Erica Howard
Biographic Data
| ID | 4091900 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Erica Howard |
| GIVEN NAMES | Erica |
| FAMILY NAME | Howard |
| SIGNATURE | HOWARD E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Middlesex University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0848-5033 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 13 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 18 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 13 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2004 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Commentary on Kristin Henrard’s ‘The Margin of Appreciation for ‘State-Religion Relations’
This is a commentary on Kristin Henrard’s ‘The margin of appreciation for ‘statereligion relations’: critical reflections on the jurisprudence of the ECtHR and the CJEU’ addressing the contrast between the ECtHR and the HRC in relation to the wearing of religious symbols and the contrast in the case law of the CJEU in relation to religious discrimination
Intersectional discrimination and EU law
In this article it is argued that the CJEU judgment in Parris needs to be revisited to recognise that intersectional discrimination is covered by the EU anti-discrimination Directives. There are several reasons for this. First, a prohibition of intersectional discrimination is now laid down in an EU anti-discrimination Directive (Directive, 2023/970/EC); second, this would fit in with developments in the EU Commission, Council and Parliament; thi…
Headscarf-wearing employees and the CJEU
Protection des personnes LGBT+ en Europe
Cet article explore le cadre légal mis en place en Europe pour la protection contre la discrimination envers la communauté LGBT+, les propos haineux et les crimes de haine. Nous analyserons ici le droit fondamental à l’égalité et à la dignité. Nous passerons en revue détaillée la protection offerte par la loi de lutte contre la discrimination de l’UE, en nous assurant particulièrement que la discrimination fondée sur l’identité sexuelle, l’expres…
András Koltay, The Troubled Relationship Between Religions and the State Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion
This book by András Koltay1 can be seen as a valuable and timely contribution to the literature on the relationship between religions and the State in contemporary European societies, where this relationship is, indeed, often ‘troubled’ and the subject of public discourse. The book discusses this relationship with a particular focus on the intersection between freedom of expression and freedom of religion and examines these rights in the followin…
EU anti-discrimination law
This article analyses the protection which two European Union (EU) Directives, adopted in 2000, provide against discrimination on the grounds of racial and ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. This protection is not the same for all these grounds, and this has led to what is often referred to in the literature as a hierarchy of discrimination grounds. The article examines these differences in protection again…
Freedom of Speech versus Freedom of Religion? The Case of Dutch Politician Geert Wilders
Dutch right-wing politician Geert Wilders has already been prosecuted once for incitement to hatred and group defamation over remarks and a film criticising Islam and comparing the Quran to Hitler’s Mein Kampf. He was acquitted, but now faces another criminal trial on the same charges concerning remarks he made in March 2014 about ‘fewer Moroccans’. This Article examines Wilders’ expressions which led to both prosecutions. The case law of the Eur…
Protecting Freedom to Manifest One's Religion or Belief
Persons who want to manifest their religion through the wearing of religious symbols but who are prohibited from doing so appear to be unlikely to be successful in challenging these prohibitions under Articles 9 or 14 ECHR before the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, although very recent case law might tentatively suggest a shift in this approach. This article gives an overview of this case law, including the recent judgment in Eweida…
Online Screening and Referral for Postpartum Depression
Banning Islamic veils
In political and popular debates, bans on the wearing of Islamic head scarves and veils are often said to be necessary for the promotion of gender equality. In this article, I argue that this is based on a stereotypical view of Islam and of Muslim women which ignores the many different reasons why women wear headscarves and veils. I also argue that bans are unnecessary and even counterproductive to achieving gender equality. For those women who w…
Equality
This article analyses the development of a fundamental right to equal treatment or to non-discrimination within the EU legal order through a study of the general principles of Community law, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Article 13 EC Equality Directives. It examines European Union legislation and case law of the European Court of Justice, including the opinions of the Advocates General and the Court of First Ins…
The EU Race Directive
The European Union (ED) Directive against racial and ethnic origin discrimination has been criticized for a number of reasons. The main ones are, firstly, that it places racial and ethnic origin at the top of the hierarchy of discrimination grounds in the ED and that it does not cover discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief; secondly, that its main aim appears to be to establish formal equality or equal treatment rather than a more su…
The EU Race Directive
Legislation against racial discrimination makes, it is argued, a clear statement against racism in all its forms and hence has symbolic value. This is expressed in different ways, for example: a declaration of firm opposition to racism; the sending out of a clear political signal regarding the commitment to the fight against racism; a powerful symbol and a statement of intent. This Article will argue that the European Union's Race Directive 1 had…
Banning Islamic veils
In political and popular debates, bans on the wearing of Islamic head scarves and veils are often said to be necessary for the promotion of gender equality. In this article, I argue that this is based on a stereotypical view of Islam and of Muslim women which ignores the many different reasons why women wear headscarves and veils. I also argue that bans are unnecessary and even counterproductive to achieving gender equality. For those women who w…
EU anti-discrimination law
This article analyses the protection which two European Union (EU) Directives, adopted in 2000, provide against discrimination on the grounds of racial and ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. This protection is not the same for all these grounds, and this has led to what is often referred to in the literature as a hierarchy of discrimination grounds. The article examines these differences in protection again…
Freedom of Speech versus Freedom of Religion? The Case of Dutch Politician Geert Wilders
Dutch right-wing politician Geert Wilders has already been prosecuted once for incitement to hatred and group defamation over remarks and a film criticising Islam and comparing the Quran to Hitler’s Mein Kampf. He was acquitted, but now faces another criminal trial on the same charges concerning remarks he made in March 2014 about ‘fewer Moroccans’. This Article examines Wilders’ expressions which led to both prosecutions. The case law of the Eur…
The EU Race Directive
The European Union (ED) Directive against racial and ethnic origin discrimination has been criticized for a number of reasons. The main ones are, firstly, that it places racial and ethnic origin at the top of the hierarchy of discrimination grounds in the ED and that it does not cover discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief; secondly, that its main aim appears to be to establish formal equality or equal treatment rather than a more su…
The EU Race Directive
Legislation against racial discrimination makes, it is argued, a clear statement against racism in all its forms and hence has symbolic value. This is expressed in different ways, for example: a declaration of firm opposition to racism; the sending out of a clear political signal regarding the commitment to the fight against racism; a powerful symbol and a statement of intent. This Article will argue that the European Union's Race Directive 1 had…
The EU Race Directive
The European Union (ED) Directive against racial and ethnic origin discrimination has been criticized for a number of reasons. The main ones are, firstly, that it places racial and ethnic origin at the top of the hierarchy of discrimination grounds in the ED and that it does not cover discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief; secondly, that its main aim appears to be to establish formal equality or equal treatment rather than a more su…
Equality
This article analyses the development of a fundamental right to equal treatment or to non-discrimination within the EU legal order through a study of the general principles of Community law, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Article 13 EC Equality Directives. It examines European Union legislation and case law of the European Court of Justice, including the opinions of the Advocates General and the Court of First Ins…
Banning Islamic veils
In political and popular debates, bans on the wearing of Islamic head scarves and veils are often said to be necessary for the promotion of gender equality. In this article, I argue that this is based on a stereotypical view of Islam and of Muslim women which ignores the many different reasons why women wear headscarves and veils. I also argue that bans are unnecessary and even counterproductive to achieving gender equality. For those women who w…
Online Screening and Referral for Postpartum Depression
Protecting Freedom to Manifest One's Religion or Belief
Persons who want to manifest their religion through the wearing of religious symbols but who are prohibited from doing so appear to be unlikely to be successful in challenging these prohibitions under Articles 9 or 14 ECHR before the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, although very recent case law might tentatively suggest a shift in this approach. This article gives an overview of this case law, including the recent judgment in Eweida…
Freedom of Speech versus Freedom of Religion? The Case of Dutch Politician Geert Wilders
Dutch right-wing politician Geert Wilders has already been prosecuted once for incitement to hatred and group defamation over remarks and a film criticising Islam and comparing the Quran to Hitler’s Mein Kampf. He was acquitted, but now faces another criminal trial on the same charges concerning remarks he made in March 2014 about ‘fewer Moroccans’. This Article examines Wilders’ expressions which led to both prosecutions. The case law of the Eur…
András Koltay, The Troubled Relationship Between Religions and the State Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion
This book by András Koltay1 can be seen as a valuable and timely contribution to the literature on the relationship between religions and the State in contemporary European societies, where this relationship is, indeed, often ‘troubled’ and the subject of public discourse. The book discusses this relationship with a particular focus on the intersection between freedom of expression and freedom of religion and examines these rights in the followin…
EU anti-discrimination law
This article analyses the protection which two European Union (EU) Directives, adopted in 2000, provide against discrimination on the grounds of racial and ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. This protection is not the same for all these grounds, and this has led to what is often referred to in the literature as a hierarchy of discrimination grounds. The article examines these differences in protection again…
Protection des personnes LGBT+ en Europe
Cet article explore le cadre légal mis en place en Europe pour la protection contre la discrimination envers la communauté LGBT+, les propos haineux et les crimes de haine. Nous analyserons ici le droit fondamental à l’égalité et à la dignité. Nous passerons en revue détaillée la protection offerte par la loi de lutte contre la discrimination de l’UE, en nous assurant particulièrement que la discrimination fondée sur l’identité sexuelle, l’expres…
Headscarf-wearing employees and the CJEU
Intersectional discrimination and EU law
In this article it is argued that the CJEU judgment in Parris needs to be revisited to recognise that intersectional discrimination is covered by the EU anti-discrimination Directives. There are several reasons for this. First, a prohibition of intersectional discrimination is now laid down in an EU anti-discrimination Directive (Directive, 2023/970/EC); second, this would fit in with developments in the EU Commission, Council and Parliament; thi…
Commentary on Kristin Henrard’s ‘The Margin of Appreciation for ‘State-Religion Relations’
This is a commentary on Kristin Henrard’s ‘The margin of appreciation for ‘statereligion relations’: critical reflections on the jurisprudence of the ECtHR and the CJEU’ addressing the contrast between the ECtHR and the HRC in relation to the wearing of religious symbols and the contrast in the case law of the CJEU in relation to religious discrimination
Political science (12 works) · Law (11 works) · Sociology (11 works) · Law (8 works) · Discrimination and Equality Law (7 works) · European union (5 works) · Human rights (5 works) · Law and economics (5 works) · Politics (4 works) · Religious Freedom and Discrimination (4 works)