Shane D Johnson
Biographic Data
| ID | 3877404 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Shane D Johnson |
| GIVEN NAMES | Shane D |
| FAMILY NAME | Johnson |
| SIGNATURE | JOHNSON S D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0184-9896 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 62 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 71 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 38 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 24 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Mapping current and potential criminal and security issues associated with climate change mitigation technologies
Our transition to a low-carbon future critically depends on technologies to mitigate climate change (CCMTs). These include renewable energies, carbon capture, utilisation and sequestration (CCUS), and electric vehicles. As many of them are still evolving technologies, they will likely present novel crime and security risks. Unfortunately, knowledge about such risks is still limited and fragmentary. This scoping review aims to bridge this gap and …
A scoping review of metaverse-facilitated child sexual abuse
This scoping review investigated the complexities of child sexual abuse that is or could be facilitated by the metaverse. Following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, and synthesising insights from 28 diverse sources, it systematically maps existing threats, uncovers gaps in knowledge, and outlines potential solutions. The review provides a narrative analys…
A Holistic Network Analysis of the Money Laundering Threat Landscape: Assessing Criminal Typologies, Resilience and Implications for Disruption
Opportunities to future crime: Scoping the future of money laundering and terrorist financing through cryptoassets
Understanding and preventing the advertisement and sale of illicit drugs to young people through social media: A multidisciplinary scoping review
The Effect of Covid-19 Restrictions on Routine Activities and Online Crime
Enhancing the horizon scanning utility of futures-oriented systematic and scoping reviews
Size isn't everything: Understanding the relationship between police workforce and crime problems
If and how policing affects crime has long been studied. On the relationship between police force size and crime, different authors come to different conclusions. This study examines the relationship between police resourcing, including workforce size, structure and stability over time using data for 42 police forces in the UK over a 13-year period. We construct two novel panel datasets. The first comprises measures of police workforce Size, Stru…
A scoping study of crime facilitated by the metaverse
The metaverse is an emerging convergence of technologies (e.g., virtual reality and blockchains) that enables users to experience mixed/extended realities for various legitimate purposes (e.g., gaming, tourism, manufacturing and education). Unfortunately, the crime and security implications of emerging technologies are often overlooked. To anticipate crimes that the metaverse might facilitate, we report the findings of a nominal group technique (…
Absence of Street Lighting May Prevent Vehicle Crime, but Spatial and Temporal Displacement Remains a Concern
Preventing the money laundering and terrorist financing risks of emerging technologies: An international policy Delphi study
Household occupancy and burglary: A case study using Covid-19 restrictions
From a theoretical perspective, the results generally provide further support for routine activity perspective. From a practical perspective, they suggest considerations for anticipating future burglary trends
The future of biotechnology crime: A parallel Delphi study with non-traditional experts
The way science is practiced is changing and forecasting biotechnology crime trends remains a challenge as future misuses become more sophisticated. A parallel Delphi study was conducted to elicit future biotechnology scenarios from two groups of experts. Traditional experts, such as professionals in national security/intelligence, were interviewed. They were asked to forecast emerging crime trends facilitated by biotechnology and what should be …
Are Repeatedly Extorted Businesses Different? A Multilevel Hurdle Model of Extortion Victimization
Assessing the Spatial Concentration of Urban Crime: An Insight from Nigeria
Understanding the concept of ‘demand’ in policing: A scoping review and resulting implications for demand management
As literature around policing and society grows, there is increased use of, and focus upon the concept of police ‘demand’. The concept itself, however, is ill-defined and no consensus exists about how it should be measured. This paper addresses these issues by undertaking a scoping review of literature on the topic, and by exploring how demand has been conceptualised in both academic and practitioner communities. The review reveals that while key…
Law Breaking and Law Bending: How International Migrants Negotiate with State Borders
Many countries have become increasingly aggressive in their efforts to stop unauthorized migration, but most evidence suggests that immigration enforcement policies do not effectively deter migrants. We draw on literature from social psychology, specifically the dual-system model of decision-making, which differentiates between judgments that are subject to considerations of risks and costs and judgments that are “non-consequentialist.” Non-conse…
Spatial interaction and security: A review and case study of the Syrian refugee crisis
Sir Alan Wilson's ideas have been highly influential in the modelling of phenomena including migration, transport and economics. Latterly, research has explored the application of similar ideas to new problems at larger scales. Many of these studies relate to global challenges with significant policy implications. Here, we present an example in the form of original empirical work concerning forced migration associated with the current Syrian refu…
The exacerbating effect of police presence: A multivariate point process analysis of the Naxal conflict
The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Criminology
The study of how the environment, local geography, and physical locations influence crime has a long history that stretches across a number of research traditions. These include the neighborhood-effects approach developed by the Chicago school of sociology in the 1920s; modern environmental criminology that explains the geographic distribution of crime; the criminology of place, which focuses on crime rates at specific places over time; and a new…
Computer Simulations
In recent years, the field of social simulation has been dominated by the individual, or agent-based, computational model (ABM). ABMs provide unique means to explore complex social systems by allowing researchers to construct explicit models of the individual actors and interactions that make them up - people, peer groups, companies, nations, trade, reproduction, victimization, and so on, This chapter aims to provide the reader with a primer in t…
Egohoods
This chapter focuses on a different conception of ecological space known as egohoods. It motivates the use of egohoods regarding the three features of routine activities theory: suitable targets, motivated offenders, and capable guardians. It discusses the spatial patterns of these three concepts and how egohoods as a geographic unit are well suited to capture their dynamic processes. It asks: what are the consequences of sociodemographic and bus…
Organized Crime and Places
This chapter begins by discussing the three types of organized crime—racketeering, transit crime, and the local provision of illegal goods and services—and the significance of place. It then considers the role of places and the (built) environment for organized crime. The main message is that place has a different meaning for these three types of organized crime and raises several theoretical challenges. As these types of organized crime often re…
What Have We Learned from Environmental Criminology for the Prevention of Crime?
A recent study of the role of theory in modern-day crime prevention makes the case that situational crime prevention (SCP), compared to the two other major crime prevention strategies of developmental and community prevention, has had a greater influence on practice. This chapter surveys environmental criminology’s contribution to the prevention of crime. It does so through the lens of SCP and its highly influential classification system. As one …
Mobility and Location Choice of Offenders
This chapter analyzes the main topics and questions about offender mobility and crime location choice in terms of individual motivations, resources, constraints, and decisions. It begins with a brief overview of the four main frameworks that have been used to theorize offender mobility and crime location choice. This is followed by a characterization of general human mobility as a series of cyclical movements between a limited set of anchor point…
Target Choice During Extreme Events: A Discrete Spatial Choice Model of the 2011 London Riots
Riots are extreme events, and much of the early research on rioting suggested that the decision making of rioters was far from rational and could only be understood from the perspective of a collective mind. In the current study, we derive and test a set of expectations regarding rioter spatial decision making developed from theories originally intended to explain patterns of urban crime when law and order prevail—crime pattern and social disorga…
UK open source crime data: Accuracy and possibilities for research
In the United Kingdom, since 2011 data regarding individual police recorded crimes have been made openly available to the public via the police.uk website. To protect the location privacy of victims these data are obfuscated using geomasking techniques to reduce their spatial accuracy. This paper examines the spatial accuracy of the police.uk data to determine at what level(s) of spatial resolution – if any – it is suitable for analysis in the co…
Role of the Street Network in Burglars' Spatial Decision‐making
Explaining why crime is spatially concentrated has been a central theme of much criminological research. Although various theories focus on neighborhood social processes, environmental criminology asserts that the physical environment plays a central role by shaping people's activity patterns and the opportunities for crime. Here, we test theoretical expectations regarding the role of the road network in shaping the spatial distribution of crime …
The Battle for Baghdad: Testing Hypotheses About Insurgency From Risk Heterogeneity, Repeat Victimization, and Denial Policing Approaches
The Iraqi Insurgency (2003–2011) has commonly been characterized as demonstrating the tendency for violence to cluster and diffuse at the local level. Recent research has demonstrated that insurgent attacks in Iraq cluster in time and space in a manner similar to that observed for the spread of a disease. The current study employs a variety of approaches common to the scientific study of criminal activities to advance our understanding of the cor…
Is crime analysis at the heart of policing practice? A case study
Following the introduction of National Intelligence Model (NIM) in 2004, this paper explores whether crime analysis has been integrated into policing practice. Fieldwork was conducted in one UK police force with both analysts and police officers. Findings from the analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions suggest that while crime analysis is acknowledged as being central to the business of everyday policing, police office…
A scoping study of crime facilitated by the metaverse
The metaverse is an emerging convergence of technologies (e.g., virtual reality and blockchains) that enables users to experience mixed/extended realities for various legitimate purposes (e.g., gaming, tourism, manufacturing and education). Unfortunately, the crime and security implications of emerging technologies are often overlooked. To anticipate crimes that the metaverse might facilitate, we report the findings of a nominal group technique (…
The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: Controlled interrupted time series analysis
BACKGROUND: Many local authorities in England and Wales have reduced street lighting at night to save money and reduce carbon emissions. There is no evidence to date on whether these reductions impact on public health. We quantified the effect of 4 street lighting adaptation strategies (switch off, part-night lighting, dimming and white light) on casualties and crime in England and Wales. METHODS: Observational study based on analysis of geograph…
Evaluating Crime Prevention Scheme Success: Estimating ‘Outcomes’ or How Many Crimes Were Prevented
Research demonstrates that certain crime prevention techniques work. Accordingly, current evaluations focus on what works and where. One of the key elements in assessing crime prevention success is determining the number of crimes prevented. This allows the cost-effectiveness of schemes to be assessed and different schemes to be meaningfully compared. Evaluation studies of what works include a variety of different approaches, some more robust tha…
Opportunity Is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Role of Publicity in Crime Prevention
Research Summary: Data concerning burglary rates and, among other things, the timing and intensity of publicity campaigns were acquired for 21 burglary reduction schemes. Statistical analyses showed clear effects of publicity as follows: (1) schemes that employed stand‐alone publicity campaigns were the most effective in reducing burglary; (2) time‐series analyses demonstrated that burglary reduction was coincident with intense periods of publici…
Size isn't everything: Understanding the relationship between police workforce and crime problems
If and how policing affects crime has long been studied. On the relationship between police force size and crime, different authors come to different conclusions. This study examines the relationship between police resourcing, including workforce size, structure and stability over time using data for 42 police forces in the UK over a 13-year period. We construct two novel panel datasets. The first comprises measures of police workforce Size, Stru…
The concentration of cash-in-transit robbery
The future of biotechnology crime: A parallel Delphi study with non-traditional experts
The way science is practiced is changing and forecasting biotechnology crime trends remains a challenge as future misuses become more sophisticated. A parallel Delphi study was conducted to elicit future biotechnology scenarios from two groups of experts. Traditional experts, such as professionals in national security/intelligence, were interviewed. They were asked to forecast emerging crime trends facilitated by biotechnology and what should be …
The exacerbating effect of police presence: A multivariate point process analysis of the Naxal conflict
Uncovering the True Picture: Evaluating Crime Reduction Initiatives Using Disaggregate Crime Data
Uncovering the True Picture: Evaluating Crime Reduction Initiatives Using Disaggregate Crime Data
Opportunity Is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Role of Publicity in Crime Prevention
Research Summary: Data concerning burglary rates and, among other things, the timing and intensity of publicity campaigns were acquired for 21 burglary reduction schemes. Statistical analyses showed clear effects of publicity as follows: (1) schemes that employed stand‐alone publicity campaigns were the most effective in reducing burglary; (2) time‐series analyses demonstrated that burglary reduction was coincident with intense periods of publici…
Evaluating Crime Prevention Scheme Success: Estimating ‘Outcomes’ or How Many Crimes Were Prevented
Research demonstrates that certain crime prevention techniques work. Accordingly, current evaluations focus on what works and where. One of the key elements in assessing crime prevention success is determining the number of crimes prevented. This allows the cost-effectiveness of schemes to be assessed and different schemes to be meaningfully compared. Evaluation studies of what works include a variety of different approaches, some more robust tha…
Victimisation and Re-victimisation Risk, Housing Type and Area: A Study of Interactions
Space–Time Patterns of Risk: A Cross National Assessment of Residential Burglary Victimization
Permeability and Burglary Risk: Are Cul-de-Sacs Safer?
The concentration of cash-in-transit robbery
Exploring Theories of Victimization Using a Mathematical Model of Burglary
Research concerned with burglary indicates that it is clustered not only at places but also in time. Some homes are victimized repeatedly, and the risk to neighbors of victimized homes is temporarily elevated. The latter type of burglary is referred to as a near repeat. Two theories have been proposed to explain observed patterns. The boost hypothesis states that risk is elevated following an event reflecting offender foraging activity. The flag …
Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits
This article reviews the research concerned with crime displacement. It summarizes previous reviews on crime displacement and describes the search strategy used to identify studies for inclusion. It then considers the analytical approach and methodological challenges for studies concerned with crime displacement. This article also aims to study the available evidence on the extent to which situational crime-prevention interventions geographically…
Target Choice During Extreme Events: A Discrete Spatial Choice Model of the 2011 London Riots
Riots are extreme events, and much of the early research on rioting suggested that the decision making of rioters was far from rational and could only be understood from the perspective of a collective mind. In the current study, we derive and test a set of expectations regarding rioter spatial decision making developed from theories originally intended to explain patterns of urban crime when law and order prevail—crime pattern and social disorga…
Modelling Maritime Piracy: A Spatial Approach
This paper presents a model to generate dynamic patterns of maritime piracy. Model details, outputs and calibration are illustrated. The model presented here is a tool to estimate the number of pirates and their area of action. The Gulf of Aden is considered as a case study, and data on pirate attacks, vessels routes and flows through the Gulf of Aden in the year 2010 are used to build the model. Agent-based modelling is employed to simulate pira…
UK open source crime data: Accuracy and possibilities for research
In the United Kingdom, since 2011 data regarding individual police recorded crimes have been made openly available to the public via the police.uk website. To protect the location privacy of victims these data are obfuscated using geomasking techniques to reduce their spatial accuracy. This paper examines the spatial accuracy of the police.uk data to determine at what level(s) of spatial resolution – if any – it is suitable for analysis in the co…
Examining the Relationship Between Road Structure and Burglary Risk Via Quantitative Network Analysis
Objectives To test the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of residential burglary is shaped by the configuration of the street network, as predicted by, for example, crime pattern theory. In particular, the study examines whether burglary risk is higher on street segments with higher usage potential. Methods Residential burglary data for Birmingham (UK) are examined at the street segment level using a hierarchical linear model. Estimates of…
Place Matters: Criminology for the Twenty-First Century
Over the last two decades, there has been increased interest in the distribution of crime and other antisocial behavior at lower levels of geography. The focus on micro geography and its contribution to the understanding and prevention of crime has been called the 'criminology of place'. It pushes scholars to examine small geographic areas within cities, often as small as addresses or street segments, for their contribution to crime. Here, the au…
The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: Controlled interrupted time series analysis
BACKGROUND: Many local authorities in England and Wales have reduced street lighting at night to save money and reduce carbon emissions. There is no evidence to date on whether these reductions impact on public health. We quantified the effect of 4 street lighting adaptation strategies (switch off, part-night lighting, dimming and white light) on casualties and crime in England and Wales. METHODS: Observational study based on analysis of geograph…
The Battle for Baghdad: Testing Hypotheses About Insurgency From Risk Heterogeneity, Repeat Victimization, and Denial Policing Approaches
The Iraqi Insurgency (2003–2011) has commonly been characterized as demonstrating the tendency for violence to cluster and diffuse at the local level. Recent research has demonstrated that insurgent attacks in Iraq cluster in time and space in a manner similar to that observed for the spread of a disease. The current study employs a variety of approaches common to the scientific study of criminal activities to advance our understanding of the cor…
Is crime analysis at the heart of policing practice? A case study
Following the introduction of National Intelligence Model (NIM) in 2004, this paper explores whether crime analysis has been integrated into policing practice. Fieldwork was conducted in one UK police force with both analysts and police officers. Findings from the analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions suggest that while crime analysis is acknowledged as being central to the business of everyday policing, police office…
Does the Configuration of the Street Network Influence Where Outdoor Serious Violence Takes Place? Using Space Syntax to Test Crime Pattern Theory
To examine the effect of the physical layout of the street network on the spatial distribution of outdoor serious violence. Crime pattern theory predicts crime would be more prevalent on more connected, accessible or traveled street segments, as these will be more likely to fall within an offender’s awareness space. The distribution of incidents of outdoor murder, attempted murder and other near-lethal violent crimes that occurred in one London (…
Role of the Street Network in Burglars' Spatial Decision‐making
Explaining why crime is spatially concentrated has been a central theme of much criminological research. Although various theories focus on neighborhood social processes, environmental criminology asserts that the physical environment plays a central role by shaping people's activity patterns and the opportunities for crime. Here, we test theoretical expectations regarding the role of the road network in shaping the spatial distribution of crime …
The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Criminology
The study of how the environment, local geography, and physical locations influence crime has a long history that stretches across a number of research traditions. These include the neighborhood-effects approach developed by the Chicago school of sociology in the 1920s; modern environmental criminology that explains the geographic distribution of crime; the criminology of place, which focuses on crime rates at specific places over time; and a new…
Computer Simulations
In recent years, the field of social simulation has been dominated by the individual, or agent-based, computational model (ABM). ABMs provide unique means to explore complex social systems by allowing researchers to construct explicit models of the individual actors and interactions that make them up - people, peer groups, companies, nations, trade, reproduction, victimization, and so on, This chapter aims to provide the reader with a primer in t…
Egohoods
This chapter focuses on a different conception of ecological space known as egohoods. It motivates the use of egohoods regarding the three features of routine activities theory: suitable targets, motivated offenders, and capable guardians. It discusses the spatial patterns of these three concepts and how egohoods as a geographic unit are well suited to capture their dynamic processes. It asks: what are the consequences of sociodemographic and bus…
Organized Crime and Places
This chapter begins by discussing the three types of organized crime—racketeering, transit crime, and the local provision of illegal goods and services—and the significance of place. It then considers the role of places and the (built) environment for organized crime. The main message is that place has a different meaning for these three types of organized crime and raises several theoretical challenges. As these types of organized crime often re…
What Have We Learned from Environmental Criminology for the Prevention of Crime?
A recent study of the role of theory in modern-day crime prevention makes the case that situational crime prevention (SCP), compared to the two other major crime prevention strategies of developmental and community prevention, has had a greater influence on practice. This chapter surveys environmental criminology’s contribution to the prevention of crime. It does so through the lens of SCP and its highly influential classification system. As one …
Mobility and Location Choice of Offenders
This chapter analyzes the main topics and questions about offender mobility and crime location choice in terms of individual motivations, resources, constraints, and decisions. It begins with a brief overview of the four main frameworks that have been used to theorize offender mobility and crime location choice. This is followed by a characterization of general human mobility as a series of cyclical movements between a limited set of anchor point…
Crime Patterns and Interventions (49 works) · Criminology (41 works) · Sociology (40 works) · Computer Science (38 works) · Political science (29 works) · Psychology (29 works) · Geography (27 works) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (22 works) · Law (19 works) · Business (14 works)