Wing Tung Au
Biographic Data
| ID | 4231947 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Wing Tung Au |
| GIVEN NAMES | Wing Tung |
| FAMILY NAME | Au |
| SIGNATURE | AU W T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6815-0190 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 43 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 21 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
A theoretical framework of performance-viewing medium richness
Alternative viewing methods like live-streaming and pre-recording have expanded access to performing arts, yet a systematic analysis framework to compare among different performance-viewing media is lacking. Integrating Lengel and Daft’s Media Richness Theory, Radbourne et al.’s audience communication dimensions, and Chan et al.’s framework on theatre experience, this paper proposes a theoretical framework of performance richness which critically…
Watching and being watched undermine stress reduction in Chinese calligraphy
Chinese calligraphic handwriting (CCH) is a traditional yet novel therapeutic approach that requires further attention and investigation. In this study, we explored the impact of the presence of others in group settings on the therapeutic effect of CCH in stress reduction and whether watching and being watched by others would increase social comparison and fear of negative evaluation. We recruited 56 participants and randomly assigned them to one…
Effects of environmental experience on audience experience of street performance (busking)
Exploring theater experiences among Hong Kong audiences
Audience experience is a bridge between performers and the audience in the performing arts. In this study, we explore how Chinese audiences evaluate a theater performance in Hong Kong. We interviewed 45 professional theater practitioners and identified five theater experience factors. We found that the audience evaluates a theater performance from the perspectives of cognition, emotion, sensation, authenticity, and coherence. Cognition is the ext…
True versus strategic fairness in a common resource dilemma
Common resource dilemmas involve collectively coordinating individual choices to promote group efficiency. Equal division represents one of the most important coordination rules. Previous research suggests that individuals follow the equality rule for different reasons. Some individuals behave cooperatively out of their concern for other's welfare, whereas some individuals cooperate strategically to enhance personal gains. Building on the dual‐pr…
Values, self and other-regarding behavior in the dictator game
Do values influence behavior? This study investigates whether individuals' value beliefs, measured by the Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire, causally influence their other-regarding behavior in the dictator game. We find that four out of the five values we examine correlate significantly with individuals' game behavior. Furthermore, for the purpose of establishing causality, we conduct two experimental manipulations to test if cognitively "ac…
Up or Down? How Culture and Color Affect Judgments
In the Mainland China stock market, an upmarket is represented by the color red, whereas a downmarket is represented by the color green. Elsewhere, including the Chinese Hong Kong stock market, the color representations are the opposite. Three studies were conducted to examine the red‐up–green‐down effect for Mainland Chinese as well as the green‐up–red‐down effect for Hong Kong people. Study 1 showed that Mainland Chinese tended to predict great…
Effect of risk orientation on cooperation and decision process in public goods dilemma
This paper investigates the effects of risk orientation (RO) and social value orientation (SVO) on cooperation and the process of making the decision in a public goods dilemma (PGD). We found in Study 1 that risk-seeking prosocials were more cooperative than risk-averse prosocials in a simultaneous PGD. In Study 2, we found the same effect of RO on cooperation in a real-time PGD. Moreover, we found that risk-seeking prosocials, compared with thei…
Risk and Prisoner's Dilemma
We propose a model to measure risk in a prisoner's dilemma based on Coombs' (1973) re‐parameterization of the game as an individual risk decision‐making task that chooses between a gamble of cooperation and another gamble of defection. Specifically, we propose an index, r , to represent the risk associated with cooperation relative to defection. In conjunction with Rapoport's (1967) index of cooperation ( K ), our formulation of risk allows us to…
The jury and abjury of my peers
The self is defined and judged differently by people from face and dignity cultures (in this case, Hong Kong and the United States, respectively). Across 3 experiments, people from a face culture absorbed the judgments of other people into their private self-definitions. Particularly important for people from a face culture are public representations--knowledge that is shared and known to be shared about someone. In contrast, people from a dignit…
Efficacy = endowment × efficiency
This article reexamines the efficacy and endowment effects in public good (PG) dilemma by conceptualizing that efficacy = endowment x efficiency. Endowment is the resource that a person can contribute. Efficiency is the impact of a unit of endowment. Efficacy is the total impact of contribution. The authors used a group project scenario to simulate a continuous contribution PG dilemma. The 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated own efficie…
Teaching Satisfaction Scale
The present study proposes a teaching satisfaction measure and examines the validity of its scores. The measure is based on the Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS). Scores on the five-item Teaching Satisfaction Scale (TSS) were validated on a sample of 202 primary and secondary school teachers and favorable psychometric properties were found. As hypothesized, teaching satisfaction as measured by the TSS correlated positively with self-esteem but negati…
The effects of feelings of guilt on the behaviour of uncooperative individuals in repeated social bargaining games
In two studies we found that feelings of guilt provoke individuals to cooperate in repeated social bargaining games (a prisoner's dilemma in Study 1 and an ultimatum game in Study 2). Feelings of guilt were either experimentally manipulated (Study 1) or assessed via self-report (Study 2) after participants had played one round of a social bargaining game. As predicted, individuals who experienced feelings of guilt (compared to individuals who fel…
Effects of Group Size Uncertainty and Protocol of Play in a Common Pool Resource Dilemma
This study investigated the effect of group size uncertainty in a single-stage step-level common pool resource dilemma under a sequential (SEQ) and a Self-paced Sequential (SPS) protocol of play. In the uncertain group size condition, participants were told that their group was equally likely to be any size between three and seven persons. In the certain group size condition, the group size was always five. In the SEQ protocol, decisions were mad…
Effects of initial choices in the prisoner's dilemma
In the two‐person prisoner's dilemma game (PDG), there is considerable evidence that the tit‐for‐tat (TFT) strategy is most effective in inducing the other person to cooperate. One of the important features of the TFT strategy is that it cooperates on the first trial. We varied the initial choices of a simulated other, and tested the effects of (a) initial choices (cooperation or defection), and (b) persistence of initial choices: unilateral coop…
A model of sequential effects in common pool resource dilemmas
Experimental games are often used as models of social dilemmas in which small groups of players have unrestricted access to, and share, a common and finite resource of desirable goods in the absence of any binding coordination mechanism. Examples are fishing, hunting, and use of computational facilities. Experimental studies of social dilemmas employ different protocols of play that differ from each other in terms of the information available to …
Order Effects in Individual and Group Policy Allocations
Although citizen panels have become quite popular for policy making, there is very little research on how the procedures these groups employ to manage consensus affect their decision making. We measured the effect of a simple procedural mechanism, agenda order, on individual and group allocations for an HIV policy. Allocations made in a large-small (state-region-city) order were substantially smaller, overall, than were allocations made in small-…
Mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers
This study examined the mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers in Hong Kong. A total of 269 Chinese teachers participated in Study 1 which provided cross‐sectional data regarding the associations among stress resource factors, burnout, and negative mental health. Study 2 was a six‐month longitudinal study which aimed to establish the direction of the associations among the hypothesized variables across two time points with a …
On the Importance of Random Error in the Study of Probability Judgment. Part II
Erev, Wallsten, and Budescu (1994) and Budescu, Erev, and Wallsten (1997) demonstrated that over- and underconfidence often observed in judgment studies may be due, in part, to the presence of random error and its effects on the analysis of the judgments. To illustrate this fact they showed that a general model that assumes that overt responses representing (perfectly calibrated) true judgments perturbed by random error can replicate typical patt…
Effects of group size and procedural influence on consensual judgments of quantity
Six-person mock civil juries awarded significantly larger amounts for damages than did 12-person juries, and individuals preferred even larger average awards. A reversal of the ''deep-pockets bias'' observed earlier, an explanation involving temporal fluctuation in normative standards, during the rime interval between the studies, was supported by independent data showing temporal trends in actual civil trial awards. A computational model of cons…
A probabilistic theory of coalition formation in n ‐person sidepayment games
This paper describes the central‐union theory, which offers a new approach to the formation of coalition structures in cooperative, sidepayment, superadditive n‐person games. This theory treats formation of coalition structures as a probabilistic, endogenous process. Fundamental to this process is the new concept of coalition structure candidate set. For any given coalition structure, the predicted probability of formation is a function of two va…
The jury and abjury of my peers
The self is defined and judged differently by people from face and dignity cultures (in this case, Hong Kong and the United States, respectively). Across 3 experiments, people from a face culture absorbed the judgments of other people into their private self-definitions. Particularly important for people from a face culture are public representations--knowledge that is shared and known to be shared about someone. In contrast, people from a dignit…
Mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers
This study examined the mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers in Hong Kong. A total of 269 Chinese teachers participated in Study 1 which provided cross‐sectional data regarding the associations among stress resource factors, burnout, and negative mental health. Study 2 was a six‐month longitudinal study which aimed to establish the direction of the associations among the hypothesized variables across two time points with a …
A model of sequential effects in common pool resource dilemmas
Experimental games are often used as models of social dilemmas in which small groups of players have unrestricted access to, and share, a common and finite resource of desirable goods in the absence of any binding coordination mechanism. Examples are fishing, hunting, and use of computational facilities. Experimental studies of social dilemmas employ different protocols of play that differ from each other in terms of the information available to …
Effects of Group Size Uncertainty and Protocol of Play in a Common Pool Resource Dilemma
This study investigated the effect of group size uncertainty in a single-stage step-level common pool resource dilemma under a sequential (SEQ) and a Self-paced Sequential (SPS) protocol of play. In the uncertain group size condition, participants were told that their group was equally likely to be any size between three and seven persons. In the certain group size condition, the group size was always five. In the SEQ protocol, decisions were mad…
Up or Down? How Culture and Color Affect Judgments
In the Mainland China stock market, an upmarket is represented by the color red, whereas a downmarket is represented by the color green. Elsewhere, including the Chinese Hong Kong stock market, the color representations are the opposite. Three studies were conducted to examine the red‐up–green‐down effect for Mainland Chinese as well as the green‐up–red‐down effect for Hong Kong people. Study 1 showed that Mainland Chinese tended to predict great…
Values, self and other-regarding behavior in the dictator game
Do values influence behavior? This study investigates whether individuals' value beliefs, measured by the Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire, causally influence their other-regarding behavior in the dictator game. We find that four out of the five values we examine correlate significantly with individuals' game behavior. Furthermore, for the purpose of establishing causality, we conduct two experimental manipulations to test if cognitively "ac…
Effects of group size and procedural influence on consensual judgments of quantity
Six-person mock civil juries awarded significantly larger amounts for damages than did 12-person juries, and individuals preferred even larger average awards. A reversal of the ''deep-pockets bias'' observed earlier, an explanation involving temporal fluctuation in normative standards, during the rime interval between the studies, was supported by independent data showing temporal trends in actual civil trial awards. A computational model of cons…
True versus strategic fairness in a common resource dilemma
Common resource dilemmas involve collectively coordinating individual choices to promote group efficiency. Equal division represents one of the most important coordination rules. Previous research suggests that individuals follow the equality rule for different reasons. Some individuals behave cooperatively out of their concern for other's welfare, whereas some individuals cooperate strategically to enhance personal gains. Building on the dual‐pr…
Efficacy = endowment × efficiency
This article reexamines the efficacy and endowment effects in public good (PG) dilemma by conceptualizing that efficacy = endowment x efficiency. Endowment is the resource that a person can contribute. Efficiency is the impact of a unit of endowment. Efficacy is the total impact of contribution. The authors used a group project scenario to simulate a continuous contribution PG dilemma. The 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated own efficie…
Effects of initial choices in the prisoner's dilemma
In the two‐person prisoner's dilemma game (PDG), there is considerable evidence that the tit‐for‐tat (TFT) strategy is most effective in inducing the other person to cooperate. One of the important features of the TFT strategy is that it cooperates on the first trial. We varied the initial choices of a simulated other, and tested the effects of (a) initial choices (cooperation or defection), and (b) persistence of initial choices: unilateral coop…
Order Effects in Individual and Group Policy Allocations
Although citizen panels have become quite popular for policy making, there is very little research on how the procedures these groups employ to manage consensus affect their decision making. We measured the effect of a simple procedural mechanism, agenda order, on individual and group allocations for an HIV policy. Allocations made in a large-small (state-region-city) order were substantially smaller, overall, than were allocations made in small-…
A probabilistic theory of coalition formation in n ‐person sidepayment games
This paper describes the central‐union theory, which offers a new approach to the formation of coalition structures in cooperative, sidepayment, superadditive n‐person games. This theory treats formation of coalition structures as a probabilistic, endogenous process. Fundamental to this process is the new concept of coalition structure candidate set. For any given coalition structure, the predicted probability of formation is a function of two va…
On the Importance of Random Error in the Study of Probability Judgment. Part II
Erev, Wallsten, and Budescu (1994) and Budescu, Erev, and Wallsten (1997) demonstrated that over- and underconfidence often observed in judgment studies may be due, in part, to the presence of random error and its effects on the analysis of the judgments. To illustrate this fact they showed that a general model that assumes that overt responses representing (perfectly calibrated) true judgments perturbed by random error can replicate typical patt…
Effects of group size and procedural influence on consensual judgments of quantity
Six-person mock civil juries awarded significantly larger amounts for damages than did 12-person juries, and individuals preferred even larger average awards. A reversal of the ''deep-pockets bias'' observed earlier, an explanation involving temporal fluctuation in normative standards, during the rime interval between the studies, was supported by independent data showing temporal trends in actual civil trial awards. A computational model of cons…
Order Effects in Individual and Group Policy Allocations
Although citizen panels have become quite popular for policy making, there is very little research on how the procedures these groups employ to manage consensus affect their decision making. We measured the effect of a simple procedural mechanism, agenda order, on individual and group allocations for an HIV policy. Allocations made in a large-small (state-region-city) order were substantially smaller, overall, than were allocations made in small-…
Mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers
This study examined the mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers in Hong Kong. A total of 269 Chinese teachers participated in Study 1 which provided cross‐sectional data regarding the associations among stress resource factors, burnout, and negative mental health. Study 2 was a six‐month longitudinal study which aimed to establish the direction of the associations among the hypothesized variables across two time points with a …
Effects of initial choices in the prisoner's dilemma
In the two‐person prisoner's dilemma game (PDG), there is considerable evidence that the tit‐for‐tat (TFT) strategy is most effective in inducing the other person to cooperate. One of the important features of the TFT strategy is that it cooperates on the first trial. We varied the initial choices of a simulated other, and tested the effects of (a) initial choices (cooperation or defection), and (b) persistence of initial choices: unilateral coop…
A model of sequential effects in common pool resource dilemmas
Experimental games are often used as models of social dilemmas in which small groups of players have unrestricted access to, and share, a common and finite resource of desirable goods in the absence of any binding coordination mechanism. Examples are fishing, hunting, and use of computational facilities. Experimental studies of social dilemmas employ different protocols of play that differ from each other in terms of the information available to …
The effects of feelings of guilt on the behaviour of uncooperative individuals in repeated social bargaining games
In two studies we found that feelings of guilt provoke individuals to cooperate in repeated social bargaining games (a prisoner's dilemma in Study 1 and an ultimatum game in Study 2). Feelings of guilt were either experimentally manipulated (Study 1) or assessed via self-report (Study 2) after participants had played one round of a social bargaining game. As predicted, individuals who experienced feelings of guilt (compared to individuals who fel…
Effects of Group Size Uncertainty and Protocol of Play in a Common Pool Resource Dilemma
This study investigated the effect of group size uncertainty in a single-stage step-level common pool resource dilemma under a sequential (SEQ) and a Self-paced Sequential (SPS) protocol of play. In the uncertain group size condition, participants were told that their group was equally likely to be any size between three and seven persons. In the certain group size condition, the group size was always five. In the SEQ protocol, decisions were mad…
Teaching Satisfaction Scale
The present study proposes a teaching satisfaction measure and examines the validity of its scores. The measure is based on the Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS). Scores on the five-item Teaching Satisfaction Scale (TSS) were validated on a sample of 202 primary and secondary school teachers and favorable psychometric properties were found. As hypothesized, teaching satisfaction as measured by the TSS correlated positively with self-esteem but negati…
Efficacy = endowment × efficiency
This article reexamines the efficacy and endowment effects in public good (PG) dilemma by conceptualizing that efficacy = endowment x efficiency. Endowment is the resource that a person can contribute. Efficiency is the impact of a unit of endowment. Efficacy is the total impact of contribution. The authors used a group project scenario to simulate a continuous contribution PG dilemma. The 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated own efficie…
The jury and abjury of my peers
The self is defined and judged differently by people from face and dignity cultures (in this case, Hong Kong and the United States, respectively). Across 3 experiments, people from a face culture absorbed the judgments of other people into their private self-definitions. Particularly important for people from a face culture are public representations--knowledge that is shared and known to be shared about someone. In contrast, people from a dignit…
Risk and Prisoner's Dilemma
We propose a model to measure risk in a prisoner's dilemma based on Coombs' (1973) re‐parameterization of the game as an individual risk decision‐making task that chooses between a gamble of cooperation and another gamble of defection. Specifically, we propose an index, r , to represent the risk associated with cooperation relative to defection. In conjunction with Rapoport's (1967) index of cooperation ( K ), our formulation of risk allows us to…
Effect of risk orientation on cooperation and decision process in public goods dilemma
This paper investigates the effects of risk orientation (RO) and social value orientation (SVO) on cooperation and the process of making the decision in a public goods dilemma (PGD). We found in Study 1 that risk-seeking prosocials were more cooperative than risk-averse prosocials in a simultaneous PGD. In Study 2, we found the same effect of RO on cooperation in a real-time PGD. Moreover, we found that risk-seeking prosocials, compared with thei…
Up or Down? How Culture and Color Affect Judgments
In the Mainland China stock market, an upmarket is represented by the color red, whereas a downmarket is represented by the color green. Elsewhere, including the Chinese Hong Kong stock market, the color representations are the opposite. Three studies were conducted to examine the red‐up–green‐down effect for Mainland Chinese as well as the green‐up–red‐down effect for Hong Kong people. Study 1 showed that Mainland Chinese tended to predict great…
Values, self and other-regarding behavior in the dictator game
Do values influence behavior? This study investigates whether individuals' value beliefs, measured by the Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire, causally influence their other-regarding behavior in the dictator game. We find that four out of the five values we examine correlate significantly with individuals' game behavior. Furthermore, for the purpose of establishing causality, we conduct two experimental manipulations to test if cognitively "ac…
True versus strategic fairness in a common resource dilemma
Common resource dilemmas involve collectively coordinating individual choices to promote group efficiency. Equal division represents one of the most important coordination rules. Previous research suggests that individuals follow the equality rule for different reasons. Some individuals behave cooperatively out of their concern for other's welfare, whereas some individuals cooperate strategically to enhance personal gains. Building on the dual‐pr…
Exploring theater experiences among Hong Kong audiences
Audience experience is a bridge between performers and the audience in the performing arts. In this study, we explore how Chinese audiences evaluate a theater performance in Hong Kong. We interviewed 45 professional theater practitioners and identified five theater experience factors. We found that the audience evaluates a theater performance from the perspectives of cognition, emotion, sensation, authenticity, and coherence. Cognition is the ext…
Effects of environmental experience on audience experience of street performance (busking)
Watching and being watched undermine stress reduction in Chinese calligraphy
Chinese calligraphic handwriting (CCH) is a traditional yet novel therapeutic approach that requires further attention and investigation. In this study, we explored the impact of the presence of others in group settings on the therapeutic effect of CCH in stress reduction and whether watching and being watched by others would increase social comparison and fear of negative evaluation. We recruited 56 participants and randomly assigned them to one…
A theoretical framework of performance-viewing medium richness
Alternative viewing methods like live-streaming and pre-recording have expanded access to performing arts, yet a systematic analysis framework to compare among different performance-viewing media is lacking. Integrating Lengel and Daft’s Media Richness Theory, Radbourne et al.’s audience communication dimensions, and Chan et al.’s framework on theatre experience, this paper proposes a theoretical framework of performance richness which critically…
Psychology (19 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Economics (8 works) · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies (8 works) · Computer Science (7 works) · Dilemma (7 works) · Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation (7 works) · Mathematics (6 works) · Microeconomics (6 works)