Martin J Shipley
Biographic Data
| ID | 3926840 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Martin J Shipley |
| GIVEN NAMES | Martin J |
| FAMILY NAME | Shipley |
| SIGNATURE | SHIPLEY M J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College London |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 40 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 369 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 40 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Trends in health and health inequality during the Japanese economic stagnation: Implications for a healthy planet
Although this study was a case study of one country, Japan, and inference to other countries cannot be made with certainty, the findings provide evidence that low economic growth over two decades did not inevitably translate to unfavourable population health. Japanese health inequalities according to income were stable during the study period. Therefore, this study highlighted the possibility that for high-income countries, low economic growth ma…
Association between socioeconomic status and the development of mental and physical health conditions in adulthood: A multi-cohort study
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic disadvantage is a risk factor for many diseases. We characterised cascades of these conditions by using a data-driven approach to examine the association between socioeconomic status and temporal sequences in the development of 56 common diseases and health conditions. METHODS: In this multi-cohort study, we used data from two Finnish prospective cohort studies: the Health and Social Support study and the Finnish Public …
Association of attrition with mortality: Findings from 11 waves over three decades of the Whitehall II study
Background Attrition, the loss of participants as a study progresses, is a considerable challenge in longitudinal studies. This study examined whether two forms of attrition, ‘withdrawal’ (formal discontinued participation) and ‘non-response’ (non-response among participants continuing in the study), have different associations with mortality and whether these associations differed across time in a multi-wave longitudinal study. Methods Participa…
Association of change in cognitive function from early adulthood to middle age with risk of cause-specific mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study
BACKGROUND: Studies with single baseline measurements of cognitive function consistently reveal inverse relationships with mortality risk. The relation of change in functioning, particularly from early in the life course, which may offer additional insights into causality, has not, to the best of our knowledge, been tested. AIMS: To examine the association of change in cognition between late adolescence and middle age with cause-specific mortalit…
Socioeconomic inequality in recovery from poor physical and mental health in mid-life and early old age: Prospective Whitehall II cohort study
BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the influence of socioeconomic status on recovery from poor physical and mental health. METHODS: Prospective study with four consecutive periods of follow-up (1991-2011) of 7564 civil servants (2228 women) recruited while working in London. Health was measured by the Short-Form 36 questionnaire physical and mental component scores assessed at beginning and end of each of four rounds. Poor health was defined b…
Biomarker assessment of tobacco smoking exposure and risk of dementia death: Pooling of individual participant data from 14 cohort studies
BACKGROUND: While there is a suggestion that self-reported tobacco smoking may be a risk factor for dementia, to date, it has not been possible to explore the thresholds at which this exposure elevates risk. Accordingly, our aim was to relate cotinine, a biomarker of tobacco smoking, to risk of dementia death. METHODS: We pooled 14 prospective cohort studies that held data on cotinine (plasma or saliva), covariates and death records. RESULTS: In …
Socioeconomic status and the 25 × 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: A multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1·7 million men and women
Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals
Social class inequalities in health among occupational cohorts from Finland, Britain and Japan: A follow up study
Health inequalities in Japan: The role of material, psychosocial, social relational and behavioural factors
Education is associated with lower levels of abdominal obesity in women with a non-agricultural occupation: An interaction study using China’s four provinces survey
These findings suggest that education may have a protective role in women against the higher odds of obesity associated with occupational shifts in middle-income countries, and that investment in women's education may present an important long term investment in obesity prevention. Further research could elucidate the mechanisms behind this association
Inequalities in self-rated health in Japan 1986–2007 according to household income and a novel occupational classification: National sampling survey series
BACKGROUND: Japan, for the past two decades, has seen economic stagnation and substantial social change. We examined whether health inequalities increased over this period. METHODS: Using eight triennial waves of a series of large nationally representative surveys between 1986 and 2007 (n=398 303), temporal trends in relative and slope indices of inequality (RII, SII, respectively) were tested based on self-rated health in relation to theory-base…
A new theory-based social classification in Japan and its validation using historically collected information
Organisational justice and cognitive function in middle-aged employees: The Whitehall II study
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the role that work-related factors play in the decline of cognitive function. This study examined the association between perceived organisational justice and cognitive function among middle-aged men and women. METHODS: Perceived organisational justice was measured at phases 1 (1985-8) and 2 (1989-90) of the Whitehall II study when the participants were 35-55 years old. Assessment of cognitive function at the scr…
Repeated Job Strain and the Risk of Depression: Longitudinal Analyses From the Whitehall II Study
Objectives. We addressed whether repeated job strain and low work social support increase the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods. We used work characteristics from Karasek’s Job Strain model, measured on 3 occasions over 10 years in a cohort of 7732 British civil servants, to predict subsequent onset of MDD with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results. Repeated job strain was associated with increased risk of MDD (…
Effect of Intensity and Type of Physical Activity on Mortality: Results From the Whitehall II Cohort Study
Objectives. We examined the association of intensity and type of physical activity with mortality. Methods. We assessed the duration of physical activity by intensity level and type in 7456 men and women from the Whitehall II Study by questionnaire in 1997–1999 (mean ±SD age = 55.9 ±6.0 years) and 5 years later. All-cause mortality was assessed until April 2009. Results. A total of 317 participants died during the mean follow-up of 9.6 years (SD …
Sabia Et Al. Respond
We are grateful for Bozorgmehri’s comments on our article.1 In his letter, Bozorgmehri notes that the 33% reduced mortality risk we found in participants practicing at least 1 hour of moderate activity per week was in accordance with the current literature. He proposes that additional confounding factors ought to have been taken into account in our analyses. In the analyses reported in the article, the models were adjusted for measures that could…
Health Behaviours, Socioeconomic Status, and Mortality: Further Analyses of the British Whitehall II and the French Gazel Prospective Cohorts
BACKGROUND: Differences in morbidity and mortality between socioeconomic groups constitute one of the most consistent findings of epidemiologic research. However, research on social inequalities in health has yet to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying this association. In recent analysis, we showed health behaviours, assessed longitudinally over the follow-up, to explain a major proportion of the association of soci…
Height loss and future coronary heart disease in London: The Whitehall II study
BACKGROUND: Although several plausible biological mechanisms have been advanced for the association between greater physical stature and lower coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in prospective cohort studies, the importance of one of the principal artefactual explanations--reverse causality due to shrinkage--remains unresolved. To explore this issue, studies with repeat measurements of height are required, but, to date, such data have been lacking…
Negative Aspects of Close Relationships as a Predictor of Increased Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference: The Whitehall II Study
Objectives. We investigated whether exposure to negative aspects of close relationships was associated with subsequent increase in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods. Data came from a prospective cohort study (Whitehall II) of 9425 civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline (phase 1: 1985–1988). We assessed negative aspects of close relationships with the Close Persons Questionnaire (range 0–12) at phases 1 and 2 (1989–199…
Organizational Justice and Sleeping Problems: The Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that organizational injustice contributes to sleeping problems. Poor sleep quality can be a marker of prolonged emotional stress and has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system and metabolism. METHODS: Data were from the prospective Whitehall II study of white-collar British civil servants (3143 women and 6895 men, aged 35-55 years at baseline). Age, employment grade, health behaviors, and depres…
Effects on Blood Pressure Do Not Explain the Association Between Organizational Justice and Coronary Heart Disease in the Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether lower BP mediates the inverse association between organizational justice and incident coronary heart disease (CHD). Previous studies suggest lower blood pressure (BP) and reduced risk of CHD among employees with high organizational justice (the perception of being treated fairly by supervisors). METHODS: Prospective occupational cohort study of 4250 men and 1812 women free of CHD and hypertension at study entry (the …
Gender Differences in the Association Between Morbidity and Mortality Among Middle-Aged Men and Women
Objectives. We examined gender differences in mortality, morbidity, and the association between the 2. Methods. We used health data from 2 studies of middle-aged men and women: the British Whitehall II cohort of employees from 20 civil service departments in London and the 1989 French GAZEL (this acronym refers to the French gas and electric companies) of employees of France's national gas and electricity company. Participants were aged 35 to 55 …
Self-Rated Health and Mortality: Short- and Long-Term Associations in the Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVES: To determine if self-rated health (SRH), a single-item measure of health status where individuals are asked to rate their own health, predicts mortality in a middle-aged sample and if the predictive ability of SRH diminishes with time. METHODS: Data (6316 men and 3035 women) are drawn from the Whitehall II study. SRH and covariates were measured at baseline (1985-1988) when the average age of individuals was 44.5 years (SD = 6.1). The…
Why Is Evidence on Job Strain and Coronary Heart Disease Mixed? An Illustration of Measurement Challenges in the Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVE: Evidence regarding the status of job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) is mixed, including both results supporting the risk status and null findings. However, previous studies have typically assessed job strain at one point in time only. We examined whether the failure of such measurement to reflect long-term job strain could contribute to false null findings. METHODS: Job strain and its components, as stress ind…
Social inequalities in health: Next questions and converging evidence
The health effects of major organisational change and job insecurity
Self-reported job insecurity and health in the Whitehall II study: Potential Explanations of the Relationship
Future uncertainty and socioeconomic inequalities in health: The Whitehall II study
Working While Ill as a Risk Factor for Serious Coronary Events: The Whitehall II Study
Objectives. Although sick, some people take no time off work, a phenomenon called “sickness presenteeism.” This study examined the association between sickness presenteeism and incidence of serious coronary events. Methods. The analyses were based on a cohort of 5071 male British civil servants without previous myocardial infarction. Baseline screening included measurements of health status and coronary risk factors. Absence records were assessed…
Confounding of occupation and smoking: Its magnitude and consequences
Employment grade differences in cause specific mortality. A 25 year follow up of civil servants from the first Whitehall study
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the association between socioeconomic status and mortality rates cuts across the major causes of death for middle aged and elderly men. DESIGN: 25 year follow up of mortality in relation to employment grade. SETTING: The first Whitehall study. PARTICIPANTS: 18,001 male civil servants aged 40-69 years who attended the initial screening between 1967 and 1970 and were followed up for at least 25 years. MA…
Organisational justice and change in justice as predictors of employee health: The Whitehall II study
Objective: Organisational justice has been proposed as a new way to examine the impact of psychosocial work environment on employee health. This article studied the justice of interpersonal treatment by supervisors (the relational component of organisational justice) as a predictor of health. Design: Prospective cohort study. Phase 1 (1985–88) measured relational justice, job demands, job control, social support at work, effort-reward imbalance, …
Repeated Job Strain and the Risk of Depression: Longitudinal Analyses From the Whitehall II Study
Objectives. We addressed whether repeated job strain and low work social support increase the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods. We used work characteristics from Karasek’s Job Strain model, measured on 3 occasions over 10 years in a cohort of 7732 British civil servants, to predict subsequent onset of MDD with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results. Repeated job strain was associated with increased risk of MDD (…
Gender differences in mental health: Evidence From Three Organisations
Gender Differences in the Association Between Morbidity and Mortality Among Middle-Aged Men and Women
Objectives. We examined gender differences in mortality, morbidity, and the association between the 2. Methods. We used health data from 2 studies of middle-aged men and women: the British Whitehall II cohort of employees from 20 civil service departments in London and the 1989 French GAZEL (this acronym refers to the French gas and electric companies) of employees of France's national gas and electricity company. Participants were aged 35 to 55 …
Adult Socioeconomic Position and the Association Between Height and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality: Findings From 33 Years of Follow-Up in the Whitehall Study
In the Whitehall Study, which followed 17139 male civil servants over 33 years, the association between tall stature and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality differed between employment grades. In men without CHD at study entry, the hazard ratio per 15-cm increase in height was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.69, 0.85; P
Effect of Intensity and Type of Physical Activity on Mortality: Results From the Whitehall II Cohort Study
Objectives. We examined the association of intensity and type of physical activity with mortality. Methods. We assessed the duration of physical activity by intensity level and type in 7456 men and women from the Whitehall II Study by questionnaire in 1997–1999 (mean ±SD age = 55.9 ±6.0 years) and 5 years later. All-cause mortality was assessed until April 2009. Results. A total of 317 participants died during the mean follow-up of 9.6 years (SD …
Negative Aspects of Close Relationships as a Predictor of Increased Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference: The Whitehall II Study
Objectives. We investigated whether exposure to negative aspects of close relationships was associated with subsequent increase in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods. Data came from a prospective cohort study (Whitehall II) of 9425 civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline (phase 1: 1985–1988). We assessed negative aspects of close relationships with the Close Persons Questionnaire (range 0–12) at phases 1 and 2 (1989–199…
Health inequalities in Japan: The role of material, psychosocial, social relational and behavioural factors
A new theory-based social classification in Japan and its validation using historically collected information
Inequalities in self-rated health in Japan 1986–2007 according to household income and a novel occupational classification: National sampling survey series
BACKGROUND: Japan, for the past two decades, has seen economic stagnation and substantial social change. We examined whether health inequalities increased over this period. METHODS: Using eight triennial waves of a series of large nationally representative surveys between 1986 and 2007 (n=398 303), temporal trends in relative and slope indices of inequality (RII, SII, respectively) were tested based on self-rated health in relation to theory-base…
Social class inequalities in health among occupational cohorts from Finland, Britain and Japan: A follow up study
Confounding of occupation and smoking: Its magnitude and consequences
Health effects of anticipation of job change and non-employment: Longitudinal data from the Whitehall II study
Objective : To assess the effect of anticipating job change or non-employment on self reported health status in a group of middle aged male and female white collar civil servants. Design : Longitudinal cohort study (Whitehall II study). Questionnaire data on self reported health status and health behaviour were obtained at initial screening and four years later, during the period when employees of the department facing privatisation were anticipa…
Do socioeconomic differences in mortality persist after retirement? 25 Year follow up of civil servants from the first Whitehall study
Objective : To assess the risk of death associated with work based and non-work based measures of socioeconomic status before and after retirement age. Design : Follow up study of mortality in relation to employment grade and car ownership over 25 years. Setting : The first Whitehall study. Subjects : 18 133 male civil servants aged 40–69 years who attended a screening examination between 1967 and 1970. Main outcome measure : Death. Results : Gra…
Social inequalities in health: Next questions and converging evidence
The health effects of major organisational change and job insecurity
Employment grade differences in cause specific mortality. A 25 year follow up of civil servants from the first Whitehall study
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the association between socioeconomic status and mortality rates cuts across the major causes of death for middle aged and elderly men. DESIGN: 25 year follow up of mortality in relation to employment grade. SETTING: The first Whitehall study. PARTICIPANTS: 18,001 male civil servants aged 40-69 years who attended the initial screening between 1967 and 1970 and were followed up for at least 25 years. MA…
Blood Pressure Reactions to Acute Psychological Stress and Future Blood Pressure Status: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Men in the Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether blood pressure reactions to mental stress predicted future blood pressure and hypertension. METHODS: Blood pressure was recorded at an initial medical screening examination after which blood pressure reactions to a mental stress task were determined. A follow-up screening assessment of blood pressure and antihypertensive medication status was undertaken 10 years later. Data were available fo…
Gender differences in mental health: Evidence From Three Organisations
Sickness absence as a global measure of health: Evidence from mortality in the Whitehall II prospective cohort study
Objective To examine the association between sickness absence and mortality compared with associations between established health indicators and mortality. Design Prospective cohort study. Medical examination and questionnaire survey conducted in 1985-8; sickness absence records covered the period 1985-98. Setting 20 civil service departments in London. Participants 6895 male and 3413 female civil servants aged 35-55 years. Main outcome measure A…
Leisure Time Physical Activity and Disease-Specific Mortality Among Men With Chronic Bronchitis: Evidence From the Whitehall Study
Objectives. This study examined the association between leisure time physical activity and cause-specific mortality among male Whitehall Study participants with chronic bronchitis. Methods. Rate ratios were calculated for 4 mortality outcomes, according to level of activity and baseline bronchitis status, in a 25-year follow-up of 6479 men. Results. After multiple adjustment for potential confounding or mediating variables, activity was inversely…
Future uncertainty and socioeconomic inequalities in health: The Whitehall II study
Organisational justice and change in justice as predictors of employee health: The Whitehall II study
Objective: Organisational justice has been proposed as a new way to examine the impact of psychosocial work environment on employee health. This article studied the justice of interpersonal treatment by supervisors (the relational component of organisational justice) as a predictor of health. Design: Prospective cohort study. Phase 1 (1985–88) measured relational justice, job demands, job control, social support at work, effort-reward imbalance, …
Adult Socioeconomic Position and the Association Between Height and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality: Findings From 33 Years of Follow-Up in the Whitehall Study
In the Whitehall Study, which followed 17139 male civil servants over 33 years, the association between tall stature and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality differed between employment grades. In men without CHD at study entry, the hazard ratio per 15-cm increase in height was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.69, 0.85; P
Working While Ill as a Risk Factor for Serious Coronary Events: The Whitehall II Study
Objectives. Although sick, some people take no time off work, a phenomenon called “sickness presenteeism.” This study examined the association between sickness presenteeism and incidence of serious coronary events. Methods. The analyses were based on a cohort of 5071 male British civil servants without previous myocardial infarction. Baseline screening included measurements of health status and coronary risk factors. Absence records were assessed…
Self-reported job insecurity and health in the Whitehall II study: Potential Explanations of the Relationship
Why Is Evidence on Job Strain and Coronary Heart Disease Mixed? An Illustration of Measurement Challenges in the Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVE: Evidence regarding the status of job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) is mixed, including both results supporting the risk status and null findings. However, previous studies have typically assessed job strain at one point in time only. We examined whether the failure of such measurement to reflect long-term job strain could contribute to false null findings. METHODS: Job strain and its components, as stress ind…
Self-Rated Health and Mortality: Short- and Long-Term Associations in the Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVES: To determine if self-rated health (SRH), a single-item measure of health status where individuals are asked to rate their own health, predicts mortality in a middle-aged sample and if the predictive ability of SRH diminishes with time. METHODS: Data (6316 men and 3035 women) are drawn from the Whitehall II study. SRH and covariates were measured at baseline (1985-1988) when the average age of individuals was 44.5 years (SD = 6.1). The…
Effects on Blood Pressure Do Not Explain the Association Between Organizational Justice and Coronary Heart Disease in the Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether lower BP mediates the inverse association between organizational justice and incident coronary heart disease (CHD). Previous studies suggest lower blood pressure (BP) and reduced risk of CHD among employees with high organizational justice (the perception of being treated fairly by supervisors). METHODS: Prospective occupational cohort study of 4250 men and 1812 women free of CHD and hypertension at study entry (the …
Gender Differences in the Association Between Morbidity and Mortality Among Middle-Aged Men and Women
Objectives. We examined gender differences in mortality, morbidity, and the association between the 2. Methods. We used health data from 2 studies of middle-aged men and women: the British Whitehall II cohort of employees from 20 civil service departments in London and the 1989 French GAZEL (this acronym refers to the French gas and electric companies) of employees of France's national gas and electricity company. Participants were aged 35 to 55 …
Organizational Justice and Sleeping Problems: The Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that organizational injustice contributes to sleeping problems. Poor sleep quality can be a marker of prolonged emotional stress and has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system and metabolism. METHODS: Data were from the prospective Whitehall II study of white-collar British civil servants (3143 women and 6895 men, aged 35-55 years at baseline). Age, employment grade, health behaviors, and depres…
Health Behaviours, Socioeconomic Status, and Mortality: Further Analyses of the British Whitehall II and the French Gazel Prospective Cohorts
BACKGROUND: Differences in morbidity and mortality between socioeconomic groups constitute one of the most consistent findings of epidemiologic research. However, research on social inequalities in health has yet to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying this association. In recent analysis, we showed health behaviours, assessed longitudinally over the follow-up, to explain a major proportion of the association of soci…
Height loss and future coronary heart disease in London: The Whitehall II study
BACKGROUND: Although several plausible biological mechanisms have been advanced for the association between greater physical stature and lower coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in prospective cohort studies, the importance of one of the principal artefactual explanations--reverse causality due to shrinkage--remains unresolved. To explore this issue, studies with repeat measurements of height are required, but, to date, such data have been lacking…
Negative Aspects of Close Relationships as a Predictor of Increased Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference: The Whitehall II Study
Objectives. We investigated whether exposure to negative aspects of close relationships was associated with subsequent increase in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods. Data came from a prospective cohort study (Whitehall II) of 9425 civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline (phase 1: 1985–1988). We assessed negative aspects of close relationships with the Close Persons Questionnaire (range 0–12) at phases 1 and 2 (1989–199…
Organisational justice and cognitive function in middle-aged employees: The Whitehall II study
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the role that work-related factors play in the decline of cognitive function. This study examined the association between perceived organisational justice and cognitive function among middle-aged men and women. METHODS: Perceived organisational justice was measured at phases 1 (1985-8) and 2 (1989-90) of the Whitehall II study when the participants were 35-55 years old. Assessment of cognitive function at the scr…
Repeated Job Strain and the Risk of Depression: Longitudinal Analyses From the Whitehall II Study
Objectives. We addressed whether repeated job strain and low work social support increase the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods. We used work characteristics from Karasek’s Job Strain model, measured on 3 occasions over 10 years in a cohort of 7732 British civil servants, to predict subsequent onset of MDD with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results. Repeated job strain was associated with increased risk of MDD (…
Medicine (37 works) · Demography (31 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (24 works) · Gerontology (21 works) · Internal Medicine (21 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (19 works) · Internal Medicine (19 works) · Cohort (18 works) · Cohort study (18 works) · Gerontology (17 works)