Edwin R Littmann
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 4052822 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Edwin R Littmann |
| NOMBRES | Edwin R |
| APELLIDO | Littmann |
| FIRMA | LITTMANN E R |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 13 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 69 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 13 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1957 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1982 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Maya Blue-Further Perspectives and the Possible Use of Indigo as the Colorant
A blue pigment having the chemical stability of authentic Maya Blue can be prepared from indigo and attapulgite with the raw materials available to the ancient Maya, and by techniques presumably within their knowledge. The procedure possibly used consists of impregnating attapulgite with an extract of indigo plant leaves and stems and subsequently heating the impregnated clay for an extended period of time at the temperature of boiling water. Thi…
Maya Blue-A New Perspective
A detailed and critical review of the literature pertaining to Maya Blue led to the conclusion that the presence of indigo as an integral component of the pigment has not, as yet, been established by acceptable scientific criteria. A Maya Blue was prepared from indigo and attapulgite which had all the observed properties of the authentic pigment. Although the experiments performed in the present study can hardly be called scientific proof of the …
Short Methods for the Identification of Pigments
Semi-micro methods have been devised for the identification of the metallic components comprising the pigments used in mesoamerican mural paintings. These methods are based upon samples of 10-15 mgfor each of the colors to be studied and include the reds, greens, blues, blacks and browns. The analyses are performed on individual samples for each color, thereby eliminating the need for long and tedious analytical procedures which are difficult to …
Patterns in Maya Floor Construction
A study of floor construction in the Maya area leads to the conclusion that a definite technique or pattern seems to have been used from the Preclassic to the Postclassic periods and that this consisted of using a foundation under a base which was covered by a plaster. It appeared further that the same technique was applied regardless of the raw materials at hand. It was also found that the use of burned earth or clay as an element of a floor was…
The Classification and Analysis of Ancient Calcareous Materials
In the present paper a systematic classification of ancient calcareous materials has been proposed which more closely defines limestone in terms of the ratio of calcium to magnesium present. The same classification may be applied to mortars and plasters to characterize the raw materials from which they were made. The classification includes 'pure' calcium and magnesium minerals and any combination of the two.A new analytical procedure has been de…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The precise definition of 'floor' as a building unit involving a lime aggregate or mortar (usually called fill) covered by a plaster (usually what is called the floor) the surface of which is treated by a wash coat makes possible detailed study of techniques of floor construction and the correlation of these with various cultural changes. A preliminary study of floors in Structures A-V, A-XVIII, B-XII at Uaxactún indicates that (1) floors improve…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic examination of building materials from Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labná demonstrate the presence of all the building elements previously identified at Comalcalco, Las Flores, and Palenque: mortar, plaster, stucco, wash coat, and lime-aggregate. The building elements at these Puuc sites differ from those at Comalcalco and Las Flores in the use of non-marine sources of lime, greater strength, and generally smoother compositio…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Mesoamerican masons have used an extract from the bark of such trees as the chucum, chacte, chacah, and jabin in the preparation of lime plaster since prehistoric times, reportedly to increase the workability or strength of the lime and to reduce cracking in the plaster. Experiments involving the use of plasters prepared with these high tannin-content extracts show that the extracts have an effect on the properties of lime plater probably by stab…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic analyses of material from eight structures at Palenque show that mortars, plasters, stuccos, wash coats, and lime-aggregates were used as building units, and extend the distribution of limeaggregate, known also at Comalcalco, Las Flores, and Uxmal
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic examination of the material from successive floors of Mound A, Las Flores, Tampico, indicates that each building unit consisted of a lime-aggregate forming a monolithic mass, with subsequent plastering, essentially as at Comalcalco, Tabasco
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The initial paper in this series (Littmann 1957, American Antiquity, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 135-40) presented a systematic approach to the study of ancient building elements such as mortars, plasters, and stuccos, and set forth the bases upon which the work was undertaken. It also included studies on steps of the prebrick period of Temple IV at Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico, in which it was demonstrated that a building unit comprising a monolithic lim…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The use of sascab as a substitute for sand in the preparation of ancient (and modern) mortars and plasters in Yucatán has been noted by many writers including Landa (Tozzer 1941: 171, 176), Morris, Chariot, and Morris (1931, Vol. 1: 220-4), E. H. Thompson (1887), and Villa R. (1934). R. H. Thompson (1958) details the use of sascab as temper for making pottery. Sascab is described by Villa R. (1934) as a soft limestone conglomerate; it has also be…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The use of lime mortar in the New World appears to be confined to the area of Mesoamerica. It is, in fact, one of the most important of the several traits charatceristic of this area which have given rise to the concept of Mesoamerica as a distinct cultural unit. The extensive use of lime mortar within Mesoamerica probably played a significant role in the development of more advanced forms of architecture within this area than in other parts of t…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The use of lime mortar in the New World appears to be confined to the area of Mesoamerica. It is, in fact, one of the most important of the several traits charatceristic of this area which have given rise to the concept of Mesoamerica as a distinct cultural unit. The extensive use of lime mortar within Mesoamerica probably played a significant role in the development of more advanced forms of architecture within this area than in other parts of t…
Maya Blue-Further Perspectives and the Possible Use of Indigo as the Colorant
A blue pigment having the chemical stability of authentic Maya Blue can be prepared from indigo and attapulgite with the raw materials available to the ancient Maya, and by techniques presumably within their knowledge. The procedure possibly used consists of impregnating attapulgite with an extract of indigo plant leaves and stems and subsequently heating the impregnated clay for an extended period of time at the temperature of boiling water. Thi…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic analyses of material from eight structures at Palenque show that mortars, plasters, stuccos, wash coats, and lime-aggregates were used as building units, and extend the distribution of limeaggregate, known also at Comalcalco, Las Flores, and Uxmal
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The use of sascab as a substitute for sand in the preparation of ancient (and modern) mortars and plasters in Yucatán has been noted by many writers including Landa (Tozzer 1941: 171, 176), Morris, Chariot, and Morris (1931, Vol. 1: 220-4), E. H. Thompson (1887), and Villa R. (1934). R. H. Thompson (1958) details the use of sascab as temper for making pottery. Sascab is described by Villa R. (1934) as a soft limestone conglomerate; it has also be…
Maya Blue-A New Perspective
A detailed and critical review of the literature pertaining to Maya Blue led to the conclusion that the presence of indigo as an integral component of the pigment has not, as yet, been established by acceptable scientific criteria. A Maya Blue was prepared from indigo and attapulgite which had all the observed properties of the authentic pigment. Although the experiments performed in the present study can hardly be called scientific proof of the …
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic examination of the material from successive floors of Mound A, Las Flores, Tampico, indicates that each building unit consisted of a lime-aggregate forming a monolithic mass, with subsequent plastering, essentially as at Comalcalco, Tabasco
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The precise definition of 'floor' as a building unit involving a lime aggregate or mortar (usually called fill) covered by a plaster (usually what is called the floor) the surface of which is treated by a wash coat makes possible detailed study of techniques of floor construction and the correlation of these with various cultural changes. A preliminary study of floors in Structures A-V, A-XVIII, B-XII at Uaxactún indicates that (1) floors improve…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The initial paper in this series (Littmann 1957, American Antiquity, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 135-40) presented a systematic approach to the study of ancient building elements such as mortars, plasters, and stuccos, and set forth the bases upon which the work was undertaken. It also included studies on steps of the prebrick period of Temple IV at Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico, in which it was demonstrated that a building unit comprising a monolithic lim…
Patterns in Maya Floor Construction
A study of floor construction in the Maya area leads to the conclusion that a definite technique or pattern seems to have been used from the Preclassic to the Postclassic periods and that this consisted of using a foundation under a base which was covered by a plaster. It appeared further that the same technique was applied regardless of the raw materials at hand. It was also found that the use of burned earth or clay as an element of a floor was…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic examination of building materials from Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labná demonstrate the presence of all the building elements previously identified at Comalcalco, Las Flores, and Palenque: mortar, plaster, stucco, wash coat, and lime-aggregate. The building elements at these Puuc sites differ from those at Comalcalco and Las Flores in the use of non-marine sources of lime, greater strength, and generally smoother compositio…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Mesoamerican masons have used an extract from the bark of such trees as the chucum, chacte, chacah, and jabin in the preparation of lime plaster since prehistoric times, reportedly to increase the workability or strength of the lime and to reduce cracking in the plaster. Experiments involving the use of plasters prepared with these high tannin-content extracts show that the extracts have an effect on the properties of lime plater probably by stab…
Short Methods for the Identification of Pigments
Semi-micro methods have been devised for the identification of the metallic components comprising the pigments used in mesoamerican mural paintings. These methods are based upon samples of 10-15 mgfor each of the colors to be studied and include the reds, greens, blues, blacks and browns. The analyses are performed on individual samples for each color, thereby eliminating the need for long and tedious analytical procedures which are difficult to …
The Classification and Analysis of Ancient Calcareous Materials
In the present paper a systematic classification of ancient calcareous materials has been proposed which more closely defines limestone in terms of the ratio of calcium to magnesium present. The same classification may be applied to mortars and plasters to characterize the raw materials from which they were made. The classification includes 'pure' calcium and magnesium minerals and any combination of the two.A new analytical procedure has been de…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The use of lime mortar in the New World appears to be confined to the area of Mesoamerica. It is, in fact, one of the most important of the several traits charatceristic of this area which have given rise to the concept of Mesoamerica as a distinct cultural unit. The extensive use of lime mortar within Mesoamerica probably played a significant role in the development of more advanced forms of architecture within this area than in other parts of t…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The initial paper in this series (Littmann 1957, American Antiquity, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 135-40) presented a systematic approach to the study of ancient building elements such as mortars, plasters, and stuccos, and set forth the bases upon which the work was undertaken. It also included studies on steps of the prebrick period of Temple IV at Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico, in which it was demonstrated that a building unit comprising a monolithic lim…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The use of sascab as a substitute for sand in the preparation of ancient (and modern) mortars and plasters in Yucatán has been noted by many writers including Landa (Tozzer 1941: 171, 176), Morris, Chariot, and Morris (1931, Vol. 1: 220-4), E. H. Thompson (1887), and Villa R. (1934). R. H. Thompson (1958) details the use of sascab as temper for making pottery. Sascab is described by Villa R. (1934) as a soft limestone conglomerate; it has also be…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic analyses of material from eight structures at Palenque show that mortars, plasters, stuccos, wash coats, and lime-aggregates were used as building units, and extend the distribution of limeaggregate, known also at Comalcalco, Las Flores, and Uxmal
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic examination of the material from successive floors of Mound A, Las Flores, Tampico, indicates that each building unit consisted of a lime-aggregate forming a monolithic mass, with subsequent plastering, essentially as at Comalcalco, Tabasco
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Chemical and microscopic examination of building materials from Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labná demonstrate the presence of all the building elements previously identified at Comalcalco, Las Flores, and Palenque: mortar, plaster, stucco, wash coat, and lime-aggregate. The building elements at these Puuc sites differ from those at Comalcalco and Las Flores in the use of non-marine sources of lime, greater strength, and generally smoother compositio…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
Mesoamerican masons have used an extract from the bark of such trees as the chucum, chacte, chacah, and jabin in the preparation of lime plaster since prehistoric times, reportedly to increase the workability or strength of the lime and to reduce cracking in the plaster. Experiments involving the use of plasters prepared with these high tannin-content extracts show that the extracts have an effect on the properties of lime plater probably by stab…
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos
The precise definition of 'floor' as a building unit involving a lime aggregate or mortar (usually called fill) covered by a plaster (usually what is called the floor) the surface of which is treated by a wash coat makes possible detailed study of techniques of floor construction and the correlation of these with various cultural changes. A preliminary study of floors in Structures A-V, A-XVIII, B-XII at Uaxactún indicates that (1) floors improve…
The Classification and Analysis of Ancient Calcareous Materials
In the present paper a systematic classification of ancient calcareous materials has been proposed which more closely defines limestone in terms of the ratio of calcium to magnesium present. The same classification may be applied to mortars and plasters to characterize the raw materials from which they were made. The classification includes 'pure' calcium and magnesium minerals and any combination of the two.A new analytical procedure has been de…
Patterns in Maya Floor Construction
A study of floor construction in the Maya area leads to the conclusion that a definite technique or pattern seems to have been used from the Preclassic to the Postclassic periods and that this consisted of using a foundation under a base which was covered by a plaster. It appeared further that the same technique was applied regardless of the raw materials at hand. It was also found that the use of burned earth or clay as an element of a floor was…
Short Methods for the Identification of Pigments
Semi-micro methods have been devised for the identification of the metallic components comprising the pigments used in mesoamerican mural paintings. These methods are based upon samples of 10-15 mgfor each of the colors to be studied and include the reds, greens, blues, blacks and browns. The analyses are performed on individual samples for each color, thereby eliminating the need for long and tedious analytical procedures which are difficult to …
Maya Blue-A New Perspective
A detailed and critical review of the literature pertaining to Maya Blue led to the conclusion that the presence of indigo as an integral component of the pigment has not, as yet, been established by acceptable scientific criteria. A Maya Blue was prepared from indigo and attapulgite which had all the observed properties of the authentic pigment. Although the experiments performed in the present study can hardly be called scientific proof of the …
Maya Blue-Further Perspectives and the Possible Use of Indigo as the Colorant
A blue pigment having the chemical stability of authentic Maya Blue can be prepared from indigo and attapulgite with the raw materials available to the ancient Maya, and by techniques presumably within their knowledge. The procedure possibly used consists of impregnating attapulgite with an extract of indigo plant leaves and stems and subsequently heating the impregnated clay for an extended period of time at the temperature of boiling water. Thi…
Archaeology (12 obras) · Building materials and conservation (10 obras) · Geography (9 obras) · Geology (9 obras) · Geology (9 obras) · Mortar (9 obras) · Archaeological and Geological Studies (7 obras) · Materials Science (7 obras) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (6 obras) · Lime (6 obras)