Marc-André Reinhard
Biographic Data
| ID | 4231065 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Marc-André Reinhard |
| GIVEN NAMES | Marc-André |
| FAMILY NAME | Reinhard |
| SIGNATURE | REINHARD M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Mannheim |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1588-3005 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 40 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 77 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 40 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1998 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
I Actually Eat That Much Meat
When reminded of the suffering of animals on farms, men and women employ different strategies to justify their meat consumption. This pre-registered study aimed to conceptually replicate Rothgerber’s (2019) finding that women underreport their meat consumption to reduce meat-related cognitive dissonance. MTurk-workers ( N = 804) were subjected to a 2 (treatment: farm animal abuse salience vs. control) × 2 (gender: male vs. female) high-powered ex…
Close replication of
Within the present research, we conducted a close replication of Paul et al. (2022), who reported the HEXACO Honesty-Humility trait to be positively correlated with prosocial lies by applying a procedure in which participants should rate a poorly written essay. Consistent with the original study, participants (N=324) higher in Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness showed more prosocial lying. Because the associations disappeared within a shared regr…
Is It the Judge, the Sender, or Just the Individual Message? Disentangling Person and Message Effects on Variation in Lie-Detection Judgments
Research suggests that people differ more in their ability to lie than in their ability to detect lies. However, because studies have not treated senders and messages as separate entities, it is unclear whether some senders are generally more transparent than others or whether individual messages differ in their transparency of veracity regardless of senders. Variance attributable to judges, senders, and messages was estimated simultaneously usin…
Challenges in detecting proximal effects of existential threat on lie detection accuracy
The present work documents our investigation of proximal (i.e., immediate) effects of existential threat on the process of lie detection. Specifically, we hypothesized that lie detection accuracy will be higher in a mortality salience (MS) condition compared with the control condition. In two lab-based studies ( N = 120; N = 109) and one internet study ( N = 1294), we did not find any evidence for this hypothesis, that is, MS effects on lie detec…
Is peoples’ belief in a just world associated with (dis)honesty in romantic relationships
Is the uncertain self good at detecting lies? The influence of personal uncertainty on deception detection
Five experiments (total number of judging participants = 1309, four different kinds of stimulus materials with a total of 464 messages, total number of judgements = 19,634) investigated the influence of personal uncertainty on the process of lie detection in social relationships. Building on and extending basic assumptions of uncertainty management models, we reasoned that uncertainty about themselves motivates people to evaluate the quality of t…
Honesty–humility negatively correlates with dishonesty in romantic relationships
5,677). For a first test of our hypothesis, we conducted a series of seven cross-sectional studies based on self-reports; these studies used different methodological approaches to assess relationship-based dishonesty (i.e., closed-ended self-report scales, scenarios, and direct frequency measures). This was followed by one diary study and three studies that base their assessment on more behavioral measurements of relationship-based dishonesty (e.…
The interplay of math anxiety and math competence for later performance
Math anxiety’s negative effects on performance are well-documented. The interplay of math anxiety and mathematical competence regarding later performance is underexplored. We investigated whether math anxiety’s detrimental effects on learning depend on previous mathematical competence. Hypothesizing a moderation effect, we expected that trait math anxiety should affect pupils of higher competence to a greater extent than pupils with lesser compet…
The correlation of honesty-humility and learning goals with academic cheating
Academic cheating is a problem that affects many educational institutions and has become increasingly significant with the new challenges of online education. Recent studies have found that learning goals are correlated with cheating behavior among students. In this study, we investigated whether learning goals are still a predictor of cheating behavior when controlling for students' Honesty-Humility (emanated from the HEXACO model of personality…
Who wants to learn harder? The relationship between conservatism and liberalism, desirable difficulties, and academic learning
Previous work has shown that challenging learning strategies like desirable difficulties improve long-term learning. Nonetheless, because they might be regarded as strict and demanding learning strategies, they should not be perceived as positive by everyone. They should, however, fit conservative political attitudes since those are, among others, positively correlated with individuals’ need for order and structure as well as with challenging lea…
Sadder and Less Gullible?—Investigating Depressive Realism Effects in Judgments of Veracity
Introduction: Depressive realism literature suggests that depressed individuals’ negative self-view is correlated with less self-serving positivity bias. Also, research suggests some social cognitive advantages for individuals with subclinical levels of depression (dysphoria), especially in identifying negative emotions. This study tested the hypothesis that individuals with dysphoric symptoms show less of a truth bias and are more accurate at de…
Tests and academic cheating
Desirable difficulties like tests were often shown to increase long-term learning. However, due to the complexity and difficulty of such tasks, they are also argued to result in negative consequences like stress, anxiety, pressure, frustration, or negative evaluations. In other studies, such consequences were, in turn, often found to increase dishonest behaviour. Hence, the present work tests the assumptions that tests as difficult learning tasks…
Defending one's worldview under mortality salience
Potential negative consequences of mindfulness in the moral domain
Mindfulness is a state of paying conscious and nonjudgmental attention to present‐moment experiences. Previous research relates this state to more effective emotion regulation and less emotion reactivity. We therefore hypothesized an attenuating effect of a mindfulness exercise on moral reactions that usually results from a bad conscience when having caused harm. Across five studies, we experimentally induced mindfulness via a short breathing exe…
Assessing task difficulty for other people
The Bicultural Phenomenon
Cross-cultural research has indicated that bicultural individuals switch their behavioral patterns according to situational cultural frames. Based on self-categorization theory and evidence that being prototypical for an ingroup can increase ingroup identification, we investigated the idea that when being prototypical for a specific culture, bicultural individuals switch their cultural identification toward the culture for which they are prototyp…
When Death Is Compelling
Research on terror management theory has found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to activated social norms and values. Recently, research has shown that mortality salience also increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. Based on this, in the current paper we investigated the idea that mortality salience influences persuasion strategies that are based on the norm of reciprocity. We therefore assume that mortality…
Saving cognitive resources when possible
Enjeux de la planification territoriale en Europe sous la direction de Marcus Zepf et Lauren Andres
No abstract available
Detecting Lies and Truths in Social Work
The ability to distinguish between truthful and deceptive statements has been argued to be essential for social workers. The present study investigated the relationship between occupational experience, suspicion level, situational familiarity, judgemental truth or lie bias, and social workers' accuracy in detecting lie and truth. Each of the 125 social workers, whose role is to counsel the unemployed, rated fourteen video fragments of stimulus pe…
The risk of male success and failure
Previous research has demonstrated that failure on a task may at times increase self-esteem, known as the failure-as-an-asset effect. This effect is observed when high-status group members (e.g., referring to management positions: men) show poor performance in a domain that is seen as a low-status domain—one in which the low-status group (e.g., referring to management positions: women) typically outperforms the high-status group. In line with soc…
Unconscious processes improve lie detection
The capacity to identify cheaters is essential for maintaining balanced social relationships, yet humans have been shown to be generally poor deception detectors. In fact, a plethora of empirical findings holds that individuals are only slightly better than chance when discerning lies from truths. Here, we report 5 experiments showing that judges' ability to detect deception greatly increases after periods of unconscious processing. Specifically,…
Mortality Salience Increases Personal Relevance of the Norm of Reciprocity
Research on terror management theory found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to salient cultural norms and values, like egalitarianism, pacifism, or helpfulness. A basic, strongly internalized norm in most human societies is the norm of reciprocity: people should support those who supported them (i.e., positive reciprocity), and people should injure those who injured them (i.e., negative reciprocity), respectively. I…
Tit for tat in the face of death
“Of course I will …”
Verbal and nonverbal behaviour as a basis for credibility attribution
Three experiments were able to demonstrate the usefulness of dual-process models for the understanding of the process of credibility attribution. According to the assumptions of dual-process models, only high task involvement and high cognitive capacity leads to intensive processing of verbal and nonverbal information when making credibility judgments. Under low task involvement and/or low cognitive capacity, people predominantly use nonverbal in…
Factors underlying expectancies of success and achievement
It has been assumed that task-specific self-concepts are more important than general self-concepts in determining expectancies of success and subsequent achievement. The authors argue here that the influence varies depending on need for cognition (NFC). Findings from Study 1 (N=104) showed that expectancies of success in an academic task could be predicted from specific self-concept for individuals with a high NFC and from general self-concept fo…
Tit for tat in the face of death
Defending one's worldview under mortality salience
Listening, not watching
In 4 experiments, the authors investigated the influence of situational familiarity with the judgmental context on the process of lie detection. They predicted that high familiarity with a situation leads to a more pronounced use of content cues when making judgments of veracity. Therefore, they expected higher classification accuracy of truths and lies under high familiarity. Under low situational familiarity, they expected that people achieve l…
Need for Cognition and the process of lie detection
Four experiments investigated the influence of Need for Cognition on the process of lie detection. According to the basic assumptions of dual process models, only higher Need for Cognition leads to the use of verbal information when making judgments of veracity. People with lower Need for Cognition predominantly use stereotypical nonverbal information for their judgments. In both Experiments 1 and 2, participants saw a film in which nonverbal cue…
Failure as an asset for high-status persons – Relative group performance and attributed occupational success
According to research on social identity theory and on prescriptive norms and stereotypes people are viewed as prototypical of a group to the extent that they possess ingroup characteristics but not outgroup characteristics. Following this assumption, even failure might have positive effects for high-status persons when they underperform in low-status domains. In this case, individual failure may be viewed as indicative of strong prototypicality …
Unconscious processes improve lie detection
The capacity to identify cheaters is essential for maintaining balanced social relationships, yet humans have been shown to be generally poor deception detectors. In fact, a plethora of empirical findings holds that individuals are only slightly better than chance when discerning lies from truths. Here, we report 5 experiments showing that judges' ability to detect deception greatly increases after periods of unconscious processing. Specifically,…
The case of Pinocchio
Honesty–humility negatively correlates with dishonesty in romantic relationships
5,677). For a first test of our hypothesis, we conducted a series of seven cross-sectional studies based on self-reports; these studies used different methodological approaches to assess relationship-based dishonesty (i.e., closed-ended self-report scales, scenarios, and direct frequency measures). This was followed by one diary study and three studies that base their assessment on more behavioral measurements of relationship-based dishonesty (e.…
Potential negative consequences of mindfulness in the moral domain
Mindfulness is a state of paying conscious and nonjudgmental attention to present‐moment experiences. Previous research relates this state to more effective emotion regulation and less emotion reactivity. We therefore hypothesized an attenuating effect of a mindfulness exercise on moral reactions that usually results from a bad conscience when having caused harm. Across five studies, we experimentally induced mindfulness via a short breathing exe…
Content Versus Source Cue Information as a Basis for Credibility Judgments
Basic assumptions of dual-process theories are used to explain the process of credibility attribution. Three experiments test the assumption that high task involvement leads to intensive processing of content information, whereas low task involvement leads to the use of noncontent information like source cues when people make credibility judgments. In Experiment 1, as predicted, when task involvement is low, only source attractiveness influences …
When failing feels good—Relative prototypicality for a high-status group can counteract ego-threat after individual failure
n Two studies demonstrate that members of high-status groups (i.e., men and students of business administration) but not members of low-status groups (i.e., women and education students) react with an increase in state self-esteem after an alleged poor performance on a fictitious intelligence test. This Failure-as-an-Asset (FA) effect is only observed when the high-status ingroup (i.e., men) is outperformed by a low-status outgroup (i.e., women).…
The risk of male success and failure
Previous research has demonstrated that failure on a task may at times increase self-esteem, known as the failure-as-an-asset effect. This effect is observed when high-status group members (e.g., referring to management positions: men) show poor performance in a domain that is seen as a low-status domain—one in which the low-status group (e.g., referring to management positions: women) typically outperforms the high-status group. In line with soc…
Need for cognition, task difficulty, and the formation of performance expectancies
In the present article, the authors analyze how performance expectancies are generated and how they affect actual performance. The authors predicted that task difficulty would affect performance expectancies only when cognitive motivation (i.e., need for cognition [NFC]) and cognitive capacity are high. This should be the case because analyzing task difficulty is a process requiring cognitive capacity as well as cognitive motivation. The findings…
The Bicultural Phenomenon
Cross-cultural research has indicated that bicultural individuals switch their behavioral patterns according to situational cultural frames. Based on self-categorization theory and evidence that being prototypical for an ingroup can increase ingroup identification, we investigated the idea that when being prototypical for a specific culture, bicultural individuals switch their cultural identification toward the culture for which they are prototyp…
When Death Is Compelling
Research on terror management theory has found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to activated social norms and values. Recently, research has shown that mortality salience also increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. Based on this, in the current paper we investigated the idea that mortality salience influences persuasion strategies that are based on the norm of reciprocity. We therefore assume that mortality…
How need for cognition affects the formation of performance expectancies at school
Rape Myth Acceptance and Accessibility of the Gender Category
Research suggests that women low in rape myth acceptance (RMA) perceive sexual violence at an intergroup level (as a threat by all men against all women), whereas women high in RMA perceive sexual violence at an interpersonal level (as an interaction of certain individuals; Bohner, Weisbrod, Raymond, Barzvi, & Schwarz, 1993). Extending this reasoning, we hypothesized that the gender category would generally be more chronically accessible to low R…
Rape Myth Acceptance and Accessibility of the Gender Category
Research suggests that women low in rape myth acceptance (RMA) perceive sexual violence at an intergroup level (as a threat by all men against all women), whereas women high in RMA perceive sexual violence at an interpersonal level (as an interaction of certain individuals; Bohner, Weisbrod, Raymond, Barzvi, & Schwarz, 1993). Extending this reasoning, we hypothesized that the gender category would generally be more chronically accessible to low R…
Motivational determinants of systematic processing
Extending the motivational assumptions of the heuristic-systematic model (Chaiken, Liberman, & Eagly, 1989), the authors hypothesized that a discrepancy between desired and actual judgmental confidence raises processing effort only if the expectancy that processing will increase confidence is high. In Experiment 1, university students expected to review information for upcoming social judgments. Desired confidence was varied through low versus hi…
Rape myths as neutralizing cognitions
Men's rape myth acceptance (RMA; prejudiced beliefs that serve to exonerate the rapist and blame the victim) has been shown to correlate positively with self-reported rape proclivity (RP). To explore the causal pathway underlying this correlation, two experiments were conducted in which the relative cognitive accessibility of RMA and RP was varied. Male students were asked to report their RP in the context of a scale assessing attraction toward s…
Factors underlying expectancies of success and achievement
It has been assumed that task-specific self-concepts are more important than general self-concepts in determining expectancies of success and subsequent achievement. The authors argue here that the influence varies depending on need for cognition (NFC). Findings from Study 1 (N=104) showed that expectancies of success in an academic task could be predicted from specific self-concept for individuals with a high NFC and from general self-concept fo…
Verbal and nonverbal behaviour as a basis for credibility attribution
Three experiments were able to demonstrate the usefulness of dual-process models for the understanding of the process of credibility attribution. According to the assumptions of dual-process models, only high task involvement and high cognitive capacity leads to intensive processing of verbal and nonverbal information when making credibility judgments. Under low task involvement and/or low cognitive capacity, people predominantly use nonverbal in…
Failure as an asset for high-status persons – Relative group performance and attributed occupational success
According to research on social identity theory and on prescriptive norms and stereotypes people are viewed as prototypical of a group to the extent that they possess ingroup characteristics but not outgroup characteristics. Following this assumption, even failure might have positive effects for high-status persons when they underperform in low-status domains. In this case, individual failure may be viewed as indicative of strong prototypicality …
How need for cognition affects the formation of performance expectancies at school
When failing feels good—Relative prototypicality for a high-status group can counteract ego-threat after individual failure
n Two studies demonstrate that members of high-status groups (i.e., men and students of business administration) but not members of low-status groups (i.e., women and education students) react with an increase in state self-esteem after an alleged poor performance on a fictitious intelligence test. This Failure-as-an-Asset (FA) effect is only observed when the high-status ingroup (i.e., men) is outperformed by a low-status outgroup (i.e., women).…
Need for cognition, task difficulty, and the formation of performance expectancies
In the present article, the authors analyze how performance expectancies are generated and how they affect actual performance. The authors predicted that task difficulty would affect performance expectancies only when cognitive motivation (i.e., need for cognition [NFC]) and cognitive capacity are high. This should be the case because analyzing task difficulty is a process requiring cognitive capacity as well as cognitive motivation. The findings…
The case of Pinocchio
Need for Cognition and the process of lie detection
Four experiments investigated the influence of Need for Cognition on the process of lie detection. According to the basic assumptions of dual process models, only higher Need for Cognition leads to the use of verbal information when making judgments of veracity. People with lower Need for Cognition predominantly use stereotypical nonverbal information for their judgments. In both Experiments 1 and 2, participants saw a film in which nonverbal cue…
Content Versus Source Cue Information as a Basis for Credibility Judgments
Basic assumptions of dual-process theories are used to explain the process of credibility attribution. Three experiments test the assumption that high task involvement leads to intensive processing of content information, whereas low task involvement leads to the use of noncontent information like source cues when people make credibility judgments. In Experiment 1, as predicted, when task involvement is low, only source attractiveness influences …
“Of course I will …”
How Task Experience Influences Students' Performance Expectancies
The importance of performance expectancies for predicting behavior has long been highlighted in research on expectancy-value models. These models do not take into account that expectancies may vary in terms of their certainty. The study tested the following predictions: task experience leads to a higher certainty of expectancies; certainty and mean expectancies are empirically distinguishable; and expectancies held with high certainty are more ac…
Repetition of Educational Aids Advertising Affects Attitudes
In educational AIDS campaigns, initiators often use advertisements to warn about the threat of AIDS. The present Internet study (N = 283) tested the assumption of an inverted U-shaped relationship between the number of educational AIDS advertisements in a magazine and the perceived threat of AIDS among different groups (i.e., homosexual men and heterosexual men and women). This expectation was primarily based on signaling theory, which assumes th…
Listening, not watching
In 4 experiments, the authors investigated the influence of situational familiarity with the judgmental context on the process of lie detection. They predicted that high familiarity with a situation leads to a more pronounced use of content cues when making judgments of veracity. Therefore, they expected higher classification accuracy of truths and lies under high familiarity. Under low situational familiarity, they expected that people achieve l…
Mortality Salience Increases Personal Relevance of the Norm of Reciprocity
Research on terror management theory found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to salient cultural norms and values, like egalitarianism, pacifism, or helpfulness. A basic, strongly internalized norm in most human societies is the norm of reciprocity: people should support those who supported them (i.e., positive reciprocity), and people should injure those who injured them (i.e., negative reciprocity), respectively. I…
Tit for tat in the face of death
The risk of male success and failure
Previous research has demonstrated that failure on a task may at times increase self-esteem, known as the failure-as-an-asset effect. This effect is observed when high-status group members (e.g., referring to management positions: men) show poor performance in a domain that is seen as a low-status domain—one in which the low-status group (e.g., referring to management positions: women) typically outperforms the high-status group. In line with soc…
Unconscious processes improve lie detection
The capacity to identify cheaters is essential for maintaining balanced social relationships, yet humans have been shown to be generally poor deception detectors. In fact, a plethora of empirical findings holds that individuals are only slightly better than chance when discerning lies from truths. Here, we report 5 experiments showing that judges' ability to detect deception greatly increases after periods of unconscious processing. Specifically,…
Detecting Lies and Truths in Social Work
The ability to distinguish between truthful and deceptive statements has been argued to be essential for social workers. The present study investigated the relationship between occupational experience, suspicion level, situational familiarity, judgemental truth or lie bias, and social workers' accuracy in detecting lie and truth. Each of the 125 social workers, whose role is to counsel the unemployed, rated fourteen video fragments of stimulus pe…
When Death Is Compelling
Research on terror management theory has found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to activated social norms and values. Recently, research has shown that mortality salience also increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. Based on this, in the current paper we investigated the idea that mortality salience influences persuasion strategies that are based on the norm of reciprocity. We therefore assume that mortality…
Saving cognitive resources when possible
Enjeux de la planification territoriale en Europe sous la direction de Marcus Zepf et Lauren Andres
No abstract available
Assessing task difficulty for other people
Psychology (37 works) · Social Psychology (36 works) · Social Psychology (22 works) · Cognitive psychology (18 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (18 works) · Developmental psychology (17 works) · Deception detection and forensic psychology (13 works) · Cognition (11 works) · Deception (8 works) · Lie detection (8 works)