M H J Wolbers
Biographic Data
| ID | 4015495 |
|---|---|
| NAME | M H J Wolbers |
| GIVEN NAMES | M H J |
| FAMILY NAME | Wolbers |
| SIGNATURE | WOLBERS M H J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Radboud University Nijmegen |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7600-0996 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 399 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 39 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Underachievement among disadvantaged pupils in Dutch primary education
This article focuses on underachievement among disadvantaged pupils in Dutch primary education. Underachievement is defined as the discrepancy between cognitive ability and school performance. Based on data from the Netherlands Cohort Study on Education (NCO), enriched with individual information on cognitive learning potential and achievement test scores in reading comprehension, spelling and arithmetic-mathematics, we investigated to what exten…
International Students as Sources of Income? Moving Beyond the Neoliberal Framing of Internationalization
This paper focuses on international student mobility and the funding of higher education. We theorize that relying on international students for funding is stronger for institutions in developed English-speaking countries because they more often adopt marketization practices. Compared to Northern and Southern European countries, we find that they had the largest decrease in public funding and largest increase in private funding. The relative numb…
Does the Development Level of the Origin Country of International Students Influence Where They Enrol? A Case Study of the Netherlands
In this paper we investigate the relationship between the development level of international students' origin countries and within‐country destination preferences. We theorize that international students from lower developed countries are more likely to choose higher quality study programmes and enrol in fields of studies that are regarded to have better career prospects. International students from higher developed countries, on the contrary, ar…
The effect of parental education on the expectations of 15 year olds to complete higher education in the Netherlands
n Contains fulltext :\n 305678.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Destination choices of international students in the Netherlands: A meso‐level analysis of higher education institutions and cities
This study quantitatively investigates enrolments of international students using data that contains nearly every student in the Netherlands for the years 2016–2019. Using this data, we are able to perform a meso‐level analysis where we could investigate the characteristics of higher education institutions (HEIs) and cities in international student mobility. This research contributes to the literature by studying variation between HEIs and by foc…
The Vocational Specificity of Educational Systems and Youth Labour Market Integration: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Comparative research on the impact of the vocational specificity of educational systems on youth labour market integration has expanded rapidly in the past decades. The present study reviews this body of research, focusing on how it has conceptualized the vocational specificity of educational systems and theorized its effect on youth labour market integration. Moreover, this study synthesizes the empirical evidence compiled in this research using…
Onderwijs van hoge kwaliteit: Een brug over de sociaaleconomische prestatiekloof
High quality education: Bridging the socioeconomic achievement gap? Widespread concerns regarding socioeconomic disparities in educational attainment contributed to this study’s aim to explore the role of providing high quality education in reducing these differences. Multilevel analysis of PISA 2015-data (N = 368.306) demonstrates that a higher socioeconomic background, a high educated teaching staff and a lower student-teacher ratio are related…
The vocational impact of educational programs on youth labor market integration
The direct effect of social origin on men’s occupational attainment over the early life course: An Italian–Dutch comparison
Labor Market Vulnerability of Older Workers in the Netherlands and its Impact on Downward Mobility and Reduction of Working Hours
Based on well-established and widely-used labor market theories, we argue that workers aged 50 years and over who are more vulnerable in the Dutch labor market are more likely to experience downward occupational mobility and a reduction of working time in their late career. To test this general hypothesis, we analyze retrospective employment history data from 4 waves (1998, 2000, 2003, and 2009) of the Family Survey Dutch Population (FSDP) using …
A generation lost
Inequality among Older Workers in the Netherlands: A Life Course and Social Stratification Perspective on Early Retirement
This study integrates a life course and social stratification perspective to examine early retirement in the Netherlands. Event history analysis of retrospective life course data from four rounds of the Family Survey Dutch Population reveals that employment career characteristics are strongly associated with early retirement. The results also show that educational differences in early labour force withdrawal persist when controlling for work hist…
Determinants of Intergenerational Downward Mobility in the Netherlands
Achterstanden van niet-westerse immigranten op de arbeidsmarkt onder hoger opgeleide toetreders
Labour market disadvantage amongst highly educated non-Western immigrants in the transition from school to work: The role of structural, institutional, and socio-cultural factors This paper builds upon previous research on ethnic penalties in European labour markets by studying unemployment among higher educated non-western immigrant labour market entrants. By doing so, we attempt to get a better understanding of the extent to which one of the mo…
Onderwijs als scheidslijn op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt, 1993-2011
Education as a cleavage in the Dutch labour market, 1993-2011 This article describes developments in the association between educational attainment and labour market outcomes in the Netherlands over the last 20 years. Education has remained a very important asset on the labour market. The higher educated have higher participation rates and attain better jobs than the lower educated. The labour market participation rate has increased for all educa…
Family resources and male–female educational attainment
The Impact of Macro- and Micro-Economic Uncertainty on Family Formation in The Netherlands
Social origin and occupational success at labour market entry in The Netherlands, 1931-80
In this article we study some of the overlooked mechanisms of how social origin affects an individual's occupational success at labour market entry. The empirical analysis draws on four Dutch retrospective life-course surveys. The analytical sample consists of 6,416 respondents born in the period 1931-80. The results show intergenerational transmission of occupational status, but the effect of father's occupation on his child's first job has decl…
Driegeneraties- en tweeoudersvragen over het opleidingsniveau van mannen en vrouwen in Nederland
This article estimates for the Netherlands linear regression models for an individual’s level of education by bringing in parental as well as grandparental level of education. The prime question is that of the association between education in the first and third generation after holding constant education in the second generation. For the empirical analysis, we used the five available waves of the Family Survey Dutch Population as conducted in 19…
Youth Labour Market Integration Across Europe
Young people in Europe face great difficulties nowadays when entering the labour market. Unemployment and temporary employment are high among youth, although considerable differences exist between European countries. In this article, we study to what extent cyclical, structural, and institutional factors explain cross-national variation in youth labour market integration. In addition, we examine educational differences in the impact of these macr…
Intergenerational transmission of occupational status: The role of voluntary association membership as an emerging compensatory strategy of reproduction
Educational expansion and field of study: Trends in the intergenerational transmission of educational inequality in the Netherlands
In this paper we study to what extent parental field of study affects a person’s educational level and field of study. We employ information on 8800 respondents from the Family Survey Dutch Population (1992–2009). Our results first of all show that, over the last five decades, economic fields of study have become more fashionable among men. In sharp contrast, mainly tracks in agriculture have lost most of their appeal. Among women, medical, econo…
United in Precarious Employment? Employment Precarity of Young Couples in the Netherlands, 1992-2007
The trend towards labour market flexibilization in advanced economies since the 1990s is associated with more employment insecurity. This study examines to what extent employment flexibility among young people in the Netherlands is related to employment flexibility or unemployment of the partner, between 1992 and 2007. In addition, we aim to explain this relationship. Multinomial logistic regression models are estimated using 16 cross-sections of…
Statusverwerving en de rol van verenigingslidmaatschap als nieuwe compenserende strategie
In this article, we raised the question as to what extent members from higher status groups effectuated social resources, more specifically voluntary association membership, as a possible new compensating strategy to guarantee a successful intergenerational transmission of their occupational status. For that purpose, we investigated whether voluntary association membership (of parents and their child) mediate the positive effect of parental occup…
Trends in labour market flexibilization among Dutch school-leavers: The impact of economic globalization on educational differences
This study examines to what extent there is a trend towards increasing labour market flexibility among Dutch school-leavers between 1992 and 2007, particularly among less educated ones. In addition, the article aims to explain this trend and increasing educational differences by economic globalization, controlled for business cycle effects. Multinomial logistic regression models are estimated using 16 cross-sections of the Dutch Labour Force Surv…
Patterns of Labour Market Entry: A Comparative Perspective on School-to-Work Transitions in 11 European Countries
Youth labour market integration differs considerably across European countries. There are marked cross-national differences not only in terms of youth unemployment, but also in terms of the quality of the jobs in which young people are employed. This article explains cross-national patterns of labour market entry among school-leavers in 11 European countries. It is hypothesized that national differences in employment protection legislation and th…
Trends in the Occupational Returns to Educational Credentials in the Dutch Labor Market: Changes in Structures and in the Association
In this article, we determine changes in the relationship between education and the labor market in The Netherlands since 1960, for which both developments in the distribution of the labor force according to educational attainment and level of occupation (structural changes) and shifts in the mechanism to allocate educated individuals to occupational positions (which modify the net association between education and occupation) are used. To observ…
Youth Labour Market Integration Across Europe
Young people in Europe face great difficulties nowadays when entering the labour market. Unemployment and temporary employment are high among youth, although considerable differences exist between European countries. In this article, we study to what extent cyclical, structural, and institutional factors explain cross-national variation in youth labour market integration. In addition, we examine educational differences in the impact of these macr…
Non-standard employment relations and wages among school leavers in the Netherlands
Non-standard (alternatively, flexible) employment has become common in the Netherlands, and viewed as an important weapon for combating youth unemployment. However, if such jobs are 'bad', non-standard employment becomes a matter of concern. In addition, non-standard employment may hit the least qualified, excluding them from the primary segment of the labour market, where 'good' jobs are found. We first examine whether less-educated school leave…
The Effects of Non-Employment in Early Work-Life on Subsequent Employment Chances of Individuals in The Netherlands
In this article, the effects of non-employment in early work-life on subsequent employment chances of individuals in the Netherlands are examined. A main concern is whether the experience of non-employment in the beginning of the career (permanently) damages a worker's later employment opportunities (that is, the likelihood of exit out of and re-entry into employment). The empirical analysis is based on five retrospective life-history surveys col…
Job Mismatches and their Labour-Market Effects among School-Leavers in Europe
In this article, we investigate the determinants of job mismatches with regard to the field of education among school-leavers in Europe. We also examine the effects of job mismatches on the labour-market position of school-leavers. Special attention is paid to cross-national differences in this respect. The data used are from the EU LFS 2000 ad hoc module on school-to-work transitions. The empirical results show that a number of individual, struc…
The direct effect of social origin on men’s occupational attainment over the early life course: An Italian–Dutch comparison
Employment transitions in the Netherlands, 1980–2004: Are low educated men subject to structural or cyclical crowding out
Employment Insecurity at Labour Market Entry and Its Impact on Parental Home Leaving and Family Formation: A Comparative Study among Recent Graduates in Eight European Countries
This article explores whether employment insecurity (i.e. unemployment and flexible employment) at labour market entry has a negative impact on parental home leaving and family formation. To answer this question, data from a large-scale European graduate survey carried out in 1998 were analysed. The results show that graduates with an insecure employment status at labour market entry are indeed less likely to leave the parental home and establish…
Intergenerational Transmission of Education Across European Countries and Cohorts
This article investigates the intergenerational transmission of education in 28 European countries. The main aim is to answer the following questions: (1) To what degree are parents' education and the educational attainment of their children related in different countries and cohorts, and (2) how can we explain the country-cohort variation in these effects by looking at contextual characteristics? In order to explain this variation, we focus on t…
The Effects of Level of Education on Mobility between Employment and Unemployment in the Netherlands
Journal Article The Effects of Level of Education on Mobility between Employment and Unemployment in the Netherlands Get access Maarten H. J. Wolbers Maarten H. J. Wolbers Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar European Sociological Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, June 2000, Pages 185–200, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/16.2.185 Published: 01 June 2000
Inequality among Older Workers in the Netherlands: A Life Course and Social Stratification Perspective on Early Retirement
This study integrates a life course and social stratification perspective to examine early retirement in the Netherlands. Event history analysis of retrospective life course data from four rounds of the Family Survey Dutch Population reveals that employment career characteristics are strongly associated with early retirement. The results also show that educational differences in early labour force withdrawal persist when controlling for work hist…
How Much Does Education Matter and Why: The Effects of Education on Socio-economic Outcomes among School-leavers in the Netherlands
This article explores the total (measured and unmeasured) impact of education on some of the main socio-economic outcomes (that is, employment opportunities, job security and wages) among school-leavers who finished upper secondary or tertiary education in the Netherlands. The empirical analysis shows that the effects of education are typically underestimated in labour market research. Education has a large impact on all outcomes under investigat…
Social origin and occupational success at labour market entry in The Netherlands, 1931-80
In this article we study some of the overlooked mechanisms of how social origin affects an individual's occupational success at labour market entry. The empirical analysis draws on four Dutch retrospective life-course surveys. The analytical sample consists of 6,416 respondents born in the period 1931-80. The results show intergenerational transmission of occupational status, but the effect of father's occupation on his child's first job has decl…
Family resources and male–female educational attainment
Determinants of Intergenerational Downward Mobility in the Netherlands
The Impact of Macro- and Micro-Economic Uncertainty on Family Formation in The Netherlands
Educational expansion and field of study: Trends in the intergenerational transmission of educational inequality in the Netherlands
In this paper we study to what extent parental field of study affects a person’s educational level and field of study. We employ information on 8800 respondents from the Family Survey Dutch Population (1992–2009). Our results first of all show that, over the last five decades, economic fields of study have become more fashionable among men. In sharp contrast, mainly tracks in agriculture have lost most of their appeal. Among women, medical, econo…
Educational Attainment, Occupational Achievements, Career Peaks
This paper answers questions on the educational attainment and occupational career of men in The Netherlands whose working life began in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, in so far as their job history is available until at least the age of 45 years. The analysis draws on five Dutch retrospective life-history surveys conducted between 1992 and 2003. The results show that a man's education depends upon his father's job, and that this effect has not cha…
Success and failure in secondary education: Socio‐economic background effects on secondary school outcome in the Netherlands, 1927–1998
In the Netherlands, educational attainment is the result of a sequence of separate educational transitions. Because of the tracked nature of the Dutch educational system, students do not make binary stay-or-leave-decisions at each transition. After having entered one track of secondary education, students can change tracks during the entire secondary course. The initial track and the secondary school outcome therefore are incongruent for a signif…
Initial and Further Education: Substitutes or Complements? Differences in Continuing Education and Training over the Life-Course of European Workers
The vocational impact of educational programs on youth labor market integration
United in Precarious Employment? Employment Precarity of Young Couples in the Netherlands, 1992-2007
The trend towards labour market flexibilization in advanced economies since the 1990s is associated with more employment insecurity. This study examines to what extent employment flexibility among young people in the Netherlands is related to employment flexibility or unemployment of the partner, between 1992 and 2007. In addition, we aim to explain this relationship. Multinomial logistic regression models are estimated using 16 cross-sections of…
Ethnic variation in labour market outcomes among school‐leavers in the Netherlands: The role of educational qualifications and social background
In the Netherlands, unemployment among immigrants is several times higher than among the native Dutch population. Furthermore, immigrants work relatively often in low‐level jobs. This is often already the case when they first enter the labour market. In this article we explore how such disadvantages at the time of labour market entry can be accounted for. Special attention is paid to the role of educational qualifications and social background. T…
Labor Market Vulnerability of Older Workers in the Netherlands and its Impact on Downward Mobility and Reduction of Working Hours
Based on well-established and widely-used labor market theories, we argue that workers aged 50 years and over who are more vulnerable in the Dutch labor market are more likely to experience downward occupational mobility and a reduction of working time in their late career. To test this general hypothesis, we analyze retrospective employment history data from 4 waves (1998, 2000, 2003, and 2009) of the Family Survey Dutch Population (FSDP) using …
The Effects of Level of Education on Mobility between Employment and Unemployment in the Netherlands
Journal Article The Effects of Level of Education on Mobility between Employment and Unemployment in the Netherlands Get access Maarten H. J. Wolbers Maarten H. J. Wolbers Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar European Sociological Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, June 2000, Pages 185–200, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/16.2.185 Published: 01 June 2000
Trends in the Occupational Returns to Educational Credentials in the Dutch Labor Market: Changes in Structures and in the Association
In this article, we determine changes in the relationship between education and the labor market in The Netherlands since 1960, for which both developments in the distribution of the labor force according to educational attainment and level of occupation (structural changes) and shifts in the mechanism to allocate educated individuals to occupational positions (which modify the net association between education and occupation) are used. To observ…
Job Mismatches and their Labour-Market Effects among School-Leavers in Europe
In this article, we investigate the determinants of job mismatches with regard to the field of education among school-leavers in Europe. We also examine the effects of job mismatches on the labour-market position of school-leavers. Special attention is paid to cross-national differences in this respect. The data used are from the EU LFS 2000 ad hoc module on school-to-work transitions. The empirical results show that a number of individual, struc…
Ethnic variation in labour market outcomes among school‐leavers in the Netherlands: The role of educational qualifications and social background
In the Netherlands, unemployment among immigrants is several times higher than among the native Dutch population. Furthermore, immigrants work relatively often in low‐level jobs. This is often already the case when they first enter the labour market. In this article we explore how such disadvantages at the time of labour market entry can be accounted for. Special attention is paid to the role of educational qualifications and social background. T…
Initial and Further Education: Substitutes or Complements? Differences in Continuing Education and Training over the Life-Course of European Workers
Non-standard employment relations and wages among school leavers in the Netherlands
Non-standard (alternatively, flexible) employment has become common in the Netherlands, and viewed as an important weapon for combating youth unemployment. However, if such jobs are 'bad', non-standard employment becomes a matter of concern. In addition, non-standard employment may hit the least qualified, excluding them from the primary segment of the labour market, where 'good' jobs are found. We first examine whether less-educated school leave…
How Much Does Education Matter and Why: The Effects of Education on Socio-economic Outcomes among School-leavers in the Netherlands
This article explores the total (measured and unmeasured) impact of education on some of the main socio-economic outcomes (that is, employment opportunities, job security and wages) among school-leavers who finished upper secondary or tertiary education in the Netherlands. The empirical analysis shows that the effects of education are typically underestimated in labour market research. Education has a large impact on all outcomes under investigat…
Employment Insecurity at Labour Market Entry and Its Impact on Parental Home Leaving and Family Formation: A Comparative Study among Recent Graduates in Eight European Countries
This article explores whether employment insecurity (i.e. unemployment and flexible employment) at labour market entry has a negative impact on parental home leaving and family formation. To answer this question, data from a large-scale European graduate survey carried out in 1998 were analysed. The results show that graduates with an insecure employment status at labour market entry are indeed less likely to leave the parental home and establish…
Patterns of Labour Market Entry: A Comparative Perspective on School-to-Work Transitions in 11 European Countries
Youth labour market integration differs considerably across European countries. There are marked cross-national differences not only in terms of youth unemployment, but also in terms of the quality of the jobs in which young people are employed. This article explains cross-national patterns of labour market entry among school-leavers in 11 European countries. It is hypothesized that national differences in employment protection legislation and th…
The Effects of Non-Employment in Early Work-Life on Subsequent Employment Chances of Individuals in The Netherlands
In this article, the effects of non-employment in early work-life on subsequent employment chances of individuals in the Netherlands are examined. A main concern is whether the experience of non-employment in the beginning of the career (permanently) damages a worker's later employment opportunities (that is, the likelihood of exit out of and re-entry into employment). The empirical analysis is based on five retrospective life-history surveys col…
Employment transitions in the Netherlands, 1980–2004: Are low educated men subject to structural or cyclical crowding out
Success and failure in secondary education: Socio‐economic background effects on secondary school outcome in the Netherlands, 1927–1998
In the Netherlands, educational attainment is the result of a sequence of separate educational transitions. Because of the tracked nature of the Dutch educational system, students do not make binary stay-or-leave-decisions at each transition. After having entered one track of secondary education, students can change tracks during the entire secondary course. The initial track and the secondary school outcome therefore are incongruent for a signif…
Educational Attainment, Occupational Achievements, Career Peaks
This paper answers questions on the educational attainment and occupational career of men in The Netherlands whose working life began in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, in so far as their job history is available until at least the age of 45 years. The analysis draws on five Dutch retrospective life-history surveys conducted between 1992 and 2003. The results show that a man's education depends upon his father's job, and that this effect has not cha…
Intergenerational Transmission of Education Across European Countries and Cohorts
This article investigates the intergenerational transmission of education in 28 European countries. The main aim is to answer the following questions: (1) To what degree are parents' education and the educational attainment of their children related in different countries and cohorts, and (2) how can we explain the country-cohort variation in these effects by looking at contextual characteristics? In order to explain this variation, we focus on t…
Statusverwerving en de rol van verenigingslidmaatschap als nieuwe compenserende strategie
In this article, we raised the question as to what extent members from higher status groups effectuated social resources, more specifically voluntary association membership, as a possible new compensating strategy to guarantee a successful intergenerational transmission of their occupational status. For that purpose, we investigated whether voluntary association membership (of parents and their child) mediate the positive effect of parental occup…
Trends in labour market flexibilization among Dutch school-leavers: The impact of economic globalization on educational differences
This study examines to what extent there is a trend towards increasing labour market flexibility among Dutch school-leavers between 1992 and 2007, particularly among less educated ones. In addition, the article aims to explain this trend and increasing educational differences by economic globalization, controlled for business cycle effects. Multinomial logistic regression models are estimated using 16 cross-sections of the Dutch Labour Force Surv…
Driegeneraties- en tweeoudersvragen over het opleidingsniveau van mannen en vrouwen in Nederland
This article estimates for the Netherlands linear regression models for an individual’s level of education by bringing in parental as well as grandparental level of education. The prime question is that of the association between education in the first and third generation after holding constant education in the second generation. For the empirical analysis, we used the five available waves of the Family Survey Dutch Population as conducted in 19…
Youth Labour Market Integration Across Europe
Young people in Europe face great difficulties nowadays when entering the labour market. Unemployment and temporary employment are high among youth, although considerable differences exist between European countries. In this article, we study to what extent cyclical, structural, and institutional factors explain cross-national variation in youth labour market integration. In addition, we examine educational differences in the impact of these macr…
Intergenerational transmission of occupational status: The role of voluntary association membership as an emerging compensatory strategy of reproduction
Educational expansion and field of study: Trends in the intergenerational transmission of educational inequality in the Netherlands
In this paper we study to what extent parental field of study affects a person’s educational level and field of study. We employ information on 8800 respondents from the Family Survey Dutch Population (1992–2009). Our results first of all show that, over the last five decades, economic fields of study have become more fashionable among men. In sharp contrast, mainly tracks in agriculture have lost most of their appeal. Among women, medical, econo…
United in Precarious Employment? Employment Precarity of Young Couples in the Netherlands, 1992-2007
The trend towards labour market flexibilization in advanced economies since the 1990s is associated with more employment insecurity. This study examines to what extent employment flexibility among young people in the Netherlands is related to employment flexibility or unemployment of the partner, between 1992 and 2007. In addition, we aim to explain this relationship. Multinomial logistic regression models are estimated using 16 cross-sections of…
The Impact of Macro- and Micro-Economic Uncertainty on Family Formation in The Netherlands
Social origin and occupational success at labour market entry in The Netherlands, 1931-80
In this article we study some of the overlooked mechanisms of how social origin affects an individual's occupational success at labour market entry. The empirical analysis draws on four Dutch retrospective life-course surveys. The analytical sample consists of 6,416 respondents born in the period 1931-80. The results show intergenerational transmission of occupational status, but the effect of father's occupation on his child's first job has decl…
Achterstanden van niet-westerse immigranten op de arbeidsmarkt onder hoger opgeleide toetreders
Labour market disadvantage amongst highly educated non-Western immigrants in the transition from school to work: The role of structural, institutional, and socio-cultural factors This paper builds upon previous research on ethnic penalties in European labour markets by studying unemployment among higher educated non-western immigrant labour market entrants. By doing so, we attempt to get a better understanding of the extent to which one of the mo…
Onderwijs als scheidslijn op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt, 1993-2011
Education as a cleavage in the Dutch labour market, 1993-2011 This article describes developments in the association between educational attainment and labour market outcomes in the Netherlands over the last 20 years. Education has remained a very important asset on the labour market. The higher educated have higher participation rates and attain better jobs than the lower educated. The labour market participation rate has increased for all educa…
Economics (36 works) · Demographic economics (31 works) · Economic growth (29 works) · Sociology (26 works) · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality (20 works) · Psychology (20 works) · Labour economics (17 works) · Political science (17 works) · Demography (16 works) · Unemployment (16 works)