Christian E Waugh
Biographic Data
| ID | 4231202 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Christian E Waugh |
| GIVEN NAMES | Christian E |
| FAMILY NAME | Waugh |
| SIGNATURE | WAUGH C E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Wake Forest University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7871-5845 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 18 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 148 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 18 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Patience and Patience Regulation: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Complementary Scales with Alternate Forms
Many individuals likely struggle with patience on a daily or even hourly basis, but the empirical study of patience as a personality trait is still emerging. Recent theoretical work articulates patience as a trait (i.e., as a tendency to react in a particular way in particular context) and differentiates it from the regulation of patience (i.e., as one pathway toward patient reactions). We present the Patient Reaction (P-React) scale and the Pati…
Feeling good about the bad: Making positive appraisals of predominantly negative stressors
People often experience positive emotions during predominantly negative stressors, and we hypothesize that one way this occurs is that people make positive appraisals of some elements of the stressors. Further, we hypothesized that people can use these positive appraisals to spontaneously and/or strategically regulate their stress responses. In several studies with online and subject pool convenience samples, participants were able to generate un…
The influence of pre- and intratask emotional experiences on affective working memory maintenance
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online in Emotion on Jun 30 2025 (see record 2026-35177-001). In the original article, there was an error in the Study 1 Method section regarding the duration of the distraction task. Under the Procedure heading in the Study 1 Method section, the sentence "After signing the consent form, participants completed the AWM task and a 2-min distraction task, in order to mitigate the memory ef…
Simultaneous maintenance of emotions in affective working memory
49) were asked to complete the study online. On each trial, participants were presented with a sequence of three images, and were asked to compare the intensity of the emotion elicited by image 1 to image 3, whilst maintaining the emotion elicited by image 2 to rate it at the end of the trial. The results showed that people are successful at simultaneously maintaining two emotions in AWM, and they replicate previous findings concerning the advant…
Temporal orientation of positive reappraisal
Although it is well established that positive reappraisal-changing the way one thinks about an emotional event to feel more positive about it-is an effective emotion regulation strategy, researchers have only recently begun to characterize the relative utility and effectiveness of different forms of positive reappraisal. We propose that temporal orientation-thinking about the past versus the future-may be one particularly useful characterization …
Committing to emotion regulation: Factors impacting the choice to implement a reappraisal after its generation
Cognitive reappraisal, changing the way one thinks about an emotional event, is one of the most effective and extensively studied emotion regulation strategies. Previous research has dissociated the generation of reappraisals (i.e., generating candidate alternative meanings of the event) from the implementation of reappraisals (i.e., selecting and elaborating on one reappraisal), finding that while generation slightly changes positive feelings, i…
How do people use reappraisal? An investigation of selection frequency and affective outcomes of reappraisal tactics
Although the effects of different emotion regulation strategies are well-documented, most studies to date have focused on the selection and implementation of broad strategies, while overlooking the selection and implementation of specific tactics to enact those strategies. The present research investigated the strategy of cognitive reappraisal and the differences in selection frequency and affective outcomes that are associated with the implement…
Comparing the affective and social effects of positive reappraisal and minimising reappraisal
Negative interpersonal events, such as close relationship conflicts, can threaten one's affective and social well-being. To improve affect and to maintain valuable relationships, individuals could select different reappraisal tactics. One could use positive reappraisal to find potential benefits of the event (e.g. "This conflict helps our relationship grow."), or use minimising reappraisal to decrease the perceived impact of event (e.g. "This is …
Affect labelling increases the intensity of positive emotions
Although affect labelling has been widely reported to decrease negative emotions, it is less clear whether affect labelling also decreases positive emotions. In four studies, we explored how affect labelling (choosing the emotion that best corresponds with the image), content labelling (choosing the word that best corresponds with the content of the image), and simply viewing images influence positive and negative emotions. Labelling positive emo…
The roles of positive emotion in the regulation of emotional responses to negative events
Although research has shown that positive emotions (PEs) can help people cope with negative events, there is not yet a systematic framework for understanding how and when they might do so. In this article, I propose such a framework by suggesting that PEs can play 3 roles when people attempt to regulate their emotional response to negative events. First, PEs may serve as the ultimate target of emotion regulation (ER) such that people attempt to f…
Effects of script-based communicative intervention on psychological and cultural adaptation in students abroad in second-language contexts
This study examined the effects of a script-based communicative intervention (SBCI) on psychological and cultural adaptation in students studying abroad in second language (German and Spanish) contexts. Regardless of language proficiency, students with exposure to the SBCI, relative to those without the intervention, exhibited higher well-being and more positive interactions with members of the host culture. The SBCI improves confidence in authen…
People are better at maintaining positive than negative emotional states
Determining how people maintain positive and negative emotional states is critical to understanding emotional dynamics, individual differences in emotion, and the instrumental value of emotions. There has been a surge in interest in tasks assessing affective working memory that can examine how people maintain stimulus-independent positive and negative emotional states. In these tasks, people are asked to maintain their emotional state that was in…
The impact of anticipating positive events on responses to stress
Flexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience
Field studies and laboratory experiments have documented that a key component of resilience is emotional flexibility--the ability to respond flexibly to changing emotional circumstances. In the present study we tested the hypotheses that resilient people exhibit emotional flexibility: (a) in response to frequently changing emotional stimuli and (b) across multiple modalities of emotional responding. As participants viewed a series of emotional pi…
Adapting to life’s slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat
Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self–other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new relationship
Based on Fredrickson's ((1998 Fredrickson, BL. 1998. What good are positive emotions?. Review of General Psychology, 2: 300–319. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319.; (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226) broaden-and-build theory and Aron and Aron's ((1986 Ar…
What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001
The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression
On the basis of an evolutionary theory of self-esteem (SE), it was hypothesized that the SE-aggression relationship differs across functionally distinct domains of SE and across contexts. In 2 experiments, participants had the opportunity to aggress against the evaluator of an essay they had written. In Study 1, self-perceived superiority was positively related to aggression, whereas social inclusion was inversely related to aggression. In Study …
What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001
The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression
On the basis of an evolutionary theory of self-esteem (SE), it was hypothesized that the SE-aggression relationship differs across functionally distinct domains of SE and across contexts. In 2 experiments, participants had the opportunity to aggress against the evaluator of an essay they had written. In Study 1, self-perceived superiority was positively related to aggression, whereas social inclusion was inversely related to aggression. In Study …
Adapting to life’s slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat
The impact of anticipating positive events on responses to stress
The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression
On the basis of an evolutionary theory of self-esteem (SE), it was hypothesized that the SE-aggression relationship differs across functionally distinct domains of SE and across contexts. In 2 experiments, participants had the opportunity to aggress against the evaluator of an essay they had written. In Study 1, self-perceived superiority was positively related to aggression, whereas social inclusion was inversely related to aggression. In Study …
What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001
Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self–other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new relationship
Based on Fredrickson's ((1998 Fredrickson, BL. 1998. What good are positive emotions?. Review of General Psychology, 2: 300–319. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319.; (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226) broaden-and-build theory and Aron and Aron's ((1986 Ar…
Adapting to life’s slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat
Flexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience
Field studies and laboratory experiments have documented that a key component of resilience is emotional flexibility--the ability to respond flexibly to changing emotional circumstances. In the present study we tested the hypotheses that resilient people exhibit emotional flexibility: (a) in response to frequently changing emotional stimuli and (b) across multiple modalities of emotional responding. As participants viewed a series of emotional pi…
The impact of anticipating positive events on responses to stress
People are better at maintaining positive than negative emotional states
Determining how people maintain positive and negative emotional states is critical to understanding emotional dynamics, individual differences in emotion, and the instrumental value of emotions. There has been a surge in interest in tasks assessing affective working memory that can examine how people maintain stimulus-independent positive and negative emotional states. In these tasks, people are asked to maintain their emotional state that was in…
The roles of positive emotion in the regulation of emotional responses to negative events
Although research has shown that positive emotions (PEs) can help people cope with negative events, there is not yet a systematic framework for understanding how and when they might do so. In this article, I propose such a framework by suggesting that PEs can play 3 roles when people attempt to regulate their emotional response to negative events. First, PEs may serve as the ultimate target of emotion regulation (ER) such that people attempt to f…
Effects of script-based communicative intervention on psychological and cultural adaptation in students abroad in second-language contexts
This study examined the effects of a script-based communicative intervention (SBCI) on psychological and cultural adaptation in students studying abroad in second language (German and Spanish) contexts. Regardless of language proficiency, students with exposure to the SBCI, relative to those without the intervention, exhibited higher well-being and more positive interactions with members of the host culture. The SBCI improves confidence in authen…
Affect labelling increases the intensity of positive emotions
Although affect labelling has been widely reported to decrease negative emotions, it is less clear whether affect labelling also decreases positive emotions. In four studies, we explored how affect labelling (choosing the emotion that best corresponds with the image), content labelling (choosing the word that best corresponds with the content of the image), and simply viewing images influence positive and negative emotions. Labelling positive emo…
Comparing the affective and social effects of positive reappraisal and minimising reappraisal
Negative interpersonal events, such as close relationship conflicts, can threaten one's affective and social well-being. To improve affect and to maintain valuable relationships, individuals could select different reappraisal tactics. One could use positive reappraisal to find potential benefits of the event (e.g. "This conflict helps our relationship grow."), or use minimising reappraisal to decrease the perceived impact of event (e.g. "This is …
How do people use reappraisal? An investigation of selection frequency and affective outcomes of reappraisal tactics
Although the effects of different emotion regulation strategies are well-documented, most studies to date have focused on the selection and implementation of broad strategies, while overlooking the selection and implementation of specific tactics to enact those strategies. The present research investigated the strategy of cognitive reappraisal and the differences in selection frequency and affective outcomes that are associated with the implement…
Simultaneous maintenance of emotions in affective working memory
49) were asked to complete the study online. On each trial, participants were presented with a sequence of three images, and were asked to compare the intensity of the emotion elicited by image 1 to image 3, whilst maintaining the emotion elicited by image 2 to rate it at the end of the trial. The results showed that people are successful at simultaneously maintaining two emotions in AWM, and they replicate previous findings concerning the advant…
Temporal orientation of positive reappraisal
Although it is well established that positive reappraisal-changing the way one thinks about an emotional event to feel more positive about it-is an effective emotion regulation strategy, researchers have only recently begun to characterize the relative utility and effectiveness of different forms of positive reappraisal. We propose that temporal orientation-thinking about the past versus the future-may be one particularly useful characterization …
Committing to emotion regulation: Factors impacting the choice to implement a reappraisal after its generation
Cognitive reappraisal, changing the way one thinks about an emotional event, is one of the most effective and extensively studied emotion regulation strategies. Previous research has dissociated the generation of reappraisals (i.e., generating candidate alternative meanings of the event) from the implementation of reappraisals (i.e., selecting and elaborating on one reappraisal), finding that while generation slightly changes positive feelings, i…
Feeling good about the bad: Making positive appraisals of predominantly negative stressors
People often experience positive emotions during predominantly negative stressors, and we hypothesize that one way this occurs is that people make positive appraisals of some elements of the stressors. Further, we hypothesized that people can use these positive appraisals to spontaneously and/or strategically regulate their stress responses. In several studies with online and subject pool convenience samples, participants were able to generate un…
The influence of pre- and intratask emotional experiences on affective working memory maintenance
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online in Emotion on Jun 30 2025 (see record 2026-35177-001). In the original article, there was an error in the Study 1 Method section regarding the duration of the distraction task. Under the Procedure heading in the Study 1 Method section, the sentence "After signing the consent form, participants completed the AWM task and a 2-min distraction task, in order to mitigate the memory ef…
Patience and Patience Regulation: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Complementary Scales with Alternate Forms
Many individuals likely struggle with patience on a daily or even hourly basis, but the empirical study of patience as a personality trait is still emerging. Recent theoretical work articulates patience as a trait (i.e., as a tendency to react in a particular way in particular context) and differentiates it from the regulation of patience (i.e., as one pathway toward patient reactions). We present the Patient Reaction (P-React) scale and the Pati…
Psychology (17 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Developmental psychology (13 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Cognitive psychology (8 works) · Clinical Psychology (5 works) · Cognition (5 works) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (5 works) · Clinical Psychology (4 works) · Mental Health Research Topics (4 works)