the Short Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test) Ss had obtained lower scores w…
Sex differences in the socialization of affectionate expression
87 parent-child pairs were videotaped during the departure routine when the parent left the child at a child-care center. In the 2-parent sample, parent-daughter dyads showed higher levels of overall interaction than parent-son dyads. Although affectionate interaction was high for parent-daughter dyads, the level of affection was particularly low in father-son dyads. The single mother interacted with both sexes at high and nonsignificantly differ…
Cattell, Comrey, and Eysenck personality factors compared: More evidence for the five robust factors
We administered the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) to a sample of 669 Australians that was controlled in composition for age, sex, and social class. Factor analyses derived from analyzing scales of the three inventories in the same matrix produced a group of factors that were similar to the five robust factors of personality found in studies tha…
Channel consistency and inconsistency in the communications of married couples
48 married couples were videotaped while they discussed their relationship. The conversation was divided into thought units (basically speaker turns), and each unit was coded 4 times. Positive messages were used more by Ss with high and moderate levels of marital adjustment (MAD) (as measured by the short Marital Adjustment Test), whereas negative messages were used more by Ss low in MAD. Neutral messages were used more by males than females, par…
Parent–Adolescent Relationships in Families with Depressed and Self–Harming Adolescents
Although research into adolescent suicide and mental health has identified links between maladaptive parent–adolescent relationships and poor adolescent adjustment, there are few studies comparing nonclinical adolescents’ perceptions of these relationships to those of clinical groups. This study used a content analysis methodology to assess the quality and nature of 115 parent–adolescent relationships. Dependent variables derived to assess the re…
Youth Homelessness: Abuse, Gender, and the Process of Adjustment to Life on the Streets
Interviews were conducted with 66 homeless adolescents from various parts of Brisbane. Information regarding incidence of abuse, reasons for leaving home and lifestyle on the streets was sought. Homeless adolescents were compared using the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Questionnaire and the Beck Hopelessness Scale, by gender and whether they were abused or not. There were differences related to gender, but not to the abuse category. Females showed lower …
Communication Awareness in Married Couples
Forty-six married couples participated in a standard communication task. When encoding messages they made a rating of clarity on a six-point scale, and when decoding they made a rating of confidence. Highly and moderately adjusted subjects were more confident for messages they decoded correctly than for those they decoded incorrectly. Subjects low in marital adjustment were equally confident for messages they decoded incorrectly and correctly. Hi…
Determinants of Marital Quality: A Partial Test of Lewis and Spanier’s Model
In this paper, two studies of the structure of marital quality are reported. The studies were based on Lewis and Spanier’s (1979) theorizing about marital quality, and in particular, about “rewards from spousal interaction”. In the first study, Lewis and Spanier’s 38 propositions about the links between spousal interaction and marital satisfaction were operationalised as two sets of 38 items: one assessing behaviours in the current relationship a…
Fitzpatrick's Typology: An Australian Replication
This paper describes an Australian replication of Fitzpatrick's marital typology. One hundred and ninety couples were administered the Relational Dimensions Instrument (RDI) (Fitzpatrick, 1977, 1984). Eight factors were found, six of which were highly similar to those found by Fitzpatrick - sharing, ideology of traditionalism, temporal regularity, spatial differentiation, autonomy and conflict avoidance. The factor previously labelled 'assertiven…
The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for adolescents: Psychometric properties and factor structure
Feedback motivation and reactions to personality interpretations that differ in favorability and accuracy
Personality feedback based on participants' actual test scores was systematically varied in terms of accuracy and favorability and presented to subjects for the purpose of comparing reactions to the various types of feedback information. Responses to the self-relevant information were related to individual differences in the recipient's general level of desire for personal feedback. For most subjects, ratings of feedback accuracy showed stronger …
Sex differences in the socialization of affectionate expression
87 parent-child pairs were videotaped during the departure routine when the parent left the child at a child-care center. In the 2-parent sample, parent-daughter dyads showed higher levels of overall interaction than parent-son dyads. Although affectionate interaction was high for parent-daughter dyads, the level of affection was particularly low in father-son dyads. The single mother interacted with both sexes at high and nonsignificantly differ…
Cross-gender effect in two-child families
Describes an experiment involving 20 2-parent 2-child families with a child of each gender, 10 with the older child a boy and 10 with the older child a girl. The families were videotaped in a standardized situation, and the amount of time spent in various interactive behaviors was recorded for each parent-child dyad. A multivariate ANOVA revealed differences between same-gender parent-child dyads and cross-gender parent-child dyads, with parents …
Misunderstandings in marital communication: A study of couples' nonverbal communication
Each member of 48 married couples (Cs) sent a standard set of ambiguous messages to his or her spouse and decoded a similar set received from the spouse. The ambiguous messages were designed so that the verbal content could have a positive, neutral, or negative meaning depending on the nonverbal communication that accompanied it. All messages were rated by groups of judges who categorized each error as related to encoding or decoding. Females wer…
Gender and marital adjustment level differences in decoding messages from spouses and strangers
48 married couples (mean age 33.5 yrs) who, in an earlier study by the present author (see record 1981-25650-001), had received a score indicating how accurately they decoded ambiguous messages from their spouses, were shown a videotape of strangers of both sexes sending similar messages in the present study. In the earlier study, low-marital-adjustment (determined by the Short Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test) Ss had obtained lower scores w…
Channel consistency and inconsistency in the communications of married couples
48 married couples were videotaped while they discussed their relationship. The conversation was divided into thought units (basically speaker turns), and each unit was coded 4 times. Positive messages were used more by Ss with high and moderate levels of marital adjustment (MAD) (as measured by the short Marital Adjustment Test), whereas negative messages were used more by Ss low in MAD. Neutral messages were used more by males than females, par…
Clergy Marriages: A Study of a Uniting Church Sample
SynopsisSeventy-five couples where the husband was a clergyman of the Uniting Church in Queensland responded to a series of questionnaires related to marital adjustment, to the areas of need they felt in their relationships, and to the advantages and disadvantages involved in being part of a clergy marriage. The special problem areas for these couples included the amount of time spent in work related activities and the consequent stress on the fa…
Negative Communications in Marriage
This article examines data obtained from the coding of 10-minute videotapes of married couples dicussing their relationships. Each speaker turn was coded as positive, neutral or negative separately for each of the communication channels - verbal, visual, vocal or total. Three different types of negative messages were then isolated: (a) direct negative messages or those that are negative on all channels (verbal, visual and vocal), (b) negative mes…
Nonverbal Communication and Marital Interaction
Feedback motivation and reactions to personality interpretations that differ in favorability and accuracy
Personality feedback based on participants' actual test scores was systematically varied in terms of accuracy and favorability and presented to subjects for the purpose of comparing reactions to the various types of feedback information. Responses to the self-relevant information were related to individual differences in the recipient's general level of desire for personal feedback. For most subjects, ratings of feedback accuracy showed stronger …
Communication Awareness in Married Couples
Forty-six married couples participated in a standard communication task. When encoding messages they made a rating of clarity on a six-point scale, and when decoding they made a rating of confidence. Highly and moderately adjusted subjects were more confident for messages they decoded correctly than for those they decoded incorrectly. Subjects low in marital adjustment were equally confident for messages they decoded incorrectly and correctly. Hi…
Perceptions of Communicative Relationships in Families with Adolescents
In this study of perceptions of interactions within the family group, both parents and one adolescent from 54 two-child middle-class families were videotaped while interacting on two set topics. Each pair of parents and their adolescent child then viewed the videotape and made ratings on the dimensions of anxiety, involvement, dominance, andfriendliness of themselves and the other family members. While there were few differences between parents, …
Cattell, Comrey, and Eysenck personality factors compared: More evidence for the five robust factors
We administered the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) to a sample of 669 Australians that was controlled in composition for age, sex, and social class. Factor analyses derived from analyzing scales of the three inventories in the same matrix produced a group of factors that were similar to the five robust factors of personality found in studies tha…
Eyseneck Personality Inventory Item Factor Structure
The Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) was administered to a sample of 583 Australians. Responses to the 57 items were intercorrelated and factor analyzed by three different methods: (a) extract two principal factors and rotate them by varimax; (b) extract as many factors as possible by the minimum residual method, determine the correct number of factors using the Tandem Criteria method and then rotate that number of factors by the Tandem Criter…
Understanding parent-adolescent interactions: Perceptions of family members and outsiders
Understanding parent^adolescent interactions: Perceptions of family members and outsiders
To see whether adolescents view parent-child relationships more like their parents or more like outsiders, 41 mother-father-adolescent child triads were videotaped interacting over two tasks. Each family member then viewed both interactions and rated levels of anxiety, dominance, involvement, and friendliness, for each interactant. These same interactions were also watched and rated by another mother-father-adolescent triad (outsider family) who …
Fitzpatrick's Typology: An Australian Replication
This paper describes an Australian replication of Fitzpatrick's marital typology. One hundred and ninety couples were administered the Relational Dimensions Instrument (RDI) (Fitzpatrick, 1977, 1984). Eight factors were found, six of which were highly similar to those found by Fitzpatrick - sharing, ideology of traditionalism, temporal regularity, spatial differentiation, autonomy and conflict avoidance. The factor previously labelled 'assertiven…
Adolescents' perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents
Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships
Questionnaire measures of attachment style, attachment history, beliefs about relationships, self-esteem, limerence, loving, love addiction, and love styles were administered to 374 undergraduates. Attachment style was related in theoretically expected ways to attachment history and to beliefs about relationships. Securely attached Ss reported relatively positive perceptions of their early family relationships. Avoidant Ss were most likely to rep…
Marital Communication in the Eighties
Attachment Style and Verbal Descriptions of Romantic Partners
The present study investigated attachment style differences in subjects' reports of their romantic partners. The sample consisted of seventy-four undergraduates (thirty-seven males and thirty-seven females) who had been in a dating relationship for at least 1 month. Subjects supplied a verbal description of their current dating partner and later completed the single-item measure of attachment style developed by Hazan & Shaver (1987). The verbal r…
Religion Conceptualized as an Attachment Process: Another Deficiency Approach to the Psychology of Religion
Kirkpatrick's essay is examined in terms of the adequacy of attachment theory to account for all forms and levels of religious alignment. It is concluded that the essential ambiguity of religious attachments must be recognized if they are not to be regarded merely as another form of compensation or as corresponding directly with other established attachments
Perceptions of Overaccommodation Used by Nurses in Communication with the Elderly
The aim of the study was to determine how aspects of communication between nurses and the elderly were perceived by elderly people, future nurses, and uninvolved observers. Respondents (elderly women and nursing and psychology students) rated videotapes of interactions between a nurse and an elderly woman on three dimensions: patronizing, status, and solidarity. Three communication strategies and their combinations were represented in the vignett…
Gender and Emotional Communication in Marriage: Different Cultures or Differential Social Power
This article focuses on the issue of whether gender differences in responses to emotional situations involving high levels of marital conflict can best be explained in terms of a deficit in either male or female functioning, males and females being socialized into different cultures, or the differential social power assigned to males and females. These different conceptualizations of gender differences are examined, and relevant research findings…
Equity and marital satisfaction over the family life cycle
Marital satisfaction and perceptions of global marital equity were assessed in a sample of 373 Australian husbands and wives drawn from four phases of the family life cycle: preparenthood, childrearing, launching, and the empty nest. For wives only, satisfaction levels across successive phases described the U‐shaped curve predicted from previous research. Sex differences emerged in perceptions of marital equity: During childrearing and the empty …
The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for adolescents: Psychometric properties and factor structure
Psychology (45 works) · Social Psychology (37 works) · Developmental psychology (30 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (28 works) · Social Psychology (22 works) · Family Dynamics and Relationships (17 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (13 works) · Perception (10 works) · Clinical Psychology (9 works) · Attachment theory (7 works)