R Leigh
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3801 |
|---|---|
| NOME | R Leigh |
| PRENOMES | R |
| SOBRENOME | Leigh |
| ASSINATURA | LEIGH R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6844-7122 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 50 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 754 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 50 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1978 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 16 |
Size, Scaling, and Sexual Size Dimorphism in Wild South African Thick-Tailed Greater Galagos (Otolemur crassicaudatus)
Variations in the microbiome due to storage preservatives are not large enough to obscure variations due to factors such as host population, host species, body site, and captivity
The study of the primate microbiome is critical in understanding the role of the microbial community in the host organism. To be able to isolate the main factors responsible for the differences observed in microbiomes within and between individuals, confounding factors due to technical variations need to be removed. To determine whether alterations due to preservatives outweigh differences due to factors such as host population, host species, bod…
Revisiting Interview Data Through a Post I-Poem
A former participant in a research study on adolescent writers was invited to read and respond to a Post-I-Poem (PIP), a poetic transcription constructed from her interview data in what is now a closed study. The purpose of this investigation was to explore what could be learned from doing a PIP in the first place and what lines of inquiry this investigation could raise for why a researcher might revisit old interview data. Analysis of one studen…
Gut microbiome composition of wild western lowland gorillas is associated with individual age and sex factors
OBJECTIVES: Environmental and ecological factors, such as geographic range, anthropogenic pressure, group identity, and feeding behavior are known to influence the gastrointestinal microbiomes of great apes. However, the influence of individual host traits such as age and sex, given specific dietary and social constraints, has been less studied. The objective of this investigation was to determine the associations between an individual's age and …
Sex differences in the behavior of wild Alouatta caraya infants
Host age, social group, and habitat type influence the gut microbiota of wild ring‐tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta )
The gut microbiota contributes to host health by maintaining homeostasis, increasing digestive efficiency, and facilitating the development of the immune system. The composition of the gut microbiota can change dramatically within and between individuals of a species as a result of diet, age, or habitat. Therefore, understanding the factors determining gut microbiota diversity and composition can contribute to our knowledge of host ecology as wel…
Fecal microbiomes of non‐human primates in Western Uganda reveal species‐specific communities largely resistant to habitat perturbation
Primate gastrointestinal microbial communities are becoming increasingly appreciated for their relevance to comparative medicine and conservation, but the factors that structure primate "microbiomes" remain controversial. This study examined a community of primates in Kibale National Park, Uganda, to assess the relative importance of host species and location in structuring gastrointestinal microbiomes. Fecal samples were collected from primates …
The role of gut microbes in satisfying the nutritional demands of adult and juvenile wild, black howler monkeys ( A louatta pigra )
In all mammals, growth, development, pregnancy, and lactation increase nutritional demands. Although primate field studies tend to focus on shifts in activity and diet as mechanisms to compensate for these demands, differences in digestive efficiency also are likely to be important. Because the gut microbiota can impact host digestive efficiency, we examined differences in activity budget, diet, and the gut microbial community among adult male ( …
The primate vaginal microbiome
The primate body hosts trillions of microbes. Interactions between primate hosts and these microbes profoundly affect primate physiology, reproduction, health, survival, and ultimately, evolution. It is increasingly clear that primate health cannot be understood fully without knowledge of host‐microbial interactions. Our goals here are to review what is known about microbiomes of the female reproductive tract and to explore several factors that i…
Brain Size Growth and Life History in Human Evolution
Differences between the normal vaginal bacterial community of baboons and that of humans
Humans and baboons ( Papio spp.) share considerable anatomical and physiological similarities in their reproductive tracts. Given the similarities, it is reasonable to expect that the normal vaginal microbial composition (microbiota) of baboons would be similar to that of humans. We have used a 16S rRNA phylogenetic approach to assess the composition of the baboon vaginal microbiota in a set of nine animals from a captive facility and six from th…
Baboon vaginal microbiota
The bacterial population of the primate vaginal canal is an infant primate's first exposure to the microbial population inhabiting the outside world. Yet, little is known about this population and the effect it might have on the development and survival of the infant primate. As a first step toward characterizing the vaginal microbiota of a nonhuman primate, we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to evaluate variations in the vaginal mic…
Shadows in wonderland
Colin Ludlow. Hammersmith PressLondon 2008 £9.99 (paperback)1-905-14020-7 Colin Ludlow’s experience of hospitals had once been confined to the births of his children, with only the second-hand unease of his mother’s suspicion that “they” existed to “cut you up”. When Ludlow’s wife undergoes bowel surgery to remove a tumour, it is a “lost innocence”. When it is feared a fistula may have developed, the grim new experiences of hospital procedures ar…
Hormonal correlates of ontogeny in baboons ( Papio hamadryas anubis ) and mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys )
This study investigates the relationship between serum hormone levels and morphometrics during ontogeny in olive baboons ( Papio hamadryas anubis ) and sooty mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys ), to test hypotheses about the endocrine regulation of species size differences. First, we expect that levels of hormones and binding proteins predict size change during ontogeny in both species. Second, a high level of integration among the hormones and binding …
Canine tooth size and fitness in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)
Inferring Plio‐Pleistocene southern African biochronology from facial affinities in Parapapio and other fossil papionins
Buried in the same South African cave deposits as Australopithecus , fossil papionins have been referred to Parapapio ( Pp. whitei , Pp. broomi , Pp. jonesi , Pp. antiquus ), Papio ( P. izodi , P. angusticeps , P. h. robinsoni ), Theropithecus (e.g., T. darti ), Gorgopithecus , or Dinopithecus on the basis of postcanine tooth size and descriptive morphology of the muzzle. The morphological patterns of variation that these papionins demonstrate ca…
Hormones and body size evolution in papionin primates
This study examines the evolution of size differences among papionin primates by measuring hormones that regulate size growth during ontogeny and influence ultimate adult size (insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3), growth hormone binding protein (GHBP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone, estradiol). The analyses assess longstanding ideas about circulating hormone levels an…
Homoplasy and the evolution of ontogeny in papionin primates
Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds
Cranial ontogeny of Papio baboons ( Papio hamadryas )
Cranial form in subspecies of Papio baboons ( Papio hamadryas ) varies in relation to size, geography, and sex. However, knowledge about this variation is based mainly on adults, precluding direct assessments of the evolutionary factors that are ultimately responsible for adult shape variation. Consequently, this study tests hypotheses about the development of size and shape differences among subspecies of Papio baboons, anticipating limited evol…
Brain ontogeny and life history in Homo erectus
Ontogenetic bases of canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates
This study tests hypotheses regarding the ontogeny of canine tooth size dimorphism in five anthropoid primate species (Saguinus fuscicollis, Macaca mulatta, Cercocebus atys, Papio hamadryas, and Mandrillus sphinx). Canine measurements and chronological age data are analyzed to determine if bimaturism, a sex difference in the age at which eruption ceases, accounts for canine tooth sexual dimorphism. Canine height measurements are evaluated through…
Brain growth, life history, and cognition in primate and human evolution
This study investigates brain size ontogeny in a sample of seven anthropoid primate species (including humans) in order to evaluate longstanding ideas about the relations between brain size, brain ontogeny, life history, and cognition. First, this analysis tests the hypothesis that primate brain growth patterns vary across species. Second, the relations between the duration of the brain growth period and the duration of the preadult period are ev…
Growth and life history in Homo erectus
Introduction Evolution modifies the developmental pattern and thus understanding the evolution of development is critical to identifying how and when the presumed descendant morphological patterns, such as our own, originated. Likewise, understanding how and when these patterns changed ultimately assists in answering why they changed; that is, what evolutionary problems and solutions they reflect. Here we address two aspects of ontogeny in Homo e…
Ontogeny and phylogeny in papionin primates
Determining Sheep Birth Seasonality by Analysis of Tooth Enamel Oxygen Isotope Ratios
Patterns of variation in the ontogeny of primate body size dimorphism
Biology and Body Size in Human Evolution
Cranial capacity evolution in Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens
This paper investigates patterns of cranial capacity evolution in Homo erectus , early Homo sapiens , and in regional subsamples of H. erectus . Specifically, models explaining evolution of cranial capacity in these taxa are evaluated with statistical techniques developed for the analysis of time series data. Regression estimates of rates of evolution in cranial capacity are also obtained. A non‐parametric test for trend suggests that cranial cap…
Ontoaenetic correlates of diet in anthropoid primates
This study assesses ontogenetic correlates of diet in anthropoid primates. Associations between body weight growth, adult size, and diet are evaluated for a sample of 42 primate species, of which 8 are classifiable as “folivores.” The hypothesis that folivores show a pattern of growth that differs from “nonfolivores” is tested. Ontogenetic variation is summarized through use of parametric and nonparametric regression analysis. Several analytical …
Socioecology and the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in anthropoid primates
This study examines statistical correlations between socioecological variables (including measures of group composition, intermale competition, and habitat preference) and the ontogeny of body size sexual dimorphism in anthropoid primates. A regression‐based multivariate measure of dimorphism in body weight ontogeny is derived from a sample of 37 species. Quantitative estimates of covariation between socioecological variables and this multivariat…
Effects of fronto‐occipital artificial cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face
Artificial reshaping of the cranial vault has been practiced by many human groups and provides a natural experiment in which the relationships of neurocranial, cranial base, and facial growth can be investigated. We test the hypothesis that fronto‐occipital artificial reshaping of the neurocranial vault results in specific changes in the cranial base and face. Fronto‐occipital reshaping results from the application of pads or a cradle board which…
Brain ontogeny and life history in Homo erectus
Regional aspects of acquisition activity in British manufacturing industry
Leigh R. and North D. J. (1978) Regional aspects of acquisition activity in British manufacturing industry, Reg. Studies 12, 227–245. The paper is based on an empirical study of the spatial aspects of acquisition activity in four manufacturing industries. Dominant themes resulting from an aggregate level analysis of the regional incidence of acquisitions were the concentrated pattern of acquirers compared to the dispersed distribution of acquired…
Ontogeny and phylogeny in papionin primates
Sexual dimorphism in the baboon facial skeleton
Baboons exhibit marked sexual dimorphism in many aspects of their morphology. Dimorphism is especially pronounced in the face. We use finite‐element analysis to investigate the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in a cross‐sectional sample of baboon ( Papio sp.) faces. This method provides detailed quantitative information about size and shape changes at anatomical landmarks in the face during growth. Allometric results suggest that sexual dimorphism …
Sexual dimorphism in primate neonatal body mass
Canine tooth size and fitness in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)
Effects of annular cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face
Artificial modification of the cranial vault was practiced by a number of prehistoric and protohistoric populations, frequently during an infant's first year of life. We test the hypothesis that, in addition to its direct effects on the cranial vault, annular cranial vault modification has a significant indirect effect on cranial base and facial morphology. Two skeletal series from the Pacific Northwest Coast, which include both nonmodified and m…
Comparative Perspectives on Bimaturism, Ontogeny, and Dimorphism in Lemurid Primates
Cranial ontogeny of Papio baboons ( Papio hamadryas )
Cranial form in subspecies of Papio baboons ( Papio hamadryas ) varies in relation to size, geography, and sex. However, knowledge about this variation is based mainly on adults, precluding direct assessments of the evolutionary factors that are ultimately responsible for adult shape variation. Consequently, this study tests hypotheses about the development of size and shape differences among subspecies of Papio baboons, anticipating limited evol…
Brain Size Growth and Life History in Human Evolution
Ontogenetic bases of canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates
This study tests hypotheses regarding the ontogeny of canine tooth size dimorphism in five anthropoid primate species (Saguinus fuscicollis, Macaca mulatta, Cercocebus atys, Papio hamadryas, and Mandrillus sphinx). Canine measurements and chronological age data are analyzed to determine if bimaturism, a sex difference in the age at which eruption ceases, accounts for canine tooth sexual dimorphism. Canine height measurements are evaluated through…
Inferring Plio‐Pleistocene southern African biochronology from facial affinities in Parapapio and other fossil papionins
Buried in the same South African cave deposits as Australopithecus , fossil papionins have been referred to Parapapio ( Pp. whitei , Pp. broomi , Pp. jonesi , Pp. antiquus ), Papio ( P. izodi , P. angusticeps , P. h. robinsoni ), Theropithecus (e.g., T. darti ), Gorgopithecus , or Dinopithecus on the basis of postcanine tooth size and descriptive morphology of the muzzle. The morphological patterns of variation that these papionins demonstrate ca…
The role of gut microbes in satisfying the nutritional demands of adult and juvenile wild, black howler monkeys ( A louatta pigra )
In all mammals, growth, development, pregnancy, and lactation increase nutritional demands. Although primate field studies tend to focus on shifts in activity and diet as mechanisms to compensate for these demands, differences in digestive efficiency also are likely to be important. Because the gut microbiota can impact host digestive efficiency, we examined differences in activity budget, diet, and the gut microbial community among adult male ( …
Homoplasy and the evolution of ontogeny in papionin primates
Asymmetric vault modification in Hopi crania
Cradleboarding was practiced by numerous prehistoric and historic populations, including the Hopi. In this group, one result of cra‐dleboarding was bilateral or asymmetric flattening of the posterior occipital. We test whether cradleboarding had significant effects on the morphology of the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Additionally, we examine associations between direction of flattening and asymmetric craniofacial growth. A skeletal sam…
Hormones and body size evolution in papionin primates
This study examines the evolution of size differences among papionin primates by measuring hormones that regulate size growth during ontogeny and influence ultimate adult size (insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3), growth hormone binding protein (GHBP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone, estradiol). The analyses assess longstanding ideas about circulating hormone levels an…
Hormonal correlates of ontogeny in baboons ( Papio hamadryas anubis ) and mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys )
This study investigates the relationship between serum hormone levels and morphometrics during ontogeny in olive baboons ( Papio hamadryas anubis ) and sooty mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys ), to test hypotheses about the endocrine regulation of species size differences. First, we expect that levels of hormones and binding proteins predict size change during ontogeny in both species. Second, a high level of integration among the hormones and binding …
A re‐evaluation of subspecific variation and canine dimorphism in woolly spider monkeys ( Brachyteles arachnoides )
A recent study suggests that differing populations of woolly spider monkeys exhibit a substantial degree of morphological, cytogenetic, and behavioral variation. We re‐evaluate the differences between populations in the degree of canine tooth height sexual dimorphism and in the frequency of thumbs. Statistical analysis of variation in the degree of canine sexual dimorphism between these populations fails to provide strong evidence for subspecific…
Regional aspects of acquisition activity in British manufacturing industry
Leigh R. and North D. J. (1978) Regional aspects of acquisition activity in British manufacturing industry, Reg. Studies 12, 227–245. The paper is based on an empirical study of the spatial aspects of acquisition activity in four manufacturing industries. Dominant themes resulting from an aggregate level analysis of the regional incidence of acquisitions were the concentrated pattern of acquirers compared to the dispersed distribution of acquired…
Sexual dimorphism in the baboon facial skeleton
Baboons exhibit marked sexual dimorphism in many aspects of their morphology. Dimorphism is especially pronounced in the face. We use finite‐element analysis to investigate the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in a cross‐sectional sample of baboon ( Papio sp.) faces. This method provides detailed quantitative information about size and shape changes at anatomical landmarks in the face during growth. Allometric results suggest that sexual dimorphism …
Effects of fronto‐occipital artificial cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face
Artificial reshaping of the cranial vault has been practiced by many human groups and provides a natural experiment in which the relationships of neurocranial, cranial base, and facial growth can be investigated. We test the hypothesis that fronto‐occipital artificial reshaping of the neurocranial vault results in specific changes in the cranial base and face. Fronto‐occipital reshaping results from the application of pads or a cradle board which…
Cranial capacity evolution in Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens
This paper investigates patterns of cranial capacity evolution in Homo erectus , early Homo sapiens , and in regional subsamples of H. erectus . Specifically, models explaining evolution of cranial capacity in these taxa are evaluated with statistical techniques developed for the analysis of time series data. Regression estimates of rates of evolution in cranial capacity are also obtained. A non‐parametric test for trend suggests that cranial cap…
Patterns of variation in the ontogeny of primate body size dimorphism
Effects of annular cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face
Artificial modification of the cranial vault was practiced by a number of prehistoric and protohistoric populations, frequently during an infant's first year of life. We test the hypothesis that, in addition to its direct effects on the cranial vault, annular cranial vault modification has a significant indirect effect on cranial base and facial morphology. Two skeletal series from the Pacific Northwest Coast, which include both nonmodified and m…
A re‐evaluation of subspecific variation and canine dimorphism in woolly spider monkeys ( Brachyteles arachnoides )
A recent study suggests that differing populations of woolly spider monkeys exhibit a substantial degree of morphological, cytogenetic, and behavioral variation. We re‐evaluate the differences between populations in the degree of canine tooth height sexual dimorphism and in the frequency of thumbs. Statistical analysis of variation in the degree of canine sexual dimorphism between these populations fails to provide strong evidence for subspecific…
Ontoaenetic correlates of diet in anthropoid primates
This study assesses ontogenetic correlates of diet in anthropoid primates. Associations between body weight growth, adult size, and diet are evaluated for a sample of 42 primate species, of which 8 are classifiable as “folivores.” The hypothesis that folivores show a pattern of growth that differs from “nonfolivores” is tested. Ontogenetic variation is summarized through use of parametric and nonparametric regression analysis. Several analytical …
Ontogeny and the evolution of adult body size dimorphism in apes
This analysis investigates the ontogeny of body size dimorphism in apes. The processes that lead to adult body size dimorphism are illustrated and described. Potential covariation between ontogenetic processes and socioecological variables is evaluated. Mixed‐longitudinal growth data from 395 captive individuals (representing Hylobates lar [gibbon], Hylobates syndactylus [siamang], Pongo pygmaeus [orangutan], Gorilla gorilla [gorilla], Pan panisc…
Asymmetric vault modification in Hopi crania
Cradleboarding was practiced by numerous prehistoric and historic populations, including the Hopi. In this group, one result of cra‐dleboarding was bilateral or asymmetric flattening of the posterior occipital. We test whether cradleboarding had significant effects on the morphology of the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Additionally, we examine associations between direction of flattening and asymmetric craniofacial growth. A skeletal sam…
Socioecology and the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in anthropoid primates
This study examines statistical correlations between socioecological variables (including measures of group composition, intermale competition, and habitat preference) and the ontogeny of body size sexual dimorphism in anthropoid primates. A regression‐based multivariate measure of dimorphism in body weight ontogeny is derived from a sample of 37 species. Quantitative estimates of covariation between socioecological variables and this multivariat…
Evolution of human growth spurts
This study investigates subadult growth spurts in a large sample of anthropoid primates, including humans. Analyses of body mass growth curves show that humans are not unique in the expression of female and male body mass growth spurts. Subadult growth spurts are observed in both New World and Old World anthropoid primates and are more common in males than in females. Allometric analyses of growth spurts indicate that many aspects of primate grow…
Evolution of human growth spurts
This study investigates subadult growth spurts in a large sample of anthropoid primates, including humans. Analyses of body mass growth curves show that humans are not unique in the expression of female and male body mass growth spurts. Subadult growth spurts are observed in both New World and Old World anthropoid primates and are more common in males than in females. Allometric analyses of growth spurts indicate that many aspects of primate grow…
Ontogeny of body size variation in African apes
Size variation in African apes (Gorilla gorilla [gorilla], Pan paniscus [pygmy chimpanzee], and Pan troglodytes ["common" chimpanzee]) is substantial, both within and between species. We investigate the possible evolutionary significance of this variation through an analysis of the ontogeny of size variation in this group. In addition, we highlight possible areas of future endocrinological research, and evaluate recently proposed alternative mode…
Biology and Body Size in Human Evolution
Evolution of human growth prolongation
This investigation evaluates hypotheses that seek to explain temporal retardation or prolongation of human ontogeny. Current hypotheses that address this issue are poorly defined and conflate several distinct theoretical positions. A model that predicts homogeneity in the extension of human growth periods is evaluated. This model is contrasted with two alternatives. The first alternative predicts heterogeneity in the extension of human growth per…
Comparative Perspectives on Bimaturism, Ontogeny, and Dimorphism in Lemurid Primates
Sexual dimorphism in primate neonatal body mass
Allowing open participation by corporations in IEEE standards activities
Estimating sexual dimorphism and size differences in the fossil record
Investigations of size variation in fossil and archaeological skeletal assemblages may be complicated by incomplete skeletons, biased representation of sexes, and the lack of morphological features that identify sex. In order to refine our ability to evaluate size variation, we test the accuracy of three methods that are currently used to estimate size differences in unsexed (pooled) samples: the means method, the median method, and a newly appli…
Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research
Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research. G. A. Clark and C. M. Willermet. eds. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine De Gruyter, 1997.508 pp
Questioning Practice in Paleoanthropology—Reply to G. A. Clark
Patterns of positional behavior in mixed‐species troops of Callimico goeldii , Saguinus labiatus , and Saguinus fuscicollis in northwestern Brazil
We present the results of a 4‐month field investigation of positional behavior, vertical ranging, and species differences in limb proportions and body mass in a mixed‐species troop of Saguinus fuscicollis , Saguinus labiatus , and Callimico goeldii in northwestern Brazil. Despite certain similarities in overall positional repertoire, patterns of positional behavior varied significantly between species. Travel in Callimico occurred principally in …
Evolution of human growth
The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body mass and stature. Many human proportions change dramatically during ontogeny, as we reach sizes that are among the largest of living primates. Perhaps most obviously, humans grow for a long time, with the interval between birth and maturation exceeding …
Determining Sheep Birth Seasonality by Analysis of Tooth Enamel Oxygen Isotope Ratios
Biology (42 obras) · Primate Behavior and Ecology (30 obras) · Zoology (30 obras) · Ecology (26 obras) · Evolutionary biology (21 obras) · Ecology (20 obras) · Primate (17 obras) · Ontogeny (14 obras) · Sexual dimorphism (14 obras) · Evolution and Paleontology Studies (10 obras)