D Caroline Blanchard
Biographic Data
| ID | 4527356 |
|---|---|
| NAME | D Caroline Blanchard |
| GIVEN NAMES | D Caroline |
| FAMILY NAME | Blanchard |
| SIGNATURE | BLANCHARD D C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1888-6068 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 19 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 19 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Experimental Combat-Stress Model in Rats
Developmental defects of enamel-stress histomarker rings (accentuated striae) may be a potential measure of diminished vagal tone in research on extreme stress such as exposure to combat. To develop an animal model of this measure, we examined the enamel of rat incisors which erupt continuously. We examined incisors from 15 stressed-colony rats and 7 control-group rats for these histomarkers using the Visible Burrow System (VBS). VBS was develope…
A pinch or a lesion
Intruder and resident male colony mice exhibit an array of distinct defensive and offensive behaviors. Intruders typically show more boxing, flight, defensive sideways position, on the back position and general locomotion, while residents exhibit higher levels of attack, olfactory investigation, aggressive grooming, and biting, with a preference for dorsal bite locations. Here, analysis of bite locations on the body of the intruder mice showed th…
Attack and defense in conspecific fighting in tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri )
Principles of conspecific defense have been analyzed for rodents, in which specific target sites for biting by attackers on defenders serve as an important determinant of the actions involved in both attacker and defender behavior. In an effort to determine the generality of these principles, attack and defensive behaviors and target sites for biting attack were evaluated in a nonrodent species, the tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri ). Brief daily an…
Chronic social stress
Subordination constitutes a natural and often chronic stress condition for males of virtually all species of social mammals. Subordinate male rats of mixed-sex groups maintained in visible burrow systems show high-magnitude changes in adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones and, in a subpopulation, disruptions in hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis function. Changes in brain serotonin systems have been extensively documented in both colony subordina…
Antipredator behavior of Swiss-Webster mice in a visible burrow system
Swiss-Webster mice living in a visible burrow system (VBS) reacted to presentation of a live cat in the surface area of the VBS by retreat to the burrows and reductions in nondefensive behaviors such as eating and drinking. Live eat-exposed subjects remained in the burrows 14 hr or more, while subjects exposed to a toy (plush) cat prior to live cat exposure reemerged almost immediately and made many contacts with the toy cat. However, subjects ex…
Behaviors of Swiss-Webster and C57/BL/6N sin mice in a fear/defense test battery
When confronted by an approaching threat stimulus (experimenter or laboratory rat), Swiss-Webster mice show initial flight, followed by freezing and defensive vocalization and biting, the latter only when escape is blocked. These defense patterns resemble those of the wild rat, suggesting that mice of this strain do not show the reductions in flight and defensive threat/attack that are typical of laboratory rats. C57/BL/6N Sin strain mice showed …
Defensive reactions of “wild-type” and “Domesticated” wild rats to approach and contact by a threat stimulus
Selective breeding of wild rats over many generations on the basis of low or high defensive threat and attack to human approach and contact has produced highly polarized “domesticated” and “wild-type” animals. Because the selection procedure selectively involves these two defense patterns, and these clearly differ in the two groups, it is of interest to determine if other, nonselected, defensive behaviors to threat stimuli also change. “Domestica…
Sex, Drugs, and Defensive Behavior
Pregrouping aggression and defense scores influences alcohol consumption for dominant and subordinate rats in visible burrow systems
Five male/two female rat colonies were established in visible burrow systems, with males selected for pregrouping attack scores and also evaluated in open field and cat odor tests. Dominant-subordinate pregrouping attack differences suggested that the males becoming dominant are those showing more persistent and higher level attack. For six colonies showing dominant-subordinate behavioral differences, pregrouping defense tests failed to predict s…
Pharmacological and neural control of anti-predator defense in the rat
An ethoexperimental analysis of the defensive behaviors of laboratory and wild rats to predators can predict specific defense patterns in terms of features of the threatening stimulus and the situation. This analysis suggests that a variety of specific defenses, such as flight, movement arrest, and defensive threat and attack, are most characteristic of fear to a present, discrete, threat stimulus while risk assessment patterns coupled with the i…
Social dominance and individual aggressiveness
Male rats exhibiting high, moderate, or low levels of offensive aggressive behavior in interactions with intruders in their home cage were grouped in mixed-sex colonies with 1 male of each aggression-level group in each colony. Agonistic interactions measured 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 22 days after colony formation indicated that highly aggressive males on pretests continued to be more aggressive, becoming the dominant colony male in five of seven …
Differential reactions of men and women to realism, physical damage, and emotionality in violent films
Community college students rated brief segments of violence from films selected to represent a variety of approaches to the depiction of violence. Men and women differed substantially on these sequences, men seeing them as more enjoyable, amusing, realistic, and emotional. Men also showed less inclination to restrict showing of such sequences to children, on television, or by X-rating. While no sex differences appeared in ratings of suffering or …
Inadequacy of pain–aggression hypothesis revealed in naturalistic settings
Hutchinson has recently [1983] suggested that the pain-aggression hypothesis can account for fighting behaviors of rats in natural or seminatural settings: Specifically, this viewpoint questions the validity of a distinction between offensive and defensive behaviors which holds that pain-produced attack is a component of the defense pattern. We argue that the distinction between offense and defense is based on many analytic points, including hist…
Fear and aggression in the rat
The effect of fear on two types of aggression in rats was investigated by adding a cat stimulus to a colony in which the dominant male was attacking an intruder (offensive aggression), or, to a tube test situation in which defensive biting was measured before and during tail shock. The cat completely abolished offense in the colony; when the cat was presented and removed before a strange rat was placed in the colony, attack on the intruder was al…
Attack and defensive behaviors in the albino mouse
Attack by dominant male colony mice on intruders included chasing and lateral attack behaviors, while the corresponding intruder behaviors were flight, boxing, and checking. Both of these are similar to the attack and defensive behaviors of colony rats and intruders. However, mice did not show a significant constraint on bites to ventral areas, and the rat defensive behavior of lying on the back, which is effective because of this constraint, was…
Aggressive behaviors of the japanese brown bear
Film analysis and direct observation suggest that 2 very different types of intra-specific fights occur among Japanese brown bears maintained in large stable colonies. Disputes arising over food are short, and involve such activities as threatening, muzzling, chasing, and flight. Weapon use during feeding fights primarily involves slashing blows to the back or head areas of the opponent. In contrast, “spontaneous” fights are longer, and consist a…
Aggressive behavior in the rat
Functions of the vibrissae in the defensive and aggressive behavior of the rat
Removal of mystacial vibrissae for strange rats placed in an established rat colony produced reliable decrements in defensive boxing for these animals, and corresponding increases in freezing. In a subsequent experiment, removal of the vibrissae of the attacking colony males did not change the attack behavior of the vibrissectomized animals. These results indicate that the vibrissae are involved in defensive boxing behavior, but play no essential…
Reflexive fighting in the albino rat
Specific agonistic responses of albino rats were compared for dominant colony rats and intruders, and for rats in a “reflexive fighting” task. The “reflexive fighters” showed high levels of defensive responses such as boxing and freezing, and very low levels of aggressive behaviors such as piloerection, biting, and the lateral display. This pattern clearly suggests that the behaviors measured in the reflexive fighting task reflect conspecific def…
Attack and defense in conspecific fighting in tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri )
Principles of conspecific defense have been analyzed for rodents, in which specific target sites for biting by attackers on defenders serve as an important determinant of the actions involved in both attacker and defender behavior. In an effort to determine the generality of these principles, attack and defensive behaviors and target sites for biting attack were evaluated in a nonrodent species, the tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri ). Brief daily an…
Aggressive behavior in the rat
Functions of the vibrissae in the defensive and aggressive behavior of the rat
Removal of mystacial vibrissae for strange rats placed in an established rat colony produced reliable decrements in defensive boxing for these animals, and corresponding increases in freezing. In a subsequent experiment, removal of the vibrissae of the attacking colony males did not change the attack behavior of the vibrissectomized animals. These results indicate that the vibrissae are involved in defensive boxing behavior, but play no essential…
Reflexive fighting in the albino rat
Specific agonistic responses of albino rats were compared for dominant colony rats and intruders, and for rats in a “reflexive fighting” task. The “reflexive fighters” showed high levels of defensive responses such as boxing and freezing, and very low levels of aggressive behaviors such as piloerection, biting, and the lateral display. This pattern clearly suggests that the behaviors measured in the reflexive fighting task reflect conspecific def…
Aggressive behaviors of the japanese brown bear
Film analysis and direct observation suggest that 2 very different types of intra-specific fights occur among Japanese brown bears maintained in large stable colonies. Disputes arising over food are short, and involve such activities as threatening, muzzling, chasing, and flight. Weapon use during feeding fights primarily involves slashing blows to the back or head areas of the opponent. In contrast, “spontaneous” fights are longer, and consist a…
Attack and defensive behaviors in the albino mouse
Attack by dominant male colony mice on intruders included chasing and lateral attack behaviors, while the corresponding intruder behaviors were flight, boxing, and checking. Both of these are similar to the attack and defensive behaviors of colony rats and intruders. However, mice did not show a significant constraint on bites to ventral areas, and the rat defensive behavior of lying on the back, which is effective because of this constraint, was…
Inadequacy of pain–aggression hypothesis revealed in naturalistic settings
Hutchinson has recently [1983] suggested that the pain-aggression hypothesis can account for fighting behaviors of rats in natural or seminatural settings: Specifically, this viewpoint questions the validity of a distinction between offensive and defensive behaviors which holds that pain-produced attack is a component of the defense pattern. We argue that the distinction between offense and defense is based on many analytic points, including hist…
Fear and aggression in the rat
The effect of fear on two types of aggression in rats was investigated by adding a cat stimulus to a colony in which the dominant male was attacking an intruder (offensive aggression), or, to a tube test situation in which defensive biting was measured before and during tail shock. The cat completely abolished offense in the colony; when the cat was presented and removed before a strange rat was placed in the colony, attack on the intruder was al…
Differential reactions of men and women to realism, physical damage, and emotionality in violent films
Community college students rated brief segments of violence from films selected to represent a variety of approaches to the depiction of violence. Men and women differed substantially on these sequences, men seeing them as more enjoyable, amusing, realistic, and emotional. Men also showed less inclination to restrict showing of such sequences to children, on television, or by X-rating. While no sex differences appeared in ratings of suffering or …
Social dominance and individual aggressiveness
Male rats exhibiting high, moderate, or low levels of offensive aggressive behavior in interactions with intruders in their home cage were grouped in mixed-sex colonies with 1 male of each aggression-level group in each colony. Agonistic interactions measured 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 22 days after colony formation indicated that highly aggressive males on pretests continued to be more aggressive, becoming the dominant colony male in five of seven …
Pharmacological and neural control of anti-predator defense in the rat
An ethoexperimental analysis of the defensive behaviors of laboratory and wild rats to predators can predict specific defense patterns in terms of features of the threatening stimulus and the situation. This analysis suggests that a variety of specific defenses, such as flight, movement arrest, and defensive threat and attack, are most characteristic of fear to a present, discrete, threat stimulus while risk assessment patterns coupled with the i…
Sex, Drugs, and Defensive Behavior
Pregrouping aggression and defense scores influences alcohol consumption for dominant and subordinate rats in visible burrow systems
Five male/two female rat colonies were established in visible burrow systems, with males selected for pregrouping attack scores and also evaluated in open field and cat odor tests. Dominant-subordinate pregrouping attack differences suggested that the males becoming dominant are those showing more persistent and higher level attack. For six colonies showing dominant-subordinate behavioral differences, pregrouping defense tests failed to predict s…
Defensive reactions of “wild-type” and “Domesticated” wild rats to approach and contact by a threat stimulus
Selective breeding of wild rats over many generations on the basis of low or high defensive threat and attack to human approach and contact has produced highly polarized “domesticated” and “wild-type” animals. Because the selection procedure selectively involves these two defense patterns, and these clearly differ in the two groups, it is of interest to determine if other, nonselected, defensive behaviors to threat stimuli also change. “Domestica…
Antipredator behavior of Swiss-Webster mice in a visible burrow system
Swiss-Webster mice living in a visible burrow system (VBS) reacted to presentation of a live cat in the surface area of the VBS by retreat to the burrows and reductions in nondefensive behaviors such as eating and drinking. Live eat-exposed subjects remained in the burrows 14 hr or more, while subjects exposed to a toy (plush) cat prior to live cat exposure reemerged almost immediately and made many contacts with the toy cat. However, subjects ex…
Behaviors of Swiss-Webster and C57/BL/6N sin mice in a fear/defense test battery
When confronted by an approaching threat stimulus (experimenter or laboratory rat), Swiss-Webster mice show initial flight, followed by freezing and defensive vocalization and biting, the latter only when escape is blocked. These defense patterns resemble those of the wild rat, suggesting that mice of this strain do not show the reductions in flight and defensive threat/attack that are typical of laboratory rats. C57/BL/6N Sin strain mice showed …
Chronic social stress
Subordination constitutes a natural and often chronic stress condition for males of virtually all species of social mammals. Subordinate male rats of mixed-sex groups maintained in visible burrow systems show high-magnitude changes in adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones and, in a subpopulation, disruptions in hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis function. Changes in brain serotonin systems have been extensively documented in both colony subordina…
Attack and defense in conspecific fighting in tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri )
Principles of conspecific defense have been analyzed for rodents, in which specific target sites for biting by attackers on defenders serve as an important determinant of the actions involved in both attacker and defender behavior. In an effort to determine the generality of these principles, attack and defensive behaviors and target sites for biting attack were evaluated in a nonrodent species, the tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri ). Brief daily an…
A pinch or a lesion
Intruder and resident male colony mice exhibit an array of distinct defensive and offensive behaviors. Intruders typically show more boxing, flight, defensive sideways position, on the back position and general locomotion, while residents exhibit higher levels of attack, olfactory investigation, aggressive grooming, and biting, with a preference for dorsal bite locations. Here, analysis of bite locations on the body of the intruder mice showed th…
Experimental Combat-Stress Model in Rats
Developmental defects of enamel-stress histomarker rings (accentuated striae) may be a potential measure of diminished vagal tone in research on extreme stress such as exposure to combat. To develop an animal model of this measure, we examined the enamel of rat incisors which erupt continuously. We examined incisors from 15 stressed-colony rats and 7 control-group rats for these histomarkers using the Visible Burrow System (VBS). VBS was develope…
Psychology (18 works) · Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior (13 works) · Biology (11 works) · Medicine (10 works) · Aggression (8 works) · Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies (7 works) · Developmental psychology (7 works) · Social Psychology (7 works) · Communication (6 works) · Ecology (6 works)