Thomas Lorentzen
Biographic Data
| ID | 4193011 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Thomas Lorentzen |
| GIVEN NAMES | Thomas |
| FAMILY NAME | Lorentzen |
| SIGNATURE | LORENTZEN T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Bergen |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9952-8929 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 164 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 25 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2003 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Birds of a Feather
The author examines how peer influence acts as a catalyst for individual academic growth or decline, focusing on grade-rank changes between lower secondary and upper secondary education. The aim is to identify school-level factors that either promote or hinder learning, emphasizing the role of peer ability and country background segregation. Using population-based register data from Norway and using fixed-effects and multilevel random-effects mod…
Videregående utdanning over to tiår
I denne artikkelen analyseres utviklingen av segregering basert på landbakgrunn i den videregående skolen i Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger og Trondheim over de siste to tiårene. Analyser basert på registerdata avslører økende segregering i både skoler og nabolag i alle de fire byene, med Oslo som skiller seg ut med særlig høy grad av segregering. Analysene gir ikke belegg for noen entydig konklusjon om hvorvidt det er skolenes inntaksmodell eller boligs…
If unpartnered at the birth of a child, how would you fare? A life-course perspective on contemporary single motherhood
In this article, we use population-based administrative data and multichannel sequence analysis to investigate the trajectories of single mothers in Norway who had a child while unpartnered in 1993, 2001 and 2008. Our observation period is from 1994 to 2015. This period covers several structural transformations in Norwegian society and changes in family policies and welfare policies concerning single mothers. Furthermore, the period saw the growt…
Generosity's double‐edged sword
As long as welfare arrangements have been in existence, there has been a strong belief that high‐benefit generosity leads to welfare reliance. In this study, we investigate whether an increase in welfare generosity in Norway resulted in higher social assistance (SA) uptake and decreased engagement in paid work. By utilizing high‐quality administrative data and employing a difference‐in‐difference design, we find no overall effects on SA or work a…
Trajectories among recipients of social assistance in Norway
Background and Purpose Little scholarly attention has been paid to variations in local welfare provisions and how they frame beneficiaries’ welfare‐work trajectories. This is unfortunate since increasingly a varied menu of services is provided locally and welfare‐work trajectories unfold in a local context. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this debate by examining the welfare‐work trajectories among young social assistance recipients…
Changes in health-related rehabilitation trajectories following a major Norwegian welfare reform
Our study population is a vulnerable group with suboptimal mental health, functioning and employment outcomes. In conjunction with the welfare reform, we witnessed a significant drop in use of work-related benefits, accompanied by a substantial increase in uptake of health-related rehabilitation- and disability benefits. Thus, it appears that rather than improving employment outcomes, welfare policy changes have created a new problem by steering …
Gendered transition structures
In this article, we present the results from a sequence analysis of two cohorts of young people skilled in gender-segregated vocational education in Norway. By using administrative data on monthly statuses in education, employment and welfare, we map life course trajectories during the 11 years after completion. The results suggest that men skilled in male-dominated trades experience the most favourable trajectories in terms of labour market incl…
Disability pension dynamics in early adulthood
Current initiatives such as the Norwegian Inclusive Workplace Agreement (IA) focus on preventing transitions from employment to disability benefits. However, such initiatives have little relevance for young disability pensioners as the majority have weak labour market attachment. Policymakers should therefore consider placing more emphasis on non-workplace interventions
Are low-skilled young people increasingly useless, and are men the losers among them
Claims that low-skilled young people, and especially the men among them, are being excluded from the labour market have been influential over recent decades, contributing to an increasing concern over the issue of early school leaving. In this study, we use high-quality administrative data and sequence analysis to investigate the school-to-work trajectories of three birth cohorts of early school leavers in Norway between the ages of 16 and 26. Ou…
Social assistance dynamics in Norway revisited
This article revisits earlier research on social assistance (SA) dynamics by applying a holistic life‐course approach, made possible by sequence analysis. We followed the life‐course over 20 years of young recipients of SA in Norway. The data material was derived from administrative data collected and linked by Statistics Norway. The study population was first‐time SA recipients aged 18–24 years in 1995. In addition to SA, spells of social securi…
Immigration and Integration Policy and Labour Market Attainment Among Immigrants to Scandinavia
Insufficient integration of immigrants into the labour market has been identified as a major problem in the Scandinavian countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Integration depends, inter alia, on immigration and integration policy, and for most of the post-war period the policies of the three countries displayed strong similarities. However, in the early 2000s Denmark increasingly deviated from its two neighbours, introducing more restrictive immi…
Pathways to Adulthood
Work and welfare‐state trajectories in Norway over two decades
In this study, we investigated the work and welfare‐state trajectories of three cohorts of middle‐aged Norwegian inhabitants over a period of two decades (1994–2014). The period of this study is particularly interesting because of an extensive welfare reform that was initiated in 2006 and completed in 2011. We addressed two questions: What were the most typical labour market and welfare‐state trajectories for middle‐aged people over the past two …
The governance of poverty
Social assistance benefits are the last resort in national social protection systems, and decentralizing reforms leading to increasing local discretion over implementation of national legislation was an international trend frequently referred to as devolution. More recent reforms have instead often implied recentralization and/or involved mandatory institutional cooperation between welfare agencies located at different hierarchical levels. In con…
Employment policy and social investment in Norway
This chapter by Espen Dahl and Thomas Lorentzen examines labour market policy and related social polices in Norway, focusing on a selected set of recent reforms as well as their outcomes such as work participation and earnings, in particular for disadvantaged groups that are often targets of the reforms. A rather mixed picture emerges. Some reforms and parts of larger reforms carry the stamp of a true social investment approach, for example the r…
Early school leaving in Scandinavia
The article explores the extent to which the organization of vocational tracks in upper secondary school affects the labour market risks associated with early school exit. The Nordic countries share many features, but the upper secondary school systems differ significantly in how their vocational tracks are organized. Denmark and Norway have dual vocational tracks, that is, they combine school-based education and workplace apprenticeships, wherea…
Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Assistance in the Nordic Countries in the 2000s
This study considered trends in the intergenerational transmission of social assistance (SA) among young adults in Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 2000s. Comparable administrative register data-sets enabled us to compare year by year the social assistance recipiency of 20-year-old adults in the period 1999–2008, together with information on their parents' social assistance recipiency at the time when those young adults were aged 16 years. T…
Social background and life-course risks as determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in Sweden, Norway and Finland
We analyse the determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in three Nordic countries, focusing on social-background and life-course events during early adulthood. We ask whether they are related differently to short-term and long-term receipt. Short-term poverty could be more individualized than long-term poverty which can be expected to be more strongly related to social background. We applied generalized ordinal logit modelling…
Unemployment and economic security for young adults in F inland, N orway and S weden
In this study, we investigated if there has been a displacement in the type and coverage of welfare services available for young unemployed adults in F inland, N orway and S weden over the last two decades. This question is important because a number of studies have argued that the generous unemployment benefits and extensive labour market intervention found in the N ordic welfare states shield young people from the most severe consequences of ec…
Welfare risks in early adulthood
Lorentzen T, Dahl E, Harsløf I. Welfare risks in early adulthood: a longitudinal analysis of social assistance transitions in Norway This study assessed the significance of critical life events and socio‐economic background in relation to the likelihood of young Norwegians receiving social assistance, asking how each of these factors contributes both independently and interactively. The data set was derived from a nationwide, longitudinal registe…
Poverty Dynamics and Social Exclusion
This article aims to examine the relationship between poverty and social exclusion in a dynamic perspective. We look at two dimensions of social exclusion (lack of friendship relationships and lack of participation in civic organisations), and scrutinise two aspects of poverty: poverty duration (that is, 'previously poor', 'recently poor', 'recurrent poor' and 'permanently poor) and poverty gradation (defined as 50, 60 and 70 per cent of median i…
Income Dynamics in Norwegian Families on Social Assistance
This paper provides new evidence about the income dynamics among families with children in Norway receiving social assistance benefits. The data includes all Norwegian families receiving social assistance benefits for the first time in 1995. The income development of these families is followed until the end of 1999. In order to take advantage of the longitudinal character of the data, multivariate panel data models are applied. The analytical fra…
What works for whom? An analysis of active labour market programmes in Norway
This article examines whether some active labour market programmes (ALMP) targeted at social assistance recipients are more effective for some groups than for others in increasing self-sufficiency, i.e. gross earnings. The study focuses on the interaction between two types of programmes – employment programmes and training programmes – and the social charac-teristics of the participants. The data are derived from the pool of the entire population…
Active labour market programmes in Norway
This paper examines whether active labour market programmes (ALMPs) directed to the most disadvantaged in Norway are helpful in moving them from social assistance to self-sufficiency (i.e. work, earnings, and decent income) . The study focuses on programme packages that integrate several components and are especially targeted at the disadvantaged unemployed. Nine such programme packages are evaluated. Thus, nine comparison groups are formed, one …
Dynamics of social assistance
In the article we ask how long Norwegian recipients of social assistance stay on aid over an eight‐year period? We focus on the populations selected, the design of the study and how spells are recorded and measured. The data set includes nearly the entire 1995 cohort of social assistance claimants (n = 155,000), and contains individual information over eight years (1992–1999), which is the maximum length of a single continuous spell. The study co…
Social background and life-course risks as determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in Sweden, Norway and Finland
We analyse the determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in three Nordic countries, focusing on social-background and life-course events during early adulthood. We ask whether they are related differently to short-term and long-term receipt. Short-term poverty could be more individualized than long-term poverty which can be expected to be more strongly related to social background. We applied generalized ordinal logit modelling…
Early school leaving in Scandinavia
The article explores the extent to which the organization of vocational tracks in upper secondary school affects the labour market risks associated with early school exit. The Nordic countries share many features, but the upper secondary school systems differ significantly in how their vocational tracks are organized. Denmark and Norway have dual vocational tracks, that is, they combine school-based education and workplace apprenticeships, wherea…
Pathways to Adulthood
Unemployment and economic security for young adults in F inland, N orway and S weden
In this study, we investigated if there has been a displacement in the type and coverage of welfare services available for young unemployed adults in F inland, N orway and S weden over the last two decades. This question is important because a number of studies have argued that the generous unemployment benefits and extensive labour market intervention found in the N ordic welfare states shield young people from the most severe consequences of ec…
Poverty Dynamics and Social Exclusion
This article aims to examine the relationship between poverty and social exclusion in a dynamic perspective. We look at two dimensions of social exclusion (lack of friendship relationships and lack of participation in civic organisations), and scrutinise two aspects of poverty: poverty duration (that is, 'previously poor', 'recently poor', 'recurrent poor' and 'permanently poor) and poverty gradation (defined as 50, 60 and 70 per cent of median i…
What works for whom? An analysis of active labour market programmes in Norway
This article examines whether some active labour market programmes (ALMP) targeted at social assistance recipients are more effective for some groups than for others in increasing self-sufficiency, i.e. gross earnings. The study focuses on the interaction between two types of programmes – employment programmes and training programmes – and the social charac-teristics of the participants. The data are derived from the pool of the entire population…
Active labour market programmes in Norway
This paper examines whether active labour market programmes (ALMPs) directed to the most disadvantaged in Norway are helpful in moving them from social assistance to self-sufficiency (i.e. work, earnings, and decent income) . The study focuses on programme packages that integrate several components and are especially targeted at the disadvantaged unemployed. Nine such programme packages are evaluated. Thus, nine comparison groups are formed, one …
Dynamics of social assistance
In the article we ask how long Norwegian recipients of social assistance stay on aid over an eight‐year period? We focus on the populations selected, the design of the study and how spells are recorded and measured. The data set includes nearly the entire 1995 cohort of social assistance claimants (n = 155,000), and contains individual information over eight years (1992–1999), which is the maximum length of a single continuous spell. The study co…
The governance of poverty
Social assistance benefits are the last resort in national social protection systems, and decentralizing reforms leading to increasing local discretion over implementation of national legislation was an international trend frequently referred to as devolution. More recent reforms have instead often implied recentralization and/or involved mandatory institutional cooperation between welfare agencies located at different hierarchical levels. In con…
Welfare risks in early adulthood
Lorentzen T, Dahl E, Harsløf I. Welfare risks in early adulthood: a longitudinal analysis of social assistance transitions in Norway This study assessed the significance of critical life events and socio‐economic background in relation to the likelihood of young Norwegians receiving social assistance, asking how each of these factors contributes both independently and interactively. The data set was derived from a nationwide, longitudinal registe…
Social assistance dynamics in Norway revisited
This article revisits earlier research on social assistance (SA) dynamics by applying a holistic life‐course approach, made possible by sequence analysis. We followed the life‐course over 20 years of young recipients of SA in Norway. The data material was derived from administrative data collected and linked by Statistics Norway. The study population was first‐time SA recipients aged 18–24 years in 1995. In addition to SA, spells of social securi…
Immigration and Integration Policy and Labour Market Attainment Among Immigrants to Scandinavia
Insufficient integration of immigrants into the labour market has been identified as a major problem in the Scandinavian countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Integration depends, inter alia, on immigration and integration policy, and for most of the post-war period the policies of the three countries displayed strong similarities. However, in the early 2000s Denmark increasingly deviated from its two neighbours, introducing more restrictive immi…
Work and welfare‐state trajectories in Norway over two decades
In this study, we investigated the work and welfare‐state trajectories of three cohorts of middle‐aged Norwegian inhabitants over a period of two decades (1994–2014). The period of this study is particularly interesting because of an extensive welfare reform that was initiated in 2006 and completed in 2011. We addressed two questions: What were the most typical labour market and welfare‐state trajectories for middle‐aged people over the past two …
Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Assistance in the Nordic Countries in the 2000s
This study considered trends in the intergenerational transmission of social assistance (SA) among young adults in Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 2000s. Comparable administrative register data-sets enabled us to compare year by year the social assistance recipiency of 20-year-old adults in the period 1999–2008, together with information on their parents' social assistance recipiency at the time when those young adults were aged 16 years. T…
Videregående utdanning over to tiår
I denne artikkelen analyseres utviklingen av segregering basert på landbakgrunn i den videregående skolen i Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger og Trondheim over de siste to tiårene. Analyser basert på registerdata avslører økende segregering i både skoler og nabolag i alle de fire byene, med Oslo som skiller seg ut med særlig høy grad av segregering. Analysene gir ikke belegg for noen entydig konklusjon om hvorvidt det er skolenes inntaksmodell eller boligs…
If unpartnered at the birth of a child, how would you fare? A life-course perspective on contemporary single motherhood
In this article, we use population-based administrative data and multichannel sequence analysis to investigate the trajectories of single mothers in Norway who had a child while unpartnered in 1993, 2001 and 2008. Our observation period is from 1994 to 2015. This period covers several structural transformations in Norwegian society and changes in family policies and welfare policies concerning single mothers. Furthermore, the period saw the growt…
Dynamics of social assistance
In the article we ask how long Norwegian recipients of social assistance stay on aid over an eight‐year period? We focus on the populations selected, the design of the study and how spells are recorded and measured. The data set includes nearly the entire 1995 cohort of social assistance claimants (n = 155,000), and contains individual information over eight years (1992–1999), which is the maximum length of a single continuous spell. The study co…
What works for whom? An analysis of active labour market programmes in Norway
This article examines whether some active labour market programmes (ALMP) targeted at social assistance recipients are more effective for some groups than for others in increasing self-sufficiency, i.e. gross earnings. The study focuses on the interaction between two types of programmes – employment programmes and training programmes – and the social charac-teristics of the participants. The data are derived from the pool of the entire population…
Active labour market programmes in Norway
This paper examines whether active labour market programmes (ALMPs) directed to the most disadvantaged in Norway are helpful in moving them from social assistance to self-sufficiency (i.e. work, earnings, and decent income) . The study focuses on programme packages that integrate several components and are especially targeted at the disadvantaged unemployed. Nine such programme packages are evaluated. Thus, nine comparison groups are formed, one …
Income Dynamics in Norwegian Families on Social Assistance
This paper provides new evidence about the income dynamics among families with children in Norway receiving social assistance benefits. The data includes all Norwegian families receiving social assistance benefits for the first time in 1995. The income development of these families is followed until the end of 1999. In order to take advantage of the longitudinal character of the data, multivariate panel data models are applied. The analytical fra…
Poverty Dynamics and Social Exclusion
This article aims to examine the relationship between poverty and social exclusion in a dynamic perspective. We look at two dimensions of social exclusion (lack of friendship relationships and lack of participation in civic organisations), and scrutinise two aspects of poverty: poverty duration (that is, 'previously poor', 'recently poor', 'recurrent poor' and 'permanently poor) and poverty gradation (defined as 50, 60 and 70 per cent of median i…
Welfare risks in early adulthood
Lorentzen T, Dahl E, Harsløf I. Welfare risks in early adulthood: a longitudinal analysis of social assistance transitions in Norway This study assessed the significance of critical life events and socio‐economic background in relation to the likelihood of young Norwegians receiving social assistance, asking how each of these factors contributes both independently and interactively. The data set was derived from a nationwide, longitudinal registe…
Unemployment and economic security for young adults in F inland, N orway and S weden
In this study, we investigated if there has been a displacement in the type and coverage of welfare services available for young unemployed adults in F inland, N orway and S weden over the last two decades. This question is important because a number of studies have argued that the generous unemployment benefits and extensive labour market intervention found in the N ordic welfare states shield young people from the most severe consequences of ec…
Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Assistance in the Nordic Countries in the 2000s
This study considered trends in the intergenerational transmission of social assistance (SA) among young adults in Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 2000s. Comparable administrative register data-sets enabled us to compare year by year the social assistance recipiency of 20-year-old adults in the period 1999–2008, together with information on their parents' social assistance recipiency at the time when those young adults were aged 16 years. T…
Social background and life-course risks as determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in Sweden, Norway and Finland
We analyse the determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in three Nordic countries, focusing on social-background and life-course events during early adulthood. We ask whether they are related differently to short-term and long-term receipt. Short-term poverty could be more individualized than long-term poverty which can be expected to be more strongly related to social background. We applied generalized ordinal logit modelling…
Early school leaving in Scandinavia
The article explores the extent to which the organization of vocational tracks in upper secondary school affects the labour market risks associated with early school exit. The Nordic countries share many features, but the upper secondary school systems differ significantly in how their vocational tracks are organized. Denmark and Norway have dual vocational tracks, that is, they combine school-based education and workplace apprenticeships, wherea…
Employment policy and social investment in Norway
This chapter by Espen Dahl and Thomas Lorentzen examines labour market policy and related social polices in Norway, focusing on a selected set of recent reforms as well as their outcomes such as work participation and earnings, in particular for disadvantaged groups that are often targets of the reforms. A rather mixed picture emerges. Some reforms and parts of larger reforms carry the stamp of a true social investment approach, for example the r…
Work and welfare‐state trajectories in Norway over two decades
In this study, we investigated the work and welfare‐state trajectories of three cohorts of middle‐aged Norwegian inhabitants over a period of two decades (1994–2014). The period of this study is particularly interesting because of an extensive welfare reform that was initiated in 2006 and completed in 2011. We addressed two questions: What were the most typical labour market and welfare‐state trajectories for middle‐aged people over the past two …
The governance of poverty
Social assistance benefits are the last resort in national social protection systems, and decentralizing reforms leading to increasing local discretion over implementation of national legislation was an international trend frequently referred to as devolution. More recent reforms have instead often implied recentralization and/or involved mandatory institutional cooperation between welfare agencies located at different hierarchical levels. In con…
Immigration and Integration Policy and Labour Market Attainment Among Immigrants to Scandinavia
Insufficient integration of immigrants into the labour market has been identified as a major problem in the Scandinavian countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Integration depends, inter alia, on immigration and integration policy, and for most of the post-war period the policies of the three countries displayed strong similarities. However, in the early 2000s Denmark increasingly deviated from its two neighbours, introducing more restrictive immi…
Pathways to Adulthood
Are low-skilled young people increasingly useless, and are men the losers among them
Claims that low-skilled young people, and especially the men among them, are being excluded from the labour market have been influential over recent decades, contributing to an increasing concern over the issue of early school leaving. In this study, we use high-quality administrative data and sequence analysis to investigate the school-to-work trajectories of three birth cohorts of early school leavers in Norway between the ages of 16 and 26. Ou…
Social assistance dynamics in Norway revisited
This article revisits earlier research on social assistance (SA) dynamics by applying a holistic life‐course approach, made possible by sequence analysis. We followed the life‐course over 20 years of young recipients of SA in Norway. The data material was derived from administrative data collected and linked by Statistics Norway. The study population was first‐time SA recipients aged 18–24 years in 1995. In addition to SA, spells of social securi…
Gendered transition structures
In this article, we present the results from a sequence analysis of two cohorts of young people skilled in gender-segregated vocational education in Norway. By using administrative data on monthly statuses in education, employment and welfare, we map life course trajectories during the 11 years after completion. The results suggest that men skilled in male-dominated trades experience the most favourable trajectories in terms of labour market incl…
Disability pension dynamics in early adulthood
Current initiatives such as the Norwegian Inclusive Workplace Agreement (IA) focus on preventing transitions from employment to disability benefits. However, such initiatives have little relevance for young disability pensioners as the majority have weak labour market attachment. Policymakers should therefore consider placing more emphasis on non-workplace interventions
Changes in health-related rehabilitation trajectories following a major Norwegian welfare reform
Our study population is a vulnerable group with suboptimal mental health, functioning and employment outcomes. In conjunction with the welfare reform, we witnessed a significant drop in use of work-related benefits, accompanied by a substantial increase in uptake of health-related rehabilitation- and disability benefits. Thus, it appears that rather than improving employment outcomes, welfare policy changes have created a new problem by steering …
Generosity's double‐edged sword
As long as welfare arrangements have been in existence, there has been a strong belief that high‐benefit generosity leads to welfare reliance. In this study, we investigate whether an increase in welfare generosity in Norway resulted in higher social assistance (SA) uptake and decreased engagement in paid work. By utilizing high‐quality administrative data and employing a difference‐in‐difference design, we find no overall effects on SA or work a…
Trajectories among recipients of social assistance in Norway
Background and Purpose Little scholarly attention has been paid to variations in local welfare provisions and how they frame beneficiaries’ welfare‐work trajectories. This is unfortunate since increasingly a varied menu of services is provided locally and welfare‐work trajectories unfold in a local context. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this debate by examining the welfare‐work trajectories among young social assistance recipients…
Birds of a Feather
The author examines how peer influence acts as a catalyst for individual academic growth or decline, focusing on grade-rank changes between lower secondary and upper secondary education. The aim is to identify school-level factors that either promote or hinder learning, emphasizing the role of peer ability and country background segregation. Using population-based register data from Norway and using fixed-effects and multilevel random-effects mod…
Videregående utdanning over to tiår
I denne artikkelen analyseres utviklingen av segregering basert på landbakgrunn i den videregående skolen i Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger og Trondheim over de siste to tiårene. Analyser basert på registerdata avslører økende segregering i både skoler og nabolag i alle de fire byene, med Oslo som skiller seg ut med særlig høy grad av segregering. Analysene gir ikke belegg for noen entydig konklusjon om hvorvidt det er skolenes inntaksmodell eller boligs…
If unpartnered at the birth of a child, how would you fare? A life-course perspective on contemporary single motherhood
In this article, we use population-based administrative data and multichannel sequence analysis to investigate the trajectories of single mothers in Norway who had a child while unpartnered in 1993, 2001 and 2008. Our observation period is from 1994 to 2015. This period covers several structural transformations in Norwegian society and changes in family policies and welfare policies concerning single mothers. Furthermore, the period saw the growt…
Economics (22 works) · Demographic economics (18 works) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (16 works) · Political science (14 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Economic growth (13 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (13 works) · Psychology (12 works) · Labour economics (10 works) · Norwegian (10 works)