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Lion Schulz

Biographic Data

ID3863967
NAMELion Schulz
GIVEN NAMESLion
FAMILY NAMESchulz
SIGNATURESCHULZ L
AFFILIATIONSMax Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
ORCID0000-0003-1841-1273
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS2
TOTAL CITATIONS0
AUTHOR COUNT2
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR2023
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2025
H-INDEX0
  • Playing repeated games with large language models

    Open Access•Elif Akata, Lion Schulz et al.•ARTICLE•Nature Human Behaviour•2025•References: 46

    Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications where they interact with humans and other agents. We propose to use behavioural game theory to study LLMs' cooperation and coordination behaviour. Here we let different LLMs play finitely repeated 2 × 2 games with each other, with human-like strategies, and actual human players. Our results show that LLMs perform particularly well at self-interested games such as the iterated Pris…

  • A (Dis-)information Theory of Revealed and Unrevealed Preferences

    Open Access•Nitay Alon, Lion Schulz et al.•ARTICLE•Open MIND•2023

    In complex situations involving communication, agents might attempt to mask their intentions, exploiting Shannon’s theory of information as a theory of misinformation. Here, we introduce and analyze a simple multiagent reinforcement learning task where a buyer sends signals to a seller via its actions, and in which both agents are endowed with a recursive theory of mind. We show that this theory of mind, coupled with pure reward-maximization, giv…

No prominent works on this page.

  • A (Dis-)information Theory of Revealed and Unrevealed Preferences

    Open Access•Nitay Alon, Lion Schulz et al.•ARTICLE•Open MIND•2023

    In complex situations involving communication, agents might attempt to mask their intentions, exploiting Shannon’s theory of information as a theory of misinformation. Here, we introduce and analyze a simple multiagent reinforcement learning task where a buyer sends signals to a seller via its actions, and in which both agents are endowed with a recursive theory of mind. We show that this theory of mind, coupled with pure reward-maximization, giv…

  • Playing repeated games with large language models

    Open Access•Elif Akata, Lion Schulz et al.•ARTICLE•Nature Human Behaviour•2025•References: 46

    Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications where they interact with humans and other agents. We propose to use behavioural game theory to study LLMs' cooperation and coordination behaviour. Here we let different LLMs play finitely repeated 2 × 2 games with each other, with human-like strategies, and actual human players. Our results show that LLMs perform particularly well at self-interested games such as the iterated Pris…

Computer Science (2 works) · Computer security (2 works) · Economics (2 works) · Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation (2 works) · Mathematics (2 works) · Psychology (2 works) · Social Psychology (2 works) · Adversary (1 work) · Battle (1 work) · Cognition (1 work)

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