Walter B Essman
Biographic Data
| ID | 4334552 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Walter B Essman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Walter B |
| FAMILY NAME | Essman |
| SIGNATURE | ESSMAN W B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Albert Einstein College of Medicine |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 25 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1957 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Age-Related Determinants of Stress-Induced Weight Change in Mice
25-day-old male mice showed a greater incidence of body weight loss and a late peak of plasma corticosterone elevation when exposed to tobacco smoke for 5 successive days, as compared with mice exposed to filtered smoke (gas phase) or air. 50-day-old mice had a greater incidence and magnitude of body weight loss and a late plasma corticosterone peak after 5 days of air exposure, but not with gas phase or nicotine + gas phase. Diencephalic seroton…
Biphasic Effects of Nicotine upon Ecs-Induced Retrograde Amnesia in Mice
The effects of nicotine in (a) attenuating the amnesic effect of a post-conditioning electroconvulsive shock (ECS; G), (b) facilitating avoidance-response acquisition by isolation-housed mice (5), and (c) antagonizing the effects of stress effects upon memory (3) have suggested several biochemical substrates for those systems to which these actions relate. One hypothesis that has emerged from these studies is that the increased content of brain 5…
Cholinergic Mechanisms and Avoidance Behavior Acquisition
Mice treated with nicotine sulfate showed, as compared with saline-treated controls, a decreased incidence of active avoidance conditioning without effects upon either passive avoidance acquisition or escape behavior. The effect of nicotine was to reduce significantly the ratio of bound: free acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. This change was accounted for by a decreased content of stored amine, particularly in the synaptic vesicles, without a…
Electroshock-Induced Retrograde Amnesia in Seizure-Protected Mice
Mice given electroshock following a single conditioning trial showed a retrograde amnesia for the conditioned response as a function of the time interval between training and electroshock. When, under two different conditions, the overt convulsion produced by electroshock was prevented, the retrograde amnesia still was in evidence. The data suggest that current flow through the brain, rather than an overt convulsion, accounts for the amnesic effe…
Critical Periods of Maze Acquisition Development in Euthyroid and Hypothyroid Rodents
Mice and rats with congenitally-induced hypothyroidism which continued through early adult development were compared with euthyroid animals for acquisition of a simple sensori-motor maze escape response at various periods during development. Whereas euthyroid mice began to demonstrate criterion maze acquisition as early as 16 days of age, and all showed acquisition to criterion by 20 days of age, only a small percentage of hypothyroid mice acquir…
Changes in Locomotor Activity and Brain Chemistry following LSD-25 Administration in Mice
Mice treated with LSD-25 showed a marked attenuation of gross locomotor activity by 15 min. following injection, as compared with saline-treated controls. This effect was paralleled by intracerebral injection of adrenochrome; the level of brain adrenochrome was elevated in LSD-treated mice and correlated with the attenuated locomotor activity
Water Maze Savings by Mice as a Function of Motor Training
Mice given either 0, 4, 8, or 12 trials of motor training (practice swimming) in a water tank showed appreciable savings during the early trials of acquisition training in a water maze. Differences in escape latency and error savings for this task were related to the amount of prior motor training
Gastric Ulceration in Differentially Housed Mice
Mice were housed either 1, 5, of 10 per cage prior to 24 hr. of food deprivation. The incidence and severity of starvation-induced gastric ulceration were an inverse function of group size; the retention of gastric food particles was a function of group size and was associated with reduced incidence and severity of ulcerogenesis
Stress-Induced Gastric Lesions in Mice
Groups of light (13-21 gm.) and heavier (22-30 gm.) mice were subdivided and either immobilized for 48 hr. (Experimental) or just food deprived for the same period (Control). The stomachs were removed, food contents noted, and the gastric tissue was examined for lesions and rated for the severity of pathology Experimental and control Ss differed significantly only with respect to the amount of food contained in the stomach and not with respect to…
Single-Trial Avoidance Conditioning in Rats
Two experiments were designed to investigate shock intensity (current level), and shock duration as variables in the conditioning of an avoidance response in rats with a single training trial. In Exp. 3, a fixed current and duration were used and the resistance of the established conditioned response to extinction was determined. A grid scrambled 3-ma., 1-sec. shock applied to the four paws as a reinforcement was found to be most efficient in pro…
Single Trial Conditioning
Four experiments are presented with data from three methods for establishing a conditioned avoidance response in mice in a single trial. Approximately 90% of the mice used with these methods showed conditioning. Specific advantages lie in the use of one method rather than another, and this is dependent upon the application desired. Some of the variables controlled for with these conditioning techniques are: CS-UCS interval, US duration, and US-UR…
Effects of Pre- and Post-Acquisition Maze Training in Mice
Two experiments were designed to study the effects of pre- and post-acquisition maze training on a learned sensori-motor escape response in mice. In one experiment, habit-reversal training interpolated between acquisition and testing trials led to interference in the performance of the acquired response as revealed by an increase in errors made when Ss were tested for the initially acquired response. In the second experiment, previous training di…
Sustained and Temporary Hypothermia as Variables in Successful Maze Learning
Moderate hypochermia, or a slight reduction of body temperature from a point within the normal limits of the range of body temperature variability, has been given some attention in the clinical literature, This attention has been focused primarily on functional somatic changes or variations induced by the hypothermia. Observations dealing with behavioral functions have come mainly from clinical studies in which the behavioral data were secondary …
Sustained and Temporary Hypothermia as Variables in Successful Maze Learning
The Retroactive Effect of an Acute Physiological Stress on Learning
Effects of an Experimentally Induced Acute Renal Failure on a Learned Maze Response in Rats
A Water-Escape Test for Mice
A Water-Escape Test for Mice
Several studies have previously demonstrated the effective use of water-escape as a motivating factor in animal learning (Glaser, 1910; Moss 1924; Rosvold & Mirsky, 1954). While the majority of these studies are variations of closed-field tests in which animals perform in a manner similar to maze tests, the latter appear a relatively ineffective and lengthy procedure when applied to mice (Vicari, 1929). The present technique has been shown to be …
Extinction of a Response Conditioned in a Single Trial
Extinction of a Response Conditioned in a Single Trial
Effects of a Physiological Stress on a Maze Response
Effects of a Physiological Stress on a Maze Response
A Simple One-Trial Learning Situation for Mice
The advantages of using mice rather than rats in learning experiments have been sparingly exploited despite the fact that mice occupy less space and are less expensive. The present technique for producing one-trial learning in mice appears to be at least as efficient as, if not better than, one-trial learning procedures described for other species (Hudson, 1939; Maatsch, 1959; Jarvik, 1953). S, randomly selected from a group of 10 experimental an…
Awareness of Reinforcement in 'Learning Without Awareness
Awareness of Reinforcement in ‘Learning without Awareness’
Awareness of Reinforcement in 'Learning Without Awareness
Awareness of Reinforcement in ‘Learning without Awareness’
Effects of a Physiological Stress on a Maze Response
Effects of a Physiological Stress on a Maze Response
A Simple One-Trial Learning Situation for Mice
The advantages of using mice rather than rats in learning experiments have been sparingly exploited despite the fact that mice occupy less space and are less expensive. The present technique for producing one-trial learning in mice appears to be at least as efficient as, if not better than, one-trial learning procedures described for other species (Hudson, 1939; Maatsch, 1959; Jarvik, 1953). S, randomly selected from a group of 10 experimental an…
A Water-Escape Test for Mice
A Water-Escape Test for Mice
Several studies have previously demonstrated the effective use of water-escape as a motivating factor in animal learning (Glaser, 1910; Moss 1924; Rosvold & Mirsky, 1954). While the majority of these studies are variations of closed-field tests in which animals perform in a manner similar to maze tests, the latter appear a relatively ineffective and lengthy procedure when applied to mice (Vicari, 1929). The present technique has been shown to be …
Extinction of a Response Conditioned in a Single Trial
Extinction of a Response Conditioned in a Single Trial
Sustained and Temporary Hypothermia as Variables in Successful Maze Learning
Moderate hypochermia, or a slight reduction of body temperature from a point within the normal limits of the range of body temperature variability, has been given some attention in the clinical literature, This attention has been focused primarily on functional somatic changes or variations induced by the hypothermia. Observations dealing with behavioral functions have come mainly from clinical studies in which the behavioral data were secondary …
Sustained and Temporary Hypothermia as Variables in Successful Maze Learning
The Retroactive Effect of an Acute Physiological Stress on Learning
Effects of an Experimentally Induced Acute Renal Failure on a Learned Maze Response in Rats
Single-Trial Avoidance Conditioning in Rats
Two experiments were designed to investigate shock intensity (current level), and shock duration as variables in the conditioning of an avoidance response in rats with a single training trial. In Exp. 3, a fixed current and duration were used and the resistance of the established conditioned response to extinction was determined. A grid scrambled 3-ma., 1-sec. shock applied to the four paws as a reinforcement was found to be most efficient in pro…
Single Trial Conditioning
Four experiments are presented with data from three methods for establishing a conditioned avoidance response in mice in a single trial. Approximately 90% of the mice used with these methods showed conditioning. Specific advantages lie in the use of one method rather than another, and this is dependent upon the application desired. Some of the variables controlled for with these conditioning techniques are: CS-UCS interval, US duration, and US-UR…
Effects of Pre- and Post-Acquisition Maze Training in Mice
Two experiments were designed to study the effects of pre- and post-acquisition maze training on a learned sensori-motor escape response in mice. In one experiment, habit-reversal training interpolated between acquisition and testing trials led to interference in the performance of the acquired response as revealed by an increase in errors made when Ss were tested for the initially acquired response. In the second experiment, previous training di…
Stress-Induced Gastric Lesions in Mice
Groups of light (13-21 gm.) and heavier (22-30 gm.) mice were subdivided and either immobilized for 48 hr. (Experimental) or just food deprived for the same period (Control). The stomachs were removed, food contents noted, and the gastric tissue was examined for lesions and rated for the severity of pathology Experimental and control Ss differed significantly only with respect to the amount of food contained in the stomach and not with respect to…
Gastric Ulceration in Differentially Housed Mice
Mice were housed either 1, 5, of 10 per cage prior to 24 hr. of food deprivation. The incidence and severity of starvation-induced gastric ulceration were an inverse function of group size; the retention of gastric food particles was a function of group size and was associated with reduced incidence and severity of ulcerogenesis
Changes in Locomotor Activity and Brain Chemistry following LSD-25 Administration in Mice
Mice treated with LSD-25 showed a marked attenuation of gross locomotor activity by 15 min. following injection, as compared with saline-treated controls. This effect was paralleled by intracerebral injection of adrenochrome; the level of brain adrenochrome was elevated in LSD-treated mice and correlated with the attenuated locomotor activity
Water Maze Savings by Mice as a Function of Motor Training
Mice given either 0, 4, 8, or 12 trials of motor training (practice swimming) in a water tank showed appreciable savings during the early trials of acquisition training in a water maze. Differences in escape latency and error savings for this task were related to the amount of prior motor training
Electroshock-Induced Retrograde Amnesia in Seizure-Protected Mice
Mice given electroshock following a single conditioning trial showed a retrograde amnesia for the conditioned response as a function of the time interval between training and electroshock. When, under two different conditions, the overt convulsion produced by electroshock was prevented, the retrograde amnesia still was in evidence. The data suggest that current flow through the brain, rather than an overt convulsion, accounts for the amnesic effe…
Critical Periods of Maze Acquisition Development in Euthyroid and Hypothyroid Rodents
Mice and rats with congenitally-induced hypothyroidism which continued through early adult development were compared with euthyroid animals for acquisition of a simple sensori-motor maze escape response at various periods during development. Whereas euthyroid mice began to demonstrate criterion maze acquisition as early as 16 days of age, and all showed acquisition to criterion by 20 days of age, only a small percentage of hypothyroid mice acquir…
Cholinergic Mechanisms and Avoidance Behavior Acquisition
Mice treated with nicotine sulfate showed, as compared with saline-treated controls, a decreased incidence of active avoidance conditioning without effects upon either passive avoidance acquisition or escape behavior. The effect of nicotine was to reduce significantly the ratio of bound: free acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. This change was accounted for by a decreased content of stored amine, particularly in the synaptic vesicles, without a…
Biphasic Effects of Nicotine upon Ecs-Induced Retrograde Amnesia in Mice
The effects of nicotine in (a) attenuating the amnesic effect of a post-conditioning electroconvulsive shock (ECS; G), (b) facilitating avoidance-response acquisition by isolation-housed mice (5), and (c) antagonizing the effects of stress effects upon memory (3) have suggested several biochemical substrates for those systems to which these actions relate. One hypothesis that has emerged from these studies is that the increased content of brain 5…
Age-Related Determinants of Stress-Induced Weight Change in Mice
25-day-old male mice showed a greater incidence of body weight loss and a late peak of plasma corticosterone elevation when exposed to tobacco smoke for 5 successive days, as compared with mice exposed to filtered smoke (gas phase) or air. 50-day-old mice had a greater incidence and magnitude of body weight loss and a late plasma corticosterone peak after 5 days of air exposure, but not with gas phase or nicotine + gas phase. Diencephalic seroton…
Psychology (25 works) · Medicine (14 works) · Developmental psychology (10 works) · Neuroscience (10 works) · Cognitive psychology (7 works) · Chemistry (6 works) · Internal Medicine (6 works) · Internal Medicine (6 works) · Anesthesia (5 works) · Physics (5 works)