François Foret
Biographic Data
| ID | 389442 |
|---|---|
| NAME | François Foret |
| GIVEN NAMES | François |
| FAMILY NAME | Foret |
| SIGNATURE | FORET F |
| AFFILIATIONS | Université Libre de Bruxelles |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7129-5462 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 42 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 78 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 40 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
ArtScience, au-delà des possibles
European political narratives in higher education: Towards an ever-stronger politicisation
Overview of RelEP2 (2019–2024) findings. Is there a politicisation of and through religion in the European Parliament
This overview presents some outcomes of the survey ‘Religion in the European Parliament and in European multilevel governance’ (RelEP2) pursued during the term 2019–2024. It focuses on the way politicisation may occur in two capacities: politicisation through religion by its effects on the functioning of the European Parliament (EP) as an institution and on political belongings and cleavages; politicisation of religion as an issue or a set of act…
A republic uncomfortable with what comes from above (God or Europe): Political representation and laïcité in Europeanising France
France is regularly singled out in comparative studies for its ‘laïcité’, which is assumed to lead to the conflictual separation of politics and religion. The aim of this contribution is to discuss the actual specificity of French laïcité in comparison to other member states of the European Union (EU) regarding the interactions between nation, Europe, and religion. Empirically, we rely on a survey of five French members of the European Parliament…
An introduction to ‘Religion in the European Parliament: Between nation and Europe’
This contribution introduces a collection that presents selected findings of the second wave of the project 'Religion in the European Parliament and in European multilevel governance' (RelEP2) pursued during the term 2019-2024, after a first wave in 2009 -2014 (RelEP1) (RelEP1).This new research was necessary for at least two reasons leading to an apparent paradox: first, the ongoing secularisation of European societies which has increasingly que…
Strasbourg, « capitale de l’Europe »: Un autre rapport du citoyen aux institutions européennes
Strasbourg comme « capitale européenne » constitue un terrain privilégié d’étude de la socialisation des citoyens à l’UE pour tester deux hypothèses. D’une part, la proximité des institutions européennes peut favoriser des interactions directes. D’autre part, le fait de vivre au centre symbolique du système européen peut fonctionner comme une gratification identitaire renforçant l’identification et le soutien à l’UE. Les résultats d’un sondage au…
Towards an ever stronger politicization? How members of the European Parliament deal with values in social networks
Since the 2000s, the reference to ‘values’ has become a key topic in the legitimation and politicization of the European Union (EU). This article studies to which extent and how members of the European Parliament (MEPs) mobilize values in their Facebook communication and whether it contributes to the politicization – understood as polarization – of their discourse.Our findings show that references to values are minor in MEPs’ Facebook discourse. …
Standing for Europe: Citizens' perceptions of European symbols as evidence of a “banal Europeanism
This article analyses the perception of the symbols of the European Union (EU) by citizens. Relying on a survey of a representative sample of the population in eight countries (France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom) carried out in December 2020, it investigates to which extent these symbols are considered as good representations of the EU and differences related to political, cultural, social and economic …
The ‘European way of life’, a new narrative for the EU? Institutions’ vs citizens’ view
The ‘European way of life’ (EWOL) has emerged as a new narrative in the communication of the European Union (EU) after the 2019 European elections. The article analyses the social relevance and meanings of this legitimizing narrative against the background of similar past communicative attempts; and compares its framing by EU institutions with its understanding by citizens. We rely on the results of a survey exploring the cultural and normative f…
Value Politics in the European Union: From Market to Culture and Back
Si loin, si proches ? La perception par les citoyens de la présence des institutions internationales à Bruxelles
La perception par les citoyens de la présence des institutions internationales à Bruxelles reste sous-étudiée. Notre étude contribue à combler ce manque via un sondage mené sur un échantillon représentatif de Bruxellois en septembre 2021. L’objectif est d’analyser les représentations et pratiques de la population locale à l’égard des institutions internationales. Nos données montrent qu’une évaluation positive est faite des apports de ces dernièr…
Zo ver of zo dichtbij? Perceptie van de burger over de aanwezigheid van de internationale instellingen in Brussel
La perception par les citoyens de la présence des institutions internationales à Bruxelles reste sous-étudiée. Notre étude contribue à combler ce manque via un sondage mené sur un échantillon représentatif de Bruxellois en septembre 2021. L’objectif est d’analyser les représentations et pratiques de la population locale à l’égard des institutions internationales. Nos données montrent qu’une évaluation positive est faite des apports de ces dernièr…
So far, so close? Citizens' perception of the presence of international institutions in Brussels
La perception par les citoyens de la présence des institutions internationales à Bruxelles reste sous-étudiée. Notre étude contribue à combler ce manque via un sondage mené sur un échantillon représentatif de Bruxellois en septembre 2021. L’objectif est d’analyser les représentations et pratiques de la population locale à l’égard des institutions internationales. Nos données montrent qu’une évaluation positive est faite des apports de ces dernièr…
Fundamental right or political value? The evolution of ‘freedom of religion or belief’ in the European Union’s legitimation and public action
In the last decade, freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) emerged as part of the European Union’s (EU) agenda in two ways: first, through attempts of its institutionalisation as a full-fledged diplomatic issue by the European External Action Service; and, second, as a bone of contention in EU internal affairs through its instrumentalization by national leaders, such as Hungarian Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán, who advocated for ‘Christian religious …
How the European union deals with surrogacy. Birth without borders as a driver of value conflicts
Surrogacy has appeared in the European Union (EU)’s agenda since the early 2010s following the rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the advisory opinions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the rejection of this practice by the European Parliament (EP). This is part of a broader evolution imposing surrogacy as a transnational issue setting major ethical challenges. Against this background, our research ques…
The Prize of Governance. How the European Union Uses Symbolic Distinctions to Mobilize Society and Foster Competitiveness
Since its origins, the European Union (EU) has increasingly relied on prizes to highlight the values and principles channelling European integration. In the last two decades, such symbolic tools of governance have shifted away from the kind of distinctions granted by elites to elites and aiming to honour prominent figures offered as role models mainly in the field of identity, memory and cultural policies. In an increasingly market‐oriented Europ…
European Morality Politics in the European Union: The Case of Prostitution
The EU counter-radicalisation strategy as “business as usual”? How European political routine resists radical religion
The emergence of an EU counter-radicalisation (CR) strategy has challenged the usual reluctance of European institutions to tackle value-loaded issues. This article examines whether this new policy alters EU policy-making and especially its approach to religion. It illuminates, first, the triggers of such a CR strategy (traumatic events, popular expectations and international influences). Still, usual patterns of EU public action apply to reduce …
New challenge, old solutions? Religion and counter-radicalisation in the European Parliament and the radicalisation awareness network
This article explores the implementation of the European Union’s (EU) counter-radicalisation strategy (EUCRS) and its treatment of religion. It focuses on two EU institutional frameworks that entail processes of politicisation and depoliticisation through rationalisation: the European Parliament, as the EU’s political arena par excellence where value-loaded issues are debated, and the Radicalisation Awareness Network, as a technocratic body that …
Governing by prizes: How the European Union uses symbolic distinctions in its search for legitimacy
Since their creation and with an increasing intensity since the 1980s, European institutions have used prizes, labels and other distinctions as political resources to perform and legitimize their action. The purpose of this article is to make sense of this governance by prizes. It documents the occurrences, uses and meanings of European prizes and what it reveals of EU politics and policies. It shows how the EU mobilizes and updates the three usu…
Religion at the European Parliament and in European Multi-level Governance
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
De-legitimizing Europe”: Is the EU doing so on purpose
L’UE est communément perçue comme développant des politiques qui contribuent explicitement à sa délégitimation. Une hypothèse novatrice est que cela relève d’une stratégie délibérée de polarisation en poussant à l’extrême les oppositions afin de pouvoir mieux les retourner en sa faveur, selon la théorie de l’« upside-down legitimacy ». Des données empiriques inédites éclairent le caractère fictionnel ou réaliste de ce scénario, et sont ensuite di…
Religion and Politics in the European Union: The Secular Canopy
This book analyzes the place and influence of religion in European politics. François Foret presents the first data ever collected on the religious beliefs of European decision makers and what they do with these beliefs. Discussing popular assumptions such as the return of religion, aggressive European secularism, and religious lobbying, Foret offers objective data and non-normative conceptual frameworks to clarify some major issues in the contem…
Représentation démocratique et religion. Différences et convergences entre le parlement européen et la chambre des représentants américaine
Il est fréquent d’opposer l’Europe séculière à l’Amérique religieuse. En tant qu’assemblées représentatives de la diversité culturelle et de la souveraineté démocratique, les parlements sont les meilleures illustrations des arrangements mutuels entre religion et politique. Peu de données sont disponibles sur la religion au Parlement européen, par contraste avec l’abondante littérature sur le Congrès. S’appuyant sur la première enquête de ce genre…
Between faith, expertise and advocacy: The role of religion in European Union policy-making on immigration
This article analyses the place of religion in European immigration policy. Focusing on the role of faith-based organizations, the purpose is to know how religious issues, actors and references are dealt with in the policy-making process. The method relies on document analysis and qualitative interviews. Our conclusion is mixed: overall, the logics of interactions between religion and immigration are the same at the European and national levels. …
Political Roof and Sacred Canopy: Religion and the EU Constitution
Debate over the place of Christianity in European politics and society has made an important come-back. The Convention on the Future of Europe's deliberations over the EU Constitution has thrown into relief the role of religion in defining 'Europeanness'. In the context of a secularized Europe, Christianity is fighting for its institutional recognition and space in the public sphere. Religion may offer a cultural identity and work both to resist …
Religion at the European Parliament: An overview
SCOPUS: ar.j
Religion between Nation and Europe: The French and Belgian ‘No’ to the Christian Heritage of Europe
Religion has new salience in contemporary European politics, but its range and nature are still not properly understood. In contrast with most other member states, France and Belgium held a common position of refusal regarding any reference to the Christian heritage of Europe in the now defunct Constitutional Treaty. The two countries were however motivated by two different models of laïcité anchored in distinct socio-political historical paths: …
Towards an ever stronger politicization? How members of the European Parliament deal with values in social networks
Since the 2000s, the reference to ‘values’ has become a key topic in the legitimation and politicization of the European Union (EU). This article studies to which extent and how members of the European Parliament (MEPs) mobilize values in their Facebook communication and whether it contributes to the politicization – understood as polarization – of their discourse.Our findings show that references to values are minor in MEPs’ Facebook discourse. …
The ‘European way of life’, a new narrative for the EU? Institutions’ vs citizens’ view
The ‘European way of life’ (EWOL) has emerged as a new narrative in the communication of the European Union (EU) after the 2019 European elections. The article analyses the social relevance and meanings of this legitimizing narrative against the background of similar past communicative attempts; and compares its framing by EU institutions with its understanding by citizens. We rely on the results of a survey exploring the cultural and normative f…
New challenge, old solutions? Religion and counter-radicalisation in the European Parliament and the radicalisation awareness network
This article explores the implementation of the European Union’s (EU) counter-radicalisation strategy (EUCRS) and its treatment of religion. It focuses on two EU institutional frameworks that entail processes of politicisation and depoliticisation through rationalisation: the European Parliament, as the EU’s political arena par excellence where value-loaded issues are debated, and the Radicalisation Awareness Network, as a technocratic body that …
Religion: A Solution or a Problem for the Legitimisation of the European Union
Religion is not a competency of the European Union (EU), but has been more and more an issue on its agenda. The question is to know whether this plays in favour of the legitimisation of a supra- or transnational polity, or represents a further obstacle to it. The central hypothesis discussed here is that religion in itself is less a specific problem than a revelator of the EU difficulty in dealing with any normative reference. Several examples ma…
Standing for Europe: Citizens' perceptions of European symbols as evidence of a “banal Europeanism
This article analyses the perception of the symbols of the European Union (EU) by citizens. Relying on a survey of a representative sample of the population in eight countries (France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom) carried out in December 2020, it investigates to which extent these symbols are considered as good representations of the EU and differences related to political, cultural, social and economic …
The EU counter-radicalisation strategy as “business as usual”? How European political routine resists radical religion
The emergence of an EU counter-radicalisation (CR) strategy has challenged the usual reluctance of European institutions to tackle value-loaded issues. This article examines whether this new policy alters EU policy-making and especially its approach to religion. It illuminates, first, the triggers of such a CR strategy (traumatic events, popular expectations and international influences). Still, usual patterns of EU public action apply to reduce …
Governing by prizes: How the European Union uses symbolic distinctions in its search for legitimacy
Since their creation and with an increasing intensity since the 1980s, European institutions have used prizes, labels and other distinctions as political resources to perform and legitimize their action. The purpose of this article is to make sense of this governance by prizes. It documents the occurrences, uses and meanings of European prizes and what it reveals of EU politics and policies. It shows how the EU mobilizes and updates the three usu…
Religion at the European Parliament’: Purposes, scope and limits of a survey on the religious beliefs of MEPs
SCOPUS: ed.j
European Morality Politics in the European Union: The Case of Prostitution
Symbolic dimensions of EU legitimization
SCOPUS: no.j
The Prize of Governance. How the European Union Uses Symbolic Distinctions to Mobilize Society and Foster Competitiveness
Since its origins, the European Union (EU) has increasingly relied on prizes to highlight the values and principles channelling European integration. In the last two decades, such symbolic tools of governance have shifted away from the kind of distinctions granted by elites to elites and aiming to honour prominent figures offered as role models mainly in the field of identity, memory and cultural policies. In an increasingly market‐oriented Europ…
Between faith, expertise and advocacy: The role of religion in European Union policy-making on immigration
This article analyses the place of religion in European immigration policy. Focusing on the role of faith-based organizations, the purpose is to know how religious issues, actors and references are dealt with in the policy-making process. The method relies on document analysis and qualitative interviews. Our conclusion is mixed: overall, the logics of interactions between religion and immigration are the same at the European and national levels. …
Dieu loin de Bruxelles: L'européanisation informelle du religieux
A republic uncomfortable with what comes from above (God or Europe): Political representation and laïcité in Europeanising France
France is regularly singled out in comparative studies for its ‘laïcité’, which is assumed to lead to the conflictual separation of politics and religion. The aim of this contribution is to discuss the actual specificity of French laïcité in comparison to other member states of the European Union (EU) regarding the interactions between nation, Europe, and religion. Empirically, we rely on a survey of five French members of the European Parliament…
Fundamental right or political value? The evolution of ‘freedom of religion or belief’ in the European Union’s legitimation and public action
In the last decade, freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) emerged as part of the European Union’s (EU) agenda in two ways: first, through attempts of its institutionalisation as a full-fledged diplomatic issue by the European External Action Service; and, second, as a bone of contention in EU internal affairs through its instrumentalization by national leaders, such as Hungarian Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán, who advocated for ‘Christian religious …
How the European union deals with surrogacy. Birth without borders as a driver of value conflicts
Surrogacy has appeared in the European Union (EU)’s agenda since the early 2010s following the rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the advisory opinions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the rejection of this practice by the European Parliament (EP). This is part of a broader evolution imposing surrogacy as a transnational issue setting major ethical challenges. Against this background, our research ques…
Legitimisation and regulation of and through values
Le numéro analyse l’ampleur, les modalités et les effets de l’émergence des valeurs dans le jeu politique, les politiques publiques et le système politique de l’UE. L’introduction présente la montée en puissance des valeurs sur l’agenda européens ; les différentes formes qu’elles peuvent prendre ; leurs effets comme facteurs de conflit, coopération ou légitimation ; les dispositifs et processus mis en place pour les réguler. Des articles thématiq…
French MEPs and religion: Europeanising ‘ laïcité ’
What French members of the European Parliament (MEPs) believe and what they do as a result of these beliefs can be understood in comparison with what we know about MEPs from other member-states on the one hand, and about French national members of Parliament (MPs) and citizens on the other hand. French MEPs do not diverge much from MEPs of other nationalities in the way they deal with religion at the policy level. Significant French specificities…
La mémoire européenne en action: Acteurs, enjeux et modalités de la mobilisation du passé comme ressource politique pour l'Union européenne
L’usage de la mémoire comme ressource politique par les institutions européennes ne renvoie pas nécessairement à la création d’un mythe fondateur sur le modèle de l’État-nation. Si la recherche du « grand récit » est bien présente parmi les motivations des acteurs, elle coexiste avec des stratégies visant d’autres types de légitimation ou poursuivant des intérêts de court terme. La montée en puissance d’une mémoire européenne ne signifie donc pas…
Quels présupposés pour la démocratie européenne ? Regards croisés sur le rôle du religieux »
Le débat constitutionnel européen a ravivé les interrogations sur la nature et les principes de légitimité de l’Union européenne. La dimension religieuse en a été l’un des points saillants, tant à travers la controverse sur la référence à l’héritage chrétien de l’Europe qu’au sujet de la participation des Eglises. Il s’agit de déterminer la nécessité et le contenu de présupposés normatifs pour la démocratie européenne. Trois analyses sont ici con…
Political Roof and Sacred Canopy: Religion and the EU Constitution
Debate over the place of Christianity in European politics and society has made an important come-back. The Convention on the Future of Europe's deliberations over the EU Constitution has thrown into relief the role of religion in defining 'Europeanness'. In the context of a secularized Europe, Christianity is fighting for its institutional recognition and space in the public sphere. Religion may offer a cultural identity and work both to resist …
The European Union and the Public Sphere: A Communicative Space In The Making?
SCOPUS: ch.b
Légitimer l’Europe: Pouvoir et symbolique à l’ère de la gouvernance
Après l'échec d'une Constitution européenne, la tentation est grande de tourner la page des débats institutionnels et théoriques pour revenir à une « Europe des projets » concrète, qui tirerait sa légitimité de ses résultats au quotidien. C'est oublier que des demandes politiques fondamentales ont été exprimées par les peuples et qu'elles attendent toujours des réponses : qui décide, au nom de qui et de quoi ? Où est le pouvoir? Comment s’inscrit…
Dieu loin de Bruxelles: L'européanisation informelle du religieux
Religion: A Solution or a Problem for the Legitimisation of the European Union
Religion is not a competency of the European Union (EU), but has been more and more an issue on its agenda. The question is to know whether this plays in favour of the legitimisation of a supra- or transnational polity, or represents a further obstacle to it. The central hypothesis discussed here is that religion in itself is less a specific problem than a revelator of the EU difficulty in dealing with any normative reference. Several examples ma…
Symbolic dimensions of EU legitimization
SCOPUS: no.j
Religion between Nation and Europe: The French and Belgian ‘No’ to the Christian Heritage of Europe
Religion has new salience in contemporary European politics, but its range and nature are still not properly understood. In contrast with most other member states, France and Belgium held a common position of refusal regarding any reference to the Christian heritage of Europe in the now defunct Constitutional Treaty. The two countries were however motivated by two different models of laïcité anchored in distinct socio-political historical paths: …
La mémoire européenne en action: Acteurs, enjeux et modalités de la mobilisation du passé comme ressource politique pour l'Union européenne
L’usage de la mémoire comme ressource politique par les institutions européennes ne renvoie pas nécessairement à la création d’un mythe fondateur sur le modèle de l’État-nation. Si la recherche du « grand récit » est bien présente parmi les motivations des acteurs, elle coexiste avec des stratégies visant d’autres types de légitimation ou poursuivant des intérêts de court terme. La montée en puissance d’une mémoire européenne ne signifie donc pas…
État, libéralisme et christianisme. Critique de la subsidiarité européenne
Politics of Religion in Western Europe: Modernities in Conflict?
Religion is becoming increasingly important to the study of political science and to re-examine key concepts, such as democracy, securitization, foreign policy analysis, and international relations. The secularization of Europe is often understood according to the concept of 'multiple modernities'--the idea that there may be several roads to modernity, which do not all mean the eradication of religion. This framework provides support for the view…
Religion and Fundamental Rights in European Politics: Convergences and Divisions at the European Parliament
Legitimisation and regulation of and through values
Le numéro analyse l’ampleur, les modalités et les effets de l’émergence des valeurs dans le jeu politique, les politiques publiques et le système politique de l’UE. L’introduction présente la montée en puissance des valeurs sur l’agenda européens ; les différentes formes qu’elles peuvent prendre ; leurs effets comme facteurs de conflit, coopération ou légitimation ; les dispositifs et processus mis en place pour les réguler. Des articles thématiq…
Conclusion
SCOPUS: ar.j
Religion at the European Parliament’: Purposes, scope and limits of a survey on the religious beliefs of MEPs
SCOPUS: ed.j
French MEPs and religion: Europeanising ‘ laïcité ’
What French members of the European Parliament (MEPs) believe and what they do as a result of these beliefs can be understood in comparison with what we know about MEPs from other member-states on the one hand, and about French national members of Parliament (MPs) and citizens on the other hand. French MEPs do not diverge much from MEPs of other nationalities in the way they deal with religion at the policy level. Significant French specificities…
Religion at the European Parliament: An overview
SCOPUS: ar.j
Religion and Politics in the European Union: The Secular Canopy
This book analyzes the place and influence of religion in European politics. François Foret presents the first data ever collected on the religious beliefs of European decision makers and what they do with these beliefs. Discussing popular assumptions such as the return of religion, aggressive European secularism, and religious lobbying, Foret offers objective data and non-normative conceptual frameworks to clarify some major issues in the contem…
Représentation démocratique et religion. Différences et convergences entre le parlement européen et la chambre des représentants américaine
Il est fréquent d’opposer l’Europe séculière à l’Amérique religieuse. En tant qu’assemblées représentatives de la diversité culturelle et de la souveraineté démocratique, les parlements sont les meilleures illustrations des arrangements mutuels entre religion et politique. Peu de données sont disponibles sur la religion au Parlement européen, par contraste avec l’abondante littérature sur le Congrès. S’appuyant sur la première enquête de ce genre…
Between faith, expertise and advocacy: The role of religion in European Union policy-making on immigration
This article analyses the place of religion in European immigration policy. Focusing on the role of faith-based organizations, the purpose is to know how religious issues, actors and references are dealt with in the policy-making process. The method relies on document analysis and qualitative interviews. Our conclusion is mixed: overall, the logics of interactions between religion and immigration are the same at the European and national levels. …
De-legitimizing Europe”: Is the EU doing so on purpose
L’UE est communément perçue comme développant des politiques qui contribuent explicitement à sa délégitimation. Une hypothèse novatrice est que cela relève d’une stratégie délibérée de polarisation en poussant à l’extrême les oppositions afin de pouvoir mieux les retourner en sa faveur, selon la théorie de l’« upside-down legitimacy ». Des données empiriques inédites éclairent le caractère fictionnel ou réaliste de ce scénario, et sont ensuite di…
Religion at the European Parliament and in European Multi-level Governance
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
The EU counter-radicalisation strategy as “business as usual”? How European political routine resists radical religion
The emergence of an EU counter-radicalisation (CR) strategy has challenged the usual reluctance of European institutions to tackle value-loaded issues. This article examines whether this new policy alters EU policy-making and especially its approach to religion. It illuminates, first, the triggers of such a CR strategy (traumatic events, popular expectations and international influences). Still, usual patterns of EU public action apply to reduce …
New challenge, old solutions? Religion and counter-radicalisation in the European Parliament and the radicalisation awareness network
This article explores the implementation of the European Union’s (EU) counter-radicalisation strategy (EUCRS) and its treatment of religion. It focuses on two EU institutional frameworks that entail processes of politicisation and depoliticisation through rationalisation: the European Parliament, as the EU’s political arena par excellence where value-loaded issues are debated, and the Radicalisation Awareness Network, as a technocratic body that …
Governing by prizes: How the European Union uses symbolic distinctions in its search for legitimacy
Since their creation and with an increasing intensity since the 1980s, European institutions have used prizes, labels and other distinctions as political resources to perform and legitimize their action. The purpose of this article is to make sense of this governance by prizes. It documents the occurrences, uses and meanings of European prizes and what it reveals of EU politics and policies. It shows how the EU mobilizes and updates the three usu…
Political science (40 works) · Law (27 works) · Politics (26 works) · Law (20 works) · Religion and Society Interactions (20 works) · Sociology (19 works) · European union (16 works) · Political economy (15 works) · Economics (12 works) · Humanities (11 works)