J L Qiu
Biographic Data
| ID | 38061 |
|---|---|
| NAME | J L Qiu |
| GIVEN NAMES | J L |
| FAMILY NAME | Qiu |
| SIGNATURE | QIU J L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9950-1267 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 56 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 105 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 56 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Self-Enhancement Mentality or Cognitive Preferences? Unpacking Different Approaches to Understanding Cultural Variations in Attribution Patterns
Existing studies showed inconsistent results about whether and how attribution patterns differ across cultures. We reviewed three different theoretical approaches in this study: the relative self-enhancement approach, the universal self-enhancement approach and the cognition approach, and found that each theoretical approach has received empirical support and informed competing hypotheses. Hence, the main goal of this study is to investigate the …
SoftBank: Empire-building, capital formation & power in Asian digital capitalism
Three constants of Chinese internet research: Statism, cacophony, and liminal movements
This essay reflects on three constants in Chinese internet research over the past 30 years, namely, statism, cacophony, and liminal movements. Reflecting on these three constants shall help us better appreciate the variations and dynamism of Chinese internet research from the past into the future
Examining the impact of digital information environments, information processing, and presumed influence on behavioral responses to Covid-19 misinformation in Asia
This study examines exposure to, perception of, and behavioral responses to misinformation about COVID-19 on social media from the influence of presumed influence (IPI) framework. To understand how the digital information environment of a society shapes the spread and responses to pandemic misinformation, four culturally similar Asian cities—Beijing, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei—were selected, generating a sample of 4094 respondents. Our find…
Standpointing global communication
This response essay discusses the need to study global communication (GC) from different standpoints, the pitfalls therein, and strategies to overcome them. It starts with two reflections: from China, and on the uneven landscape of GC research and pedagogy around the world, where obstacles and opportunities co-exist. This is followed by a critique on comparative analysis that can be used productively, or it can lead to atheoretical comparativism …
The Return of Billiard Balls? US–China Tech War and China’s State-Directed Digital Capitalism
Media policy analysts of (neo)liberal persuasion have long seen China as an anomaly. This is, however, a narrow perspective, whose explanatory power pales facing the challenge of recent events. Drawing upon International Relations (IR) theories, this article reflects on the contradicting ideas of (neo)liberalism and (neo)realism in digital media policy, while examining US–China tech war and China’s state-directed platform capitalism. It argues th…
Transfer or Translation? Rethinking Traveling Technologies from the Global South
Technology flows are becoming increasingly diverse in the twenty-first century, calling for an update of concepts and frameworks. Reflecting on the inherent tensions of technology transfer, including its technocratic dreams, insensitivity to technological materiality, and narrow focus on certain human actors, we propose technology translation as a complementary conceptual framework to understand traveling technologies. Taking a socio-technical ap…
Three Approaches to Platform Studies: Cobweb, Billiard Balls, and Ant Societies
Digital media platforms are becoming increasingly subject to the sway of geopolitics, as seen during the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the US-China trade war. How are platforms becoming geopoliticized? What perspectives shall we use to make sense of the process? This theoretical paper reformulates conceptual apparatuses of liberalism, realism, and constructivism, each represented by a metaphor: the cobweb, billiard balls, and ant societies, res…
Empowerment or warfare? dark skin, AI camera, and Transsion’s patent narratives
Through document analysis and interviews, this paper examines the patent narratives of Transsion, a Chinese company dominating Africa’s smartphone market and a leading innovator in facial recognition technologies (FRTs) optimized for darker skin tones. We identify two major narratives concerning Transsion’s FRT patenting practice. First is ‘empowerment’, through which Transsion argues that there are ‘blind spots’ in conventional AI technologies a…
A new approach to the geopolitics of Chinese internets
This introductory essay summarizes how our understanding of Chinese internets – in the plural – has shifted in the past two decades. The incumbent approach sees ‘Chinese tech’ as a unitary and statist monolith, an incomplete view whose utility has declined. By contrast, the articles in this special issue collectively substantiate a novel geopolitical approach that analyzes ‘Chinese internets’ as internally diverse and externally border-crossing; …
The effects of digital media upon labor knowledge and attitudes: A study of Chinese labor subjectivity in a vocational training school
Existing studies on digital media and labor seldom pay attention to youth in vocational education (VE), nor do they consider the use of and attitudes towards digital media in connection with labor subjectivity. This research fills the gap by exploring how patterns of digital communication relate to each other in exerting influence on labor knowledge and attitudes in the setting of a vocational school. We present findings from a unique survey data…
Humanizing the posthuman: Digital labour, food delivery, and openings for the new human during the pandemic
Posthuman is a social condition of humans losing control, especially to technological forces, and a cultural framing beyond Enlightenment modernity. Building on the posthuman critique, this article examines digital labour and food delivery platforms during Covid-19 in Asian contexts. The main argument is that, while reinforcing inequalities through algorithm-based discrimination and control, the pandemic also creates openings for progressive chan…
Back to Bandung for the Future: The Never-Ending Project of De-imperialization
As intellectuals in modern education systems, “we are all foreigners,” foreign to our histories, local conditions, and commoners living next to us. The proposal for a global Bandung School (BS) has been on the table, with the mission to transform existing modes of thought and carry on the de-imperializing spirit of Bandung. By establishing Mandarin-World Bandung School (MBS), we propose to rediscover the spirit of anti-imperialism through locally…
Institutions, Occupations and Connectivity: The Embeddedness of Gig Work and Platform-Mediated Labour Market in Hong Kong
Informed by the economic sociology of work, this qualitative study employs a dynamic and multi-dimensional notion of embeddedness to critique the social bases of gig work and the platform-mediated labour market, with a series of embedding, disembedding and re-embedding forces. Conducting in-depth interviews with 24 gig workers, the findings reveal how gig work is incorporated into Hong Kong's labour market and the ways in which gig work is reshap…
Platform Specificities: The Platform Books Panel
Social media platforms shape our lives on micro, meso and macro levels. They have transformed our everyday practices as individuals, or social practices as small and large groups, and have multiple, entangled impacts on rituals of democracy and cultural (re)production, organization of labor and industry. This panel brings together five papers, each by authors of recently published or forthcoming platform books. Together, the papers offer an analy…
Algorithmic Empowerment or Imperialist Warfare? Dark Skin, Ai Camera, and a Chinese Company’s Patent Strategy
Through document analysis and participant observation, this paper examines the patent strategy of Transsion, a Chinese company that dominates Africa’s smartphone market and a leading innovator in facial recognition technologies optimised for darker skins. We identify two major narratives surrounding Transsion’s facial recognition patent strategy. First is the “empowerment” narrative, in which Transsion argues that there are “blind spots” in conve…
Radical praxis of computing in the PRC: Forgotten stories from the maoist to post-Mao era
In his 1937 essay "On Practice (Shijian lun)", Mao Zedong argues for a distinctively Chinese model of communism that merges practise with theory, combining objective experience and subjective knowledge into a coherent dialectical process of praxis. This was, at the time, a radical idea within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the global communist movement dominated by Stalinism at its heyday. But it became institutionalized as a guiding princ…
Plataformas Digitais na Economia Conectada: Discurso, Controlo, Consumo e Colaboração. Nota Introdutória
O volume 39 da revista Comunicação e Sociedade apresenta uma série de estudos sobre diferentes abordagens de utilização das plataformas digitais. Se por um lado, são interpretadas como um importante meio de consumo e espaço para o surgimento de práticas sociais colaborativas, por outro lado, também podem ser analisadas como novos mecanismos de vigilância e de produção de discursos performáticos numa economia cada vez mais conectada
Recensão do Livro The Platform Economy: How Japan Transformed the Consumer Internet
Plataformas" digitais como Google, Amazon e Uber têm vindo a ser alvo de duras críticas desde meados da década de 2010. Estes gigantes tecnológicos de Silicon Valley são problemáticos, uma vez que os seus modelos de negócio se baseiam na vigilância secreta de dados e em marketing direcionado. A sua ausência de responsabilidade social traduz-se em evasão fiscal e trabalho precário. A sua natureza imperialista, enquanto media digital, é prejudicial…
Digital Labor Solidarities, Collective Formations, and Relational Infrastructures
Research on digital worker experiences have shed light on the problematic realities of digital labor, which include increasing levels of stress and anxiety over financial and career instability, physical exhaustion, and isolation - all of which underscore the precarity that belie the optimistic facade of labor under the new economy. Given the multiple constraints underlying collective formation among digital workers, this panel explores the chara…
Emotional authoritarianism: State, Education and the Mobile Working-Class Subjects
Examining emotions within the studies of mobilities, recent literature has highlighted that migration is an inherently uncertain process shaped by hopes and dreams, as well as feelings of fear and anxiety. More than an individual pursuit for economic advancement or cultural assimilation, we find that migration is also a political project that incessantly creates valuable working-class subjects; a project that often starts in vocational training s…
Contextualizing Platform Labor
Digital labor studies emerge in communication research in the early 2010s. Since then, the exponential increase in work and consumption on transportation and delivery platforms has led academics, activists and civil society to discuss phenomena called "uberization" or platformization of labor. Some of the emerging themes are work and artificial intelligence (including the workers behind AI), work conditions of platform workers, platform cooperati…
Staging environmental risk: A methodological cosmopolitanism approach to Chinese media events
The aim of this study is to enrich Beck's (2016) concept of methodological cosmopolitanism and digital metamorphosis from the perspective of communication researchers using a 'media event', namely the live broadcasting of history through communication technology (Dayan and Katz 1992) as the research unit. Based on our observation of media events of environmental crises in China, we argue that digital metamorphoses are happening, albeit in a compl…
Having Less But Giving More: Work Experience and Prosocial Behavior of Chinese Working-Class Youth
Adolescent behavior is often negatively viewed especially regarding work experience. By introducing a concept of prosocial behavior, our study attempts to provide an alternative view on the effects of teenage job and work experience. We hypothesized that work experience could generate more prosocial behaviors. By surveying a large group of working-class youth ( N = 2,860) from eight Chinese vocational schools and using structural equation modelin…
Media and Communications
Developments in digital technologies over the last 30 years have expanded massively human beings' capacity to communicate across time and space (Section 13.1).Media infrastructures have simultaneously acquired huge complexity.By "media" we mean technologies for the production, dissemination, and reception of communication, but also the contents distributed through those technologies and the institutions associated with their production, dissemina…
Contextualizing Platform Labor
Digital labor studies emerge in communication research in the early 2010s. Since then, the exponential increase in work and consumption on transportation and delivery platforms has led academics, activists and civil society to discuss phenomena called "uberization" or platformization of labor. Some of the emerging themes are work and artificial intelligence (including the workers behind AI), work conditions of platform workers, platform cooperati…
The Information Have-Less: Inequality, Mobility, and Translocal Networks in Chinese Cities
China's digital working class and circuits of labor
This article proposes that the emergence of a digital working class is among the most important digital formations in contemporary China. From the information have-less to network labor, the class formation process is not only massive in scale but of special historical significance that constitutes a fourth phase in the making of the Chinese working class. There is urgent need to theorize the digital working class based on a wide range of theoret…
Through the Prism of the Internet Cafe: Managing Access in an Ecology of Games
Using the ecology of games perspective, this article analyzes China's regulation of internet cafes. Based on the analyses of regulatory documents, interviews, and news coverage, we identify three games fundamental to our understanding of the subject: (1) the establishment of national regulatory regime, (2) local policy implementation, and (3) market competition. We situate the discussion of game players, their goals, strategies, and performances …
Mobile Civil Society in Asia: A Comparative Study of People Power II and the Nosamo Movement
Much of the research on communication and democracy continues to lean on Jürgen Habermas's work.However, many aspects of his approach have been intensely criticised in recent debates, both in communication studies and political theory.Habermas's emphasis on rational consensus as the aim of public communication has particularly been problematised.One of the most prominent critics, Chantal Mouff e and her agonistic model of democracy, have increasi…
Emotional authoritarianism: State, Education and the Mobile Working-Class Subjects
Examining emotions within the studies of mobilities, recent literature has highlighted that migration is an inherently uncertain process shaped by hopes and dreams, as well as feelings of fear and anxiety. More than an individual pursuit for economic advancement or cultural assimilation, we find that migration is also a political project that incessantly creates valuable working-class subjects; a project that often starts in vocational training s…
Social media on the picket line
This article provides an overview of Chinese working-class social media, which has been used on the picket line for an entire decade since 2004. A variety of social media tools such as QQ, Weblog, online forum, vlog, Weibo, and WeChat have been added to the toolkit of working-class politics, creating an enlarged media ecology of resistance. Using Raymond Williams’ tripartite framework of the dominant, the residual, and the emergent, I submit that…
Institutions, Occupations and Connectivity: The Embeddedness of Gig Work and Platform-Mediated Labour Market in Hong Kong
Informed by the economic sociology of work, this qualitative study employs a dynamic and multi-dimensional notion of embeddedness to critique the social bases of gig work and the platform-mediated labour market, with a series of embedding, disembedding and re-embedding forces. Conducting in-depth interviews with 24 gig workers, the findings reveal how gig work is incorporated into Hong Kong's labour market and the ways in which gig work is reshap…
Having Less But Giving More: Work Experience and Prosocial Behavior of Chinese Working-Class Youth
Adolescent behavior is often negatively viewed especially regarding work experience. By introducing a concept of prosocial behavior, our study attempts to provide an alternative view on the effects of teenage job and work experience. We hypothesized that work experience could generate more prosocial behaviors. By surveying a large group of working-class youth ( N = 2,860) from eight Chinese vocational schools and using structural equation modelin…
SoftBank: Empire-building, capital formation & power in Asian digital capitalism
Media, communication and the struggle for social progress
This article discusses the role of media and communications in contributing to social progress, as elaborated in a landmark international project – the International Panel on Social Progress. First, it analyses how media and digital platforms have contributed to global inequality by examining media access and infrastructure across world regions. Second, it looks at media governance and the different mechanisms of corporatized control over media p…
Go Baobao! Image-Driven Nationalism, Generation Post-1980s, and Mainland Students in Hong Kong
This article provides a historical overview of image-driven nationalism with special emphasis attached to (a) the transforming culture of online nationalism that underlies college-student forums such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology bulletin board system (MIT BBS), which by 2006 had formed close relationships with major commercial forums championing anti-Japanese nationalism as a populist strategy, and (b) the generation of Chinese bo…
Three Approaches to Platform Studies: Cobweb, Billiard Balls, and Ant Societies
Digital media platforms are becoming increasingly subject to the sway of geopolitics, as seen during the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the US-China trade war. How are platforms becoming geopoliticized? What perspectives shall we use to make sense of the process? This theoretical paper reformulates conceptual apparatuses of liberalism, realism, and constructivism, each represented by a metaphor: the cobweb, billiard balls, and ant societies, res…
Back to Bandung for the Future: The Never-Ending Project of De-imperialization
As intellectuals in modern education systems, “we are all foreigners,” foreign to our histories, local conditions, and commoners living next to us. The proposal for a global Bandung School (BS) has been on the table, with the mission to transform existing modes of thought and carry on the de-imperializing spirit of Bandung. By establishing Mandarin-World Bandung School (MBS), we propose to rediscover the spirit of anti-imperialism through locally…
Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective
The accidental accomplishment of Little Smart: Understanding the emergence of a working-class ICT
This article analyzes one of China's most prominent working-class ICTs, Little Smart ( xiaolingtong ), an inexpensive wireless technology which offers limited mobility service at the price of a landline. The case analysis examines how the technology works and diffuses, why it could emerge so rapidly amid structural transformations of China's telecom reform and the subsequent co-evolution between market dynamics and state policy at the local, nati…
Three constants of Chinese internet research: Statism, cacophony, and liminal movements
This essay reflects on three constants in Chinese internet research over the past 30 years, namely, statism, cacophony, and liminal movements. Reflecting on these three constants shall help us better appreciate the variations and dynamism of Chinese internet research from the past into the future
Standpointing global communication
This response essay discusses the need to study global communication (GC) from different standpoints, the pitfalls therein, and strategies to overcome them. It starts with two reflections: from China, and on the uneven landscape of GC research and pedagogy around the world, where obstacles and opportunities co-exist. This is followed by a critique on comparative analysis that can be used productively, or it can lead to atheoretical comparativism …
Transfer or Translation? Rethinking Traveling Technologies from the Global South
Technology flows are becoming increasingly diverse in the twenty-first century, calling for an update of concepts and frameworks. Reflecting on the inherent tensions of technology transfer, including its technocratic dreams, insensitivity to technological materiality, and narrow focus on certain human actors, we propose technology translation as a complementary conceptual framework to understand traveling technologies. Taking a socio-technical ap…
Radical praxis of computing in the PRC: Forgotten stories from the maoist to post-Mao era
In his 1937 essay "On Practice (Shijian lun)", Mao Zedong argues for a distinctively Chinese model of communism that merges practise with theory, combining objective experience and subjective knowledge into a coherent dialectical process of praxis. This was, at the time, a radical idea within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the global communist movement dominated by Stalinism at its heyday. But it became institutionalized as a guiding princ…
Reflections on Big Data: ‘Just because it is accessible does not make it ethical’
Drawing from observations in China and from world history, this is a reflection on boyd and Crawford’s provocation on social problems related to Big Data, especially ‘Just because it is accessible does not make it ethnical’
Fear and Misperception of Los Angeles Urban Space: A Spatial-Statistical Study of Communication-Shaped Mental Maps
Imagining urban space as being comfortable or fearful is studied as an effect of people's connections to their residential area communication infrastructure. Geographic Information System (GIS) modeling and spatial-statistical methods are used to process 215 mental maps obtained from respondents to a multilingual survey of seven ethnically marked residential communities of Los Angeles. Spatial-statistical analyses reveal that fear perceptions of …
Internet Connectedness and Inequality: Beyond the “Divide”
This article presents the Internet Connectedness Index (ICI), a measure for monitoring long-term inequalities in the quality of Internet connections among users, especially in terms of whether Internet connections will enhance the chances of people's upward mobility. This index is preferable to more established digital divide measures (e.g., gadgetry ownership or time online) for research on how the Internet is being incorporated into a world of …
Critical Essays and Reviews
The Information Have-Less: Inequality, Mobility, and Translocal Networks in Chinese Cities
Through the Prism of the Internet Cafe: Managing Access in an Ecology of Games
Using the ecology of games perspective, this article analyzes China's regulation of internet cafes. Based on the analyses of regulatory documents, interviews, and news coverage, we identify three games fundamental to our understanding of the subject: (1) the establishment of national regulatory regime, (2) local policy implementation, and (3) market competition. We situate the discussion of game players, their goals, strategies, and performances …
Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective
How wireless technology is redefining the relationship of communication, technology, and society around the world—in everyday work and life, in youth culture, in politics, and in the developing world.Wireless networks are the fastest growing communications technology in history. Are mobile phones expressions of identity, fashionable gadgets, tools for life—or all of the above? Mobile Communication and Society looks at how the possibility of multi…
The accidental accomplishment of Little Smart: Understanding the emergence of a working-class ICT
This article analyzes one of China's most prominent working-class ICTs, Little Smart ( xiaolingtong ), an inexpensive wireless technology which offers limited mobility service at the price of a landline. The case analysis examines how the technology works and diffuses, why it could emerge so rapidly amid structural transformations of China's telecom reform and the subsequent co-evolution between market dynamics and state policy at the local, nati…
Wireless Working-Class ICTs and the Chinese Informational City
The author would like to thank the conference organizers, Gerard Goggin and Louise Hjorth, who with their colleague Alice Crawford guest edited this issue. I would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers.This paper includes some data and analysis drawn from the author's new book, Working-Class Network Society (in print, MIT Press), which was funded by the Ford Foundation—Beijing. It is the first attempt to connect wireless, working-class ICT w…
Mobile Civil Society in Asia: A Comparative Study of People Power II and the Nosamo Movement
Much of the research on communication and democracy continues to lean on Jürgen Habermas's work.However, many aspects of his approach have been intensely criticised in recent debates, both in communication studies and political theory.Habermas's emphasis on rational consensus as the aim of public communication has particularly been problematised.One of the most prominent critics, Chantal Mouff e and her agonistic model of democracy, have increasi…
Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective
Working-class network society: Communication technology and the information have-less in urban China
China: Media liberalization under authoritarianism
Network labour and non-elite knowledge workers in China
This paper offers a preliminary analysis of Chinese non-elite knowledge workers, their use of information technologies as tools of employment as well as worker organisation, and the emergent process of network labour formation. It opens by presenting a conceptual framework for understanding non-elite knowledge workers, their social contexts, types, and the interrelationships among these types, paying special attention to new types of digital work…
A City of Ten Years: Public/Private Internet Development in Nanhai
Does the Internet, a key technological infrastructure in contemporary urban China, facilitate the emergence of private entrepreneurs and autonomous citizens? Who deserves the credit? Chinese national leaders answered “yes” to the first question and pointed to themselves as the answer to the second. This essay maintains, however, that local state actors played the central and effectively centralizing role in informatization (xinxihua) projects in …
Mobile Handsets From The Bottom Up: Appropriation And Innovation In The Global South
This chapter provides a general mapping of grassroots practices associated with an alternative mobile handset culture that has emerged from the bottom up in the Global South. The authors highlight the social, economic, and institutional factors – in local as well as transnational contexts – that have contributed to “flexible” handsets and grassroots practices within this alternative model of social innovation. Drawing upon theories of user approp…
Circuits of Labour: A Labour Theory of the iPhone Era
This paper questions the binary of material and immaterial labour in the information era. Instead, we propose a “circuits of labour” model, a holistic framework that helps connect various concepts and traditions in the study of labour and ICT (information and communication technology). Inspired by du Gay et al’s “circuit of culture”, we argue conventional frameworks need to be synthesized and updated to reflect fundamental changes and persisting …
The Social in the Mobile
The new media cultures of Chinese migrant workers
The new media cultures of Chinese migrant workers - 1
Communication and society: Political economy and cultural analyses (chuanbo yu shehui: zhengzhi jingji yu wenhua fenxi)
Each year in China, hundreds of books on journalism, communication, and media studies hit the shelves. At least half of them are translated from foreign languages, particularly English. Of the rema
Go Baobao! Image-Driven Nationalism, Generation Post-1980s, and Mainland Students in Hong Kong
This article provides a historical overview of image-driven nationalism with special emphasis attached to (a) the transforming culture of online nationalism that underlies college-student forums such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology bulletin board system (MIT BBS), which by 2006 had formed close relationships with major commercial forums championing anti-Japanese nationalism as a populist strategy, and (b) the generation of Chinese bo…
Reflections on Big Data: ‘Just because it is accessible does not make it ethical’
Drawing from observations in China and from world history, this is a reflection on boyd and Crawford’s provocation on social problems related to Big Data, especially ‘Just because it is accessible does not make it ethnical’
Roundtable Discussion of “Media Narratives and China’s Future”
Understanding digital cultures
Key thinkers in critical communication scholarship: From the pioneers to the next generation
Introduction 1. Noam Chomsky John A. Lent and Michelle A. Amazeen 2. Christian Fuchs Michelle A. Amazeen 3. Edward S. Herman John A. Lent and Michelle A. Amazeen 4. John A. Lent Gerald Sussman and Michelle A. Amazeen 5. Robert W. McChesney Michelle A. Amazeen 6. Eileen Meehan John A. Lent 7. Vincent Mosco John A. Lent 8. Graham Murdock Michelle A. Amazeen 9. Manjunath Pendakur Michelle A. Amazeen 10. Gerald Sussman John A. Lent 11. Janet Wasko Jo…
Goodbye iSlave: A Manifesto for Digital Abolition
Welcome to a brave new world of capitalism propelled by high tech, guarded by enterprising authority, and carried forward by millions of laborers. Gathered into mammoth factory complexes and terrified into obedience, these workers feed the world's addiction to iPhones and other commodities—a generation of iSlaves trapped in a global economic system that relies upon and studiously ignores their oppression. Focusing on the alliance between Apple an…
Political science (39 works) · Sociology (37 works) · Computer Science (24 works) · Law (24 works) · China (22 works) · Politics (21 works) · China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance (18 works) · Digital Economy and Work Transformation (13 works) · Media studies (12 works) · Public relations (12 works)