Lewis R Aiken
Biographic Data
| ID | 4502973 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lewis R Aiken |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lewis R |
| FAMILY NAME | Aiken |
| SIGNATURE | AIKEN L R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Pepperdine University, Malibu |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 51 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 51 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1962 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Attitudes and Related Psychosocial Constructs
Preface 1. Definitions, History, & Behavior Prediction 2. Assessment Methods & Instruments 3. Attitude Formation & Change 4. Social Prejudice & Discrimination 5. Living Conditions & Problems 6. Natural & Unnatural Death 7. Schools, Subjects, & Students 8. Work, Leisure, & Retirement 9. Politics, Religion, & Morality Appendices Glossary
Computing Mortality Statistics on Combined Groups
Official reports of death rates and other vital statistics provide useful, but sometimes incomplete, demographic information for specific research investigations concerned with mortality. Furthermore, methods for determining these statistics may be unclear and cumbersome to apply. The current paper describes formulas and logical procedures for computing proportions of deaths, death rates, and other vital statistics on combined groups. A simplifie…
Computing Mortality Statistics on Combined Groups
Official reports of death rates and other vital statistics provide useful, but sometimes incomplete, demographic information for specific research investigations concerned with mortality. Furthermore, methods for determining these statistics may be unclear and cumbersome to apply. The current paper describes formulas and logical procedures for computing proportions of deaths, death rates, and other vital statistics on combined groups. A simplifie…
Human Development in Adulthood
Human Development in Adulthood is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary overview of adult development in a number of areas both personal and societal, from mental and physical health, to economic and social conditions. Variables including race, gender, economic status, and political and religious affiliation are considered in the discussion of such human issues as - love and marital relations - economic concerns, including employment and living cond…
A Program for Constructing and Scoring Several Types of Ratings Scales and Checklists
This article describes a set of 11 menu-driven procedures, written in BASICA for MS-DOS-based microcomputers, for constructing several types of rating scales, attitude scales, and checklists, as well as for scoring responses to the constructed instruments. The program can facilitate the construction and scoring of bipolar, forced-choice, graphic, numerical, semantic differential, and standard rating scales, as well as Likert-type attitude scales,…
Some Observations and Recommendations Concerning Research Methodology In the Behavioral Sciences
Three dozen observations and recommendations concerning the activities of research consultants in the behavioral sciences are listed and discussed. These "guidelines," some of which are stated as aphorisms, are discussed in five categories: planning, implementing, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting. Readers are encouraged to add their own ideas about advice giving in statistics and research to this list and to share them with the author
Sixteen Computer Programs for Selecting, Assigning, and Evaluating Samples
This article describes a set of 16 menu-driven programs, written in BASICA for DOS-based microcomputers, for selecting, assigning, and evaluating samples in survey, correlational, or experimental research. Programs for selecting simple random, stratified random, and cluster samples are described. Procedures for matching samples, testing for independence, and estimating confidence intervals and power for procedures involving proportions and means …
Sixteen Computer Programs for Statistical and Psychometric Transformations
This article describes a program, written in BASICA for DOS-based computers, for computing 16 different statistical and psychometric transformations of input data. Several types of transformations are included: those designed for changing data to meet the assumptions underlying parametric statistical procedures, those designed to facilitate the scoring of tests and inventories, and those for converting scores to norms or grades
Banktest
A BASIC program for constructing tests from item banks is described. The program may also be used to construct and edit test item banks as well as edit existing tests
Some Measures of Interpersonal Attraction and Group Cohesiveness
The computation and determination of the statistical significance of three coefficients of interpersonal attractiveness or cohesiveness in task-oriented or social groups are described. The approach is based on ratings made by each member of a group by all other members of the group. Tests of the significance of the difference between coefficients computed on the same group over time or in different groups, and experience in using this approach in…
Sixteen Computerized Perceptual Performance Tests for Psychological Assessment Courses
Sixteen perceptual performance test programs, written in BASICA for administration by IBM-PCs and clones, are described. These programs, a subset of four dozen verbal and performance tests designed for psychological and educational testing courses, have also been used in research projects concerned with perceptual-motor skills and problem solving. A diskette containing the pro- grams, and a descriptive manual, are available at no charge from the …
Maketest and Taketest
Two computer programs, MAKETEST and TAKETEST, have been written in BASICA to facilitate the construction, administration, and scoring of objective tests. A variety of tests can be constructed and scored by program MAKETEST and accessed by program TAKETEST. Codes for accessing the two programs, and a list of student IDs, may also be stored by MAKETEST. The programs facilitate the administration of tests to small groups using IBM PCs or compatibles…
A Program for Computing Rating Errors
Analyzing Optional Test Items
Traditional item analysis and reliability estimation procedures cannot be used in evaluating the effectiveness of a test consisting in whole or in part of optional items. This paper considers alternative methods for determining the difficulty, discrimination, and reliability of optional items on essay and other types of tests. Although not so precise as traditional procedures, these approaches can yield useful information for assessing the functi…
An Exact Probability Program for Comparing Ratings in Several Samples
Difsim, a BASIC and FORTRAN program for computing and determining the statistical significance of difference and similarity indexes computed on several independent or dependent samples of ratings, is described. The procedures employed in the program are exact probability analogs of the randomized groups and repeated measures analyses of variance for small samples
Coefficients of Response Homogeneity and Congruence
Two coefficients (H and C) for evaluating the homogeneity or congruence of a set of n ratings or scores are described. Tests for determining the statistical significance of the coefficients in small and large samples are also provided. These procedures may be used to determine the consistency of measurements made of n persons or situations on one characteristic or the consistency of measurements made of one person or situation on n characteristic…
A Program for Computing the Reliability and Maximum Reliability of a Weighted Composite
This paper describes a program, written in BASIC and PASCAL, for computing the reliability of a sum of weighted parts of a test composite and determining the maximum reliability and the corresponding weights
Small Sample Difference Tests of Goodness of Fit and Independence
Small sample difference ratio statistical procedures for testing goodness of fit to a uniform distribution of n observations in c categories and testing the independence of n observations in the cells of an r x c contingency table are described. The procedures make use of a D statistic ranging from a minimum value equal to or close to 0 to a maximum value of I. Larger values of D indicate greater deviations of the observed frequencies from a spec…
Formulas for Equating Ratings on Different Scales
Formulas for transforming scores and statistics on a rating scale having any number of categories to a scale having a different number of categories are described. The origins of the two scales may be any negative or positive integers; the scales may increase in the same or opposite directions and have any category widths. The transformation formulas provide not only a procedure for equating scores on different scales but also a method of investi…
Difference Tests for Distributions of Ratings
Three exact probability tests, counterparts of t tests for single sample, independent samples, and dependent samples, are described for data obtained from ratings on m scales by a single rater or on a single scale by n raters. These tests, which involve computing a difference ratio ( D), require fewer assumptions and restrictions than the t test or nonparametric procedures such as the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxen tests. Tables of one-tail discrete p…
Evaluating Ratings on Bidirectional Scales
Procedures are described for determining the statistical significance of a set of ratings made on bidirectional (or bipolar) scales. A B (bidirectional) coefficient, ranging in value from −1 to +1 and hence providing information on both the magnitude and direction of a set of ratings, is defined. B and its statistical significance can be determined on small or large samples of items or raters. The statistical significance of a mean of B values, c…
Three Coefficients for Analyzing the Reliability and Validity of Ratings
Three numerical coefficients (V, R, and H) for analyzing the validity and reliability of ratings are described. Each coefficient, which ranges in value from 0 to 1, is computed as the ratio of an obtained to a maximum sum of differences in ratings, or as 1 minus that ratio. Computer programs for calculating the coefficients, their associated individual and cumulative right-tail probabilities, and the population mean and standard deviation of each…
Determining Grade Boundaries on Classroom Tests
A procedure and a computing diagram for assigning score boundaries to grading categories on classroom tests are described. The procedure takes both the median ability level of the class and the test performance of the class relative to that of other classes into account
An Interactive Program for Testing the Significance of Various Correlation Coefficients
A program for computing one-tail probabilities associated with a z statistic for determining the statistical significance of various types of correlation coefficients or difference between two coefficients is described. The program, which was designed especially for use on small computers, is modular, in that 1-8 subprograms accompanying the main program may be combined individually or collectively with it. The obtained probabilities are accurate…
Number of Response Categories and Statistics on a Teacher Rating Scale
Each of six forms of a 10-item teacher evaluation rating scale, having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 response categories per form, was administered to over 100 students at a Pacific Coast college. Means of item responses increased linearly and item variances increased curvilinearly with number of response categories. Internal consistency reliability coefficients (alpha) of total scores did not change systematically with increases in the number of response …
The Prediction of Academic Success and Early Attrition by Means of a Multiple-Choice Biographical Inventory
Although there have been many studies concerned with the usefulness of motivational variables in the selection of students, the initially positive results have often disappeared on cross-validation. Many institutions have consequently limited their use of psychometric devices to ability tests, realizing that motivation plays a large role in the determination of success but being unable to measure it adequately. Recently, several investigators (e.…
Frequency and Intensity as Psychometric Response Variables
Paper and Pencil Anxiety
Paper and Pencil Anxiety
Frequency and Intensity as Psychometric Response Variables
The Grading Behavior of a College Faculty
College Dropouts and Difference Scores
It is shown that not only will the usual predictors of college grades such as the Scholastic Aptitude Tests-Verbal and Mathematical (SAT-V & SAT-M) and rank in high school graduating class (HSR) differentiate significantly between college dropouts and non-dropouts but that scores obtained by converting SAT-V, SAT-M, and HSR to normalized T scores and computing the differences between HSR and the other two variables will also distinguish dropouts …
Interdepartmental Variability and Student Expectations of College Grades
Some Nomographs for Academic Prediction Work
The Prediction of Academic Success and Early Attrition by Means of a Multiple-Choice Biographical Inventory
Although there have been many studies concerned with the usefulness of motivational variables in the selection of students, the initially positive results have often disappeared on cross-validation. Many institutions have consequently limited their use of psychometric devices to ability tests, realizing that motivation plays a large role in the determination of success but being unable to measure it adequately. Recently, several investigators (e.…
The Probability of Chance Success on Objective Test Items
Multiple-Answer Items and Chance Success
The use of a general formula, the solution to a special case of the classical occupancy problem, for estimating the probability of chance success on any one-to-one objective test item is reviewed. It is noted that it may on occasion be more appropriate to write items with more than one correct answer and that the chance success formula for this situation is the hypergeometric distribution
Effect on Test Score Variance of Differential Weighting of Item Responses
It is well-known that assigning different numerical weights to the best, or correct, responses to different items on objective tests does not appreciably change the order of total scores on the test. Less well understood is the effect of assigning different weights to “non-best,” or incorrect, responses. This paper illustrates how total score variance is increased by such differential response weighting. Three cases are discussed: (I) The case in…
Weighting and Guessing on Varieties of the Multiple-Choice Item
Discrimination and Uniformity of Test Item Distracters
It is demonstrated that the item discrimination index (d) and an index of the uniformity of the distribution of choices of distracters (U) provide useful information about the effectiveness of distracters on multiple-choice items
Scoring for Partial Knowledge on the Generalized Rearrangement Item
Some Simple Computational Formulas for Multiple Regression
Procedures for Computing Scores and Correlations On Ordered Multicategory Test Items
A Program for Computing Rank Correlations From Ordered Contingency Tables
Formulas and a FORTRAN program for computing Kendall's tau as well as a generalized Spearman rho coefficient from ordered contingency tables are described. Relative advantages and disadvantages of tau and rho as measures of association are considered. The program can be used for analyzing ranked data from many subjects on two variables or for comparing the responses of one subject with the correct responses to an ordered multicategory item
Intellectual Talent
Effects of Instructions, Option Keying, and Knowledge of Test Material on Seven Methods of Scoring Two-Option Items
Seven formulas for scoring two-option test items are considered. Five of the formulas take into account variations in the number of items on which each of the two options is keyed as correct. The results of an experiment involving the seven scoring formulas are then presented. The dependent variables in the experiment were the scores obtained by applying the seven formulas to the responses of 180 students to a 100-item general psychology examinat…
A General Questionnaire Analysis Program
A general program for analyzing category- or frequency-data obtained from questionnaires is described. The frequency distribution, category percentages, median, and semi-interquartile range are computed on each variable. In addition, for each pair of variables to be compared, a contingency table of observed and expected cell frequencies and percentages, the observed and critical values (.05 and .01) of chi square, the associated number of degrees…
Relationships Between the Item Difficulty and Discrimination Indexes
The dependence of the item discrimination index (D) on the item difficulty index ( p), and the relationship of D and p to the phi coefficient (φ) are delineated. A table of critical values of D for significance at the .10 and .05 levels, with the number of examinees in the upper group (n, ) on total test score ranging from 10 to 25 and p ranging from .10 to .90, is presented. This table may be used to determine an acceptable magnitude of D for a …
Content Validity and Reliability of Single Items or Questionnaires
Procedures for computing content validity ( V) and consistency re liability ( R) coefficients and determining the statistical significance of these coefficients are described. These procedures, which employ the multinomial probability distribution for small samples and nor mal curve probability estimates for large samples, can be used in a variety of situations where judgments of the content validity of items or questionnaires are made on ordinal…
Estimating the Correlation Between two Variables When Their Joint Frequency Distribution is Unknown
Four cases pertaining to estimating the correlation between variables Y and Z from various amounts of information associated with the bivariate frequency distributions of X and Y and of X and Z are considered. A computer program for estimating the correlation between variables Y and Z when the joint frequency distributions of X and Y and X and Z are known is described. The estimates obtained by using this program have been very close to the actua…
Proportion of Returns in Survey Research
Formulas are given for computing, from the responses of returnees alone, the maximum and minimum values between which the mean response to a survey item must fall in the total sample. Expressions for the standard errors of these maximum and minimum mean values are provided. The difference between the maximum and minimum means, in addition to the magnitudes of their standard errors, vary inversely with the proportion of returns. It is also shown t…
Mathematics (40 works) · Statistics (40 works) · Psychology (37 works) · Computer Science (24 works) · Psychometrics (12 works) · Econometrics (10 works) · Mathematics education (9 works) · Clinical Psychology (8 works) · Programming language (8 works) · Test (biology) (8 works)