Nichole M Bauer
Biographic Data
| ID | 4371302 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Nichole M Bauer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Nichole M |
| FAMILY NAME | Bauer |
| SIGNATURE | BAUER N M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Louisiana State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9797-7453 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1045 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Candidate Gender, Feminist Identities, and Emotional Engagement During Political Campaigns
We test how the presence of women candidates in the 2020 Democratic primary increased levels of emotional engagement among feminists. We use an original three-wave panel data collection. We find that respondents expressed high levels of positive emotions when they learned about a man running in the presidential primary rather than a woman regardless of their feminist identities. We find that after the Democratic primary process concluded, respond…
News media framing on abortion in the post- Dobbs era
We apply framing theory to investigate how the news media framed the issue of abortion after the 2022 Dobbs decision. We conducted a rigorous content analysis of 1607 local news stories in states with abortion bans or restrictions that went into effect in the first year post-Dobbs. Our results uncover several key findings. First, we found that local news relied on thematic frames far more frequently than episodic frames. Second, when local news a…
State Courts, Public Opinion, and the Changing Abortion Landscape after Dobbs
The June 24, 2022 Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization represented a seismic shift in abortion policy in the United States. Since then, state courts have begun playing an integral role in expanding or restricting abortion access in their jurisdictions. What do these cases look like and how does the public respond to court decisions that are pro- or anti-abortion? We collect original data on state court abortion c…
Candidate Gender, Campaign Appeals, and Voter Support in Judicial Elections
Gender Stereotypes across Electoral Contexts
Gendered Expectations: Do Voters Reward Women for Supporting Women’s Interests
Are women legislators punished for not supporting women’s substantive policy interests? We test these gendered expectations. We marshal an original content analysis of cable news coverage and two survey experiments testing voters’ assessment of hypothetical legislators on the issues of abortion and equal pay. We find that voters rate both women and men legislators positively for supporting women’s issues and negatively evaluate legislators of bot…
Who Covers the Qualifications of Female Candidates? Examining Gender Bias in News Coverage Across National and Local Newspapers
This article examines differences in news coverage of female candidates using a media sociology framework that examines the interplay between organizational, routine, and individual levels of influence. The analyses find that national and local newspapers are more likely to write about the political qualifications of female candidates relative to male candidates, and female journalists at local newspapers are most likely to write about women’s po…
Gendered Differences in Fundraising Appeals Among Congressional Candidates
We investigate how women candidates solicit campaign donations targeting regular people through mass emails. We argue that women, relative to men, will be more likely to emphasize stereotypically feminine issues in fundraising appeals. Women will use these strategic messages to overcome the stereotypic proscription that women are not supposed to ask people for money to further their own careers. We analyze how gendered issues appear in fundraisin…
Gendered Agenda-Building: How Female Candidates Communicate Heterogeneous Issue Agendas
This study investigates the extent to which the issues emphasized by female political candidates in American congressional elections vary based on the media platforms used to promote their messages. We develop a framework of gendered agenda-building, arguing that the pressures women face on the campaign trail are rooted in gender stereotypes and will lead women to curate more heterogeneous issue agendas compared to their male counterparts. Our fr…
Still a Boy’s Club: Women Journalists & Political News Coverage
We investigate the level of gender parity in political news reporting at the New York Times. We apply a media sociology approach to examine how gender stereotypes, women in media leadership, and women in political leadership interact to affect the extent to which women journalists appear in bylines about domestic and foreign affairs news. We leverage an original data collection of nearly 3,000 news articles published from 2007–2020. We find sever…
Harnessing the Power of Emotions: How Women of Color Use Emotional Appeals in Their Campaign Messages
Women of color are running for political office at higher rates in recent U.S. elections, and existing scholarship is only starting to investigate the communication strategies of women of color and how voters respond to their campaign messages. We shed light on how women of color use emotions in campaign messages and how voters respond to these emotional appeals. We employ an analysis of campaign advertising data across multiple election years fr…
Gendered Ambivalence: The Structure of Attitudes About Female Candidates
I argue that the gender-role incongruity between being a woman and the masculine stereotypes of political leadership roles will lead to more ambivalence about women relative to men and that gendered traits will comprise the content of these ambivalent attitudes. I analyze attitudinal ambivalence toward female candidates using ANES data. The results find that ambivalence is higher among voters who hold cross-pressured identities as strong partisan…
Intersectional Motherhood and Candidate Evaluations in the United States
In the United States, emphasizing their families and talking about parenthood can be a potent strategy for political candidates as voters use information about a candidate’s family life to make assessments of the candidate’s personal attributes and issue competencies. We nonetheless know little about how a candidate’s race affects these assessments. We thus consider how Black women use and benefit from politicizing motherhood, and we argue that t…
Gender, Issue Stereotypes, and the Electoral Returns to Distributive Politics in the United States
Elected officials can often successfully increase voter support in their district by “bringing home the bacon,” yet theory suggests that the electoral effects of such efforts may depend on the legislator’s gender and whether the legislator delivered benefits in a stereotypically feminine (e.g., healthcare) or masculine (e.g., agriculture) issue area. Using both observational and experimental data in the United States, we find weak, limited eviden…
Gendered Self-Promotion: Differences in How Voters Evaluate Women and Men Who Highlight Their Legislative Accomplishments
Conventional wisdom suggests that women can face a punishment from voters for engaging in self-promotion. Self-promotion, highlighting your accomplishments, can be detrimental to women because such behavior violates feminine stereotypic expectations that women be modest and humble. I argue and show that voters do not punish women for engaging in self-promotion but there are different styles of self-promotion that are more beneficial to women than…
Do voters punish ambitious women? Tracking a gendered backlash toward the 2020 democratic presidential contenders
Gendered times: How gendered contexts shape campaign messages of female candidates
We develop and test a theory of gendered political times, which argues that the gendered political climate during an election shapes the extent to which female candidates emphasize feminine or masculine traits in campaign messages. We measure gendered electoral contexts through rigorous analyses of public opinion data and news media content of the top issues during an election, and we complement these data with an analysis of the gendered traits …
How Women Attack: Candidate Reliance on Feminine and Masculine Traits in Campaign Negativity
We develop a framework to identify how women use negative messages in political campaigns. We argue that women will be more likely to use contrast negativity, messages that include a negative message against an opponent and a positive message about the candidate sponsoring the ad, rather than attack negativity, messages that only criticize an opponent. We also identify how feminine and masculine traits emerge in negativity—a strategy we call gend…
Women’s Engagement in Political Discussion on Twitter: The Role of Gender Salience, Resources, and Race/Ethnicity
Selling them Short? Differences in News Coverage of Female and Male Candidate Qualifications
We draw on research from gender stereotypes and mass communication to develop and test an innovative theoretical framework of implicit and explicit gender framing. This framework delineates how and when coverage in newspapers will report on female candidates differently than male candidates. Implicit gender frames subtly draw on masculine stereotypes to reinforce patriarchal power structures through their coverage of political candidates. Explici…
Women Get the Job Done: Differences in Constituent Communication from Female and Male Lawmakers
This article advances and tests an original theory of a “feminine homestyle” to explain how female legislators develop relationships with constituents that both mitigate the potential for gendered biases and fulfill the communal goals that motivate women to run for political office. We use an original audit study that tests legislator responsiveness to direct email communication. We show that female lawmakers are more responsive to constituent co…
Strong and caring? The stereotypic traits of women of color in politics
We apply a theory of stereotype subtypes and subgroups from social psychology to clarify whether there is a uniform “women of color” stereotype and whether there are differences in the stereotypes ascribed to women across different racial and ethnic backgrounds. We test the extent to which positive feminine and positive masculine stereotypes comprise the stereotype content of not only Latinas and Black women but also Asian women, Native American …
The Intersection of Candidate Gender and Ethnicity: How Voters Respond to Campaign Messages from Latinas
Despite the recent surge of women of color in elected political office in the U.S., the representation of Latinas is strikingly low. Past research offers unclear conclusions as to whether Latina political candidates face biases due to the intersection of their identities as women and as ethnic minorities, and how Latinas can navigate such biases. In this study, we identify how Latinas draw on their intersectional identities as both women and ethn…
Going Feminine: Identifying How and When Female Candidates Emphasize Feminine and Masculine Traits on the Campaign Trail
Female candidates face a messaging challenge. There is a strong association between masculinity and political leadership. Stressing masculinity can result in a likability backlash for female candidates often seen as lacking feminine qualities, such as warmth. Preventing a likability backlash by highlighting feminine qualities can also harm female candidates. Current scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about how female candidates balance th…
Candidate Aggression and Gendered Voter Evaluations
Politicians frequently use uncivil and even aggressive tactics in political appeals. Aggressive behavior and personality code as masculine, and voters generally value masculine traits in leaders. However, extreme displays may be off‐putting to all but the most aggressive voters. In this article, we theorize how aggressive political displays interact with gendered personality traits to shape candidate evaluations. Which voters punish candidates fo…
Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates
Women are underrepresented at all levels of elected office. It is suspected that gender stereotypes hinder the electoral success of female candidates, but empirical evidence is inconclusive on whether stereotypes have a direct effect on voting decisions. This empirical conflict stems, in part, from the assumption that voters automatically rely on gender stereotypes when evaluating female candidates. This study explicitly tests the assumption of a…
The Effects of Counterstereotypic Gender Strategies on Candidate Evaluations
Voters do not associate female candidates with feminine stereotypes, but voters also do not associate female candidates with the qualities most valued in political leaders such as experience and knowledge. Current research offers conflicting conclusions on whether female candidates benefit from breaking with feminine norms or face a backlash for being too aggressive and not likable enough. Using a series of experiments, I show how counterstereoty…
Shifting Standards: How Voters Evaluate the Qualifications of Female and Male Candidates
Existing empirical research finds that female candidates have higher levels of qualifications for political office compared to male candidates. An untested assumption behind this finding is that female candidates must have stronger qualifications to overcome feminine stereotypes that characterize women as ill qualified for leadership positions. I test this assumption by drawing on psychology research to develop a theory that explains how a candid…
The Relationship Between Campaign Negativity, Gender and Campaign Context
Saving Face: Identifying Voter Responses to Black Candidates and Female Candidates
Much of what we know about the responses of voters to Black candidates and female candidates comes from experimental research. Yet the accuracy of experimental data can be threatened by the possibility that social desirability pressures contaminate self‐reporting. We address this threat in a project that considers psychological approaches to reducing social desirability pressures. Offering participants the opportunity to explain their decisions a…
Who stereotypes female candidates? Identifying individual differences in feminine stereotype reliance
Increasing numbers of women are running for political office at the local, state, and national levels. Existing research offers unclear conclusions about whether feminine stereotypes are an electoral constraint for female candidates. An underlying assumption in this scholarship is that all types of individuals rely on similar processes to form electoral assessments of female candidates. This study tests the assumption of equitable stereotype reli…
Untangling the Relationship between Partisanship, Gender Stereotypes, and Support for Female Candidates
Existing literature debates whether gender stereotypes or partisanship has a greater effect on evaluations of female candidates. Feminine stereotypes are considered incongruent with leadership roles, but partisanship is also an important cue for many voters. Complicating the influence of feminine stereotypes is that this concept overlaps with stereotypes about the Democratic Party. This manuscript examines the influence of partisanship and femini…
Going Feminine: Identifying How and When Female Candidates Emphasize Feminine and Masculine Traits on the Campaign Trail
Female candidates face a messaging challenge. There is a strong association between masculinity and political leadership. Stressing masculinity can result in a likability backlash for female candidates often seen as lacking feminine qualities, such as warmth. Preventing a likability backlash by highlighting feminine qualities can also harm female candidates. Current scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about how female candidates balance th…
Visual Information and Candidate Evaluations: The Influence of Feminine and Masculine Images on Support for Female Candidates
Existing research debates the extent to which feminine and masculine stereotypes affect voters’ impressions of female candidates. Current approaches identify how descriptions of female candidates as having feminine or masculine qualities lead voters to rely on stereotypes. We argue that extant scholarship overlooks a critical source of stereotypic information about female candidates—the role of visual information. This manuscript explores the con…
Running Local: Gender Stereotyping and Female Candidates in Local Elections
An implicit assumption underlying the gender stereotyping literature is that female candidates have an advantage in local elections. Two factors motivate this assumption. First, some local issues, such as the provision of social services, fit into the stereotypic strengths of female politicians. Second, as the level of office increases, so too does the perceived masculinity of the office. Research on local policymaking, however, indicates that th…
A Feminine Advantage? Delineating the Effects of Feminine Trait and Feminine Issue Messages on Evaluations of Female Candidates
Current scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about whether female candidates have a feminine advantage or a disadvantage. Previous work does not consider whether voters respond similarly to all types of messages that might emphasize feminine stereotypes, such as feminine trait and feminine issue messages. I argue that voters will respond differently to trait-based feminine messages relative to issue-based feminine messages. I test the effec…
Who is Punished? Conditions Affecting Voter Evaluations of Legislators Who Do Not Compromise
The Effects of Partisan Trespassing Strategies Across Candidate Sex
A visual analysis of gender stereotypes in campaign advertising
Extant scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about whether female candidates emphasize feminine or masculine stereotypes in campaigns. We suggest that female candidates use both stereotypes, and do so by varying the use of these stereotypes in the visual and the verbal content of a single message. We measure how candidates vary the use of gender stereotypes in the visual and the verbal message of a single campaign ad. We predict that female …
Rethinking stereotype reliance: Understanding the connection between female candidates and gender stereotypes
Increasing numbers of female candidates are running for Congress in American national elections. Despite the rise in female candidates running for office, women are not significantly increasing their presence in the House and Senate. A much hypothesized influence over the electoral fates of female candidates is the role of gender stereotypes. However, political science scholars have struggled to pinpoint the effect of stereotypes on vote choice, …
Do voters punish ambitious women? Tracking a gendered backlash toward the 2020 democratic presidential contenders
Selling them Short? Differences in News Coverage of Female and Male Candidate Qualifications
We draw on research from gender stereotypes and mass communication to develop and test an innovative theoretical framework of implicit and explicit gender framing. This framework delineates how and when coverage in newspapers will report on female candidates differently than male candidates. Implicit gender frames subtly draw on masculine stereotypes to reinforce patriarchal power structures through their coverage of political candidates. Explici…
Candidate Aggression and Gendered Voter Evaluations
Politicians frequently use uncivil and even aggressive tactics in political appeals. Aggressive behavior and personality code as masculine, and voters generally value masculine traits in leaders. However, extreme displays may be off‐putting to all but the most aggressive voters. In this article, we theorize how aggressive political displays interact with gendered personality traits to shape candidate evaluations. Which voters punish candidates fo…
Women Leaders and Policy Compliance during a Public Health Crisis
How does the gender of a political leader affect policy compliance of the public during a public health crisis? State and national leaders have taken a variety of policy measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, with varying levels of success. While many female leaders have been credited with containing the spread of COVID-19, often through implementing strict policy measures, there is little understanding of how individuals respond to public hea…
Women Get the Job Done: Differences in Constituent Communication from Female and Male Lawmakers
This article advances and tests an original theory of a “feminine homestyle” to explain how female legislators develop relationships with constituents that both mitigate the potential for gendered biases and fulfill the communal goals that motivate women to run for political office. We use an original audit study that tests legislator responsiveness to direct email communication. We show that female lawmakers are more responsive to constituent co…
Strong and caring? The stereotypic traits of women of color in politics
We apply a theory of stereotype subtypes and subgroups from social psychology to clarify whether there is a uniform “women of color” stereotype and whether there are differences in the stereotypes ascribed to women across different racial and ethnic backgrounds. We test the extent to which positive feminine and positive masculine stereotypes comprise the stereotype content of not only Latinas and Black women but also Asian women, Native American …
The Intersection of Candidate Gender and Ethnicity: How Voters Respond to Campaign Messages from Latinas
Despite the recent surge of women of color in elected political office in the U.S., the representation of Latinas is strikingly low. Past research offers unclear conclusions as to whether Latina political candidates face biases due to the intersection of their identities as women and as ethnic minorities, and how Latinas can navigate such biases. In this study, we identify how Latinas draw on their intersectional identities as both women and ethn…
Candidate Gender, Campaign Appeals, and Voter Support in Judicial Elections
Crisis, Credibility, and the Press: A Priming Model of News Evaluation
This paper develops a model of press-priming in which public evaluations of press performance are examined in the context of media scandals where news organizations through their own ethical lapses become the subject and conduit of priming effects. We argue that judgments about the press during a crisis depend on the activation of standing attitudes toward press freedom and media responsibility, which come into play with close attention to ongoin…
Gendered Agenda-Building: How Female Candidates Communicate Heterogeneous Issue Agendas
This study investigates the extent to which the issues emphasized by female political candidates in American congressional elections vary based on the media platforms used to promote their messages. We develop a framework of gendered agenda-building, arguing that the pressures women face on the campaign trail are rooted in gender stereotypes and will lead women to curate more heterogeneous issue agendas compared to their male counterparts. Our fr…
Towards consilience Thirty years of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences
Scholars, scientists, and policymakers converged last fall at the annual meeting of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) held on the Indiana University campus in Bloomington from October 14–16, 2010. Founded in 1980, the association uniquely merges evolutionary, genetic, and ecological knowledge with the study of political behavior, public policy, and ethics. This year's annual meeting celebrated the diversity of scholarship …
Rethinking stereotype reliance: Understanding the connection between female candidates and gender stereotypes
Increasing numbers of female candidates are running for Congress in American national elections. Despite the rise in female candidates running for office, women are not significantly increasing their presence in the House and Senate. A much hypothesized influence over the electoral fates of female candidates is the role of gender stereotypes. However, political science scholars have struggled to pinpoint the effect of stereotypes on vote choice, …
Crisis, Credibility, and the Press: A Priming Model of News Evaluation
This paper develops a model of press-priming in which public evaluations of press performance are examined in the context of media scandals where news organizations through their own ethical lapses become the subject and conduit of priming effects. We argue that judgments about the press during a crisis depend on the activation of standing attitudes toward press freedom and media responsibility, which come into play with close attention to ongoin…
The Relationship Between Campaign Negativity, Gender and Campaign Context
Who stereotypes female candidates? Identifying individual differences in feminine stereotype reliance
Increasing numbers of women are running for political office at the local, state, and national levels. Existing research offers unclear conclusions about whether feminine stereotypes are an electoral constraint for female candidates. An underlying assumption in this scholarship is that all types of individuals rely on similar processes to form electoral assessments of female candidates. This study tests the assumption of equitable stereotype reli…
Saving Face: Identifying Voter Responses to Black Candidates and Female Candidates
Much of what we know about the responses of voters to Black candidates and female candidates comes from experimental research. Yet the accuracy of experimental data can be threatened by the possibility that social desirability pressures contaminate self‐reporting. We address this threat in a project that considers psychological approaches to reducing social desirability pressures. Offering participants the opportunity to explain their decisions a…
Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates
Women are underrepresented at all levels of elected office. It is suspected that gender stereotypes hinder the electoral success of female candidates, but empirical evidence is inconclusive on whether stereotypes have a direct effect on voting decisions. This empirical conflict stems, in part, from the assumption that voters automatically rely on gender stereotypes when evaluating female candidates. This study explicitly tests the assumption of a…
The Effects of Counterstereotypic Gender Strategies on Candidate Evaluations
Voters do not associate female candidates with feminine stereotypes, but voters also do not associate female candidates with the qualities most valued in political leaders such as experience and knowledge. Current research offers conflicting conclusions on whether female candidates benefit from breaking with feminine norms or face a backlash for being too aggressive and not likable enough. Using a series of experiments, I show how counterstereoty…
Who is Punished? Conditions Affecting Voter Evaluations of Legislators Who Do Not Compromise
Untangling the Relationship between Partisanship, Gender Stereotypes, and Support for Female Candidates
Existing literature debates whether gender stereotypes or partisanship has a greater effect on evaluations of female candidates. Feminine stereotypes are considered incongruent with leadership roles, but partisanship is also an important cue for many voters. Complicating the influence of feminine stereotypes is that this concept overlaps with stereotypes about the Democratic Party. This manuscript examines the influence of partisanship and femini…
Visual Information and Candidate Evaluations: The Influence of Feminine and Masculine Images on Support for Female Candidates
Existing research debates the extent to which feminine and masculine stereotypes affect voters’ impressions of female candidates. Current approaches identify how descriptions of female candidates as having feminine or masculine qualities lead voters to rely on stereotypes. We argue that extant scholarship overlooks a critical source of stereotypic information about female candidates—the role of visual information. This manuscript explores the con…
A visual analysis of gender stereotypes in campaign advertising
Extant scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about whether female candidates emphasize feminine or masculine stereotypes in campaigns. We suggest that female candidates use both stereotypes, and do so by varying the use of these stereotypes in the visual and the verbal content of a single message. We measure how candidates vary the use of gender stereotypes in the visual and the verbal message of a single campaign ad. We predict that female …
The Effects of Partisan Trespassing Strategies Across Candidate Sex
The Qualifications Gap: Why Women Must Be Better than Men to Win Political Office
What does it take for women to win political office? This book uncovers a gendered qualifications gap, showing that women need to be significantly more qualified than men to win elections. Applying insights from psychology and political science and drawing on experiments, public opinion data, and content analysis, Nichole M. Bauer presents new evidence of how voter biases and informational asymmetries combine to disadvantage female candidates. Th…
Running Local: Gender Stereotyping and Female Candidates in Local Elections
An implicit assumption underlying the gender stereotyping literature is that female candidates have an advantage in local elections. Two factors motivate this assumption. First, some local issues, such as the provision of social services, fit into the stereotypic strengths of female politicians. Second, as the level of office increases, so too does the perceived masculinity of the office. Research on local policymaking, however, indicates that th…
Shifting Standards: How Voters Evaluate the Qualifications of Female and Male Candidates
Existing empirical research finds that female candidates have higher levels of qualifications for political office compared to male candidates. An untested assumption behind this finding is that female candidates must have stronger qualifications to overcome feminine stereotypes that characterize women as ill qualified for leadership positions. I test this assumption by drawing on psychology research to develop a theory that explains how a candid…
Women Leaders and Policy Compliance during a Public Health Crisis
How does the gender of a political leader affect policy compliance of the public during a public health crisis? State and national leaders have taken a variety of policy measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, with varying levels of success. While many female leaders have been credited with containing the spread of COVID-19, often through implementing strict policy measures, there is little understanding of how individuals respond to public hea…
A Feminine Advantage? Delineating the Effects of Feminine Trait and Feminine Issue Messages on Evaluations of Female Candidates
Current scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about whether female candidates have a feminine advantage or a disadvantage. Previous work does not consider whether voters respond similarly to all types of messages that might emphasize feminine stereotypes, such as feminine trait and feminine issue messages. I argue that voters will respond differently to trait-based feminine messages relative to issue-based feminine messages. I test the effec…
Strong and caring? The stereotypic traits of women of color in politics
We apply a theory of stereotype subtypes and subgroups from social psychology to clarify whether there is a uniform “women of color” stereotype and whether there are differences in the stereotypes ascribed to women across different racial and ethnic backgrounds. We test the extent to which positive feminine and positive masculine stereotypes comprise the stereotype content of not only Latinas and Black women but also Asian women, Native American …
The Intersection of Candidate Gender and Ethnicity: How Voters Respond to Campaign Messages from Latinas
Despite the recent surge of women of color in elected political office in the U.S., the representation of Latinas is strikingly low. Past research offers unclear conclusions as to whether Latina political candidates face biases due to the intersection of their identities as women and as ethnic minorities, and how Latinas can navigate such biases. In this study, we identify how Latinas draw on their intersectional identities as both women and ethn…
Going Feminine: Identifying How and When Female Candidates Emphasize Feminine and Masculine Traits on the Campaign Trail
Female candidates face a messaging challenge. There is a strong association between masculinity and political leadership. Stressing masculinity can result in a likability backlash for female candidates often seen as lacking feminine qualities, such as warmth. Preventing a likability backlash by highlighting feminine qualities can also harm female candidates. Current scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about how female candidates balance th…
Candidate Aggression and Gendered Voter Evaluations
Politicians frequently use uncivil and even aggressive tactics in political appeals. Aggressive behavior and personality code as masculine, and voters generally value masculine traits in leaders. However, extreme displays may be off‐putting to all but the most aggressive voters. In this article, we theorize how aggressive political displays interact with gendered personality traits to shape candidate evaluations. Which voters punish candidates fo…
Gendered times: How gendered contexts shape campaign messages of female candidates
We develop and test a theory of gendered political times, which argues that the gendered political climate during an election shapes the extent to which female candidates emphasize feminine or masculine traits in campaign messages. We measure gendered electoral contexts through rigorous analyses of public opinion data and news media content of the top issues during an election, and we complement these data with an analysis of the gendered traits …
How Women Attack: Candidate Reliance on Feminine and Masculine Traits in Campaign Negativity
We develop a framework to identify how women use negative messages in political campaigns. We argue that women will be more likely to use contrast negativity, messages that include a negative message against an opponent and a positive message about the candidate sponsoring the ad, rather than attack negativity, messages that only criticize an opponent. We also identify how feminine and masculine traits emerge in negativity—a strategy we call gend…
Women’s Engagement in Political Discussion on Twitter: The Role of Gender Salience, Resources, and Race/Ethnicity
Political science (39 works) · Gender Politics and Representation (37 works) · Politics (32 works) · Psychology (29 works) · Social Psychology (29 works) · Social Psychology (26 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (24 works) · Law (23 works) · Sociology (23 works) · Law (20 works)