Anne Maass
Biographic Data
| ID | 5220360 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Anne Maass |
| GIVEN NAMES | Anne |
| FAMILY NAME | Maass |
| SIGNATURE | MAASS A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Padua |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7889-795X |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 33 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 210 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 33 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1982 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Power Distance Moderates the Relation Between Income Inequality and Life Satisfaction: A Cross-Country Longitudinal Analysis
Despite extensive research, the relationship between income inequality and life satisfaction remains unclear, with some countries experiencing negative consequences, while others show neutral or positive outcomes. Using data from the Gallup World Poll (2006–2022) with nearly two million respondents from more than 110 countries, we disentangle the distinct within-country and between-country effects of inequality. Our multilevel analyses reveal a s…
At the Speed of a Verb: Grammatical Class of Stimuli Affects Response Time in Surveys and Syntactic Classification Tasks
Verbs, as the conventional linguistic category for expressing action and motion, possess meta-semantic associations specifically with action-orientation—associations not typically found in other grammatical classes (e.g., nouns). The central aim of this research was to examine whether the proposed association between verbs and action manifests in shorter response times for verbs compared to other grammatical forms. In Studies 1a and 1b ( N 1a = 1…
Dishonesty When the Game Is Unfair: Experimental Evidence for the Effect of Economic Inequality on Tax Evasion and Cheating
Although the link between economic inequality and dishonest behavior is well-established in the literature, their causal relation is still unclear. Here we investigate the causal link between economic inequality and dishonest behavior in a simulated society with high or low economic inequality, while holding middle-class status of the participants constant across conditions. Study 1 ( N = 479) focuses on tax evasion, showing that high (vs. low) e…
The sound of social class: Do music preferences signal status
In three studies, we explore the subjective construal of associations between music preferences and social class. Two small-scale studies ( N = 100, N = 70) and one study involving a large representative sample of the Italian population ( N = 1,045) reveal that (a) people hold well-defined stereotypes on how music preferences are linked to social class, (b) that these stereotypes do not map onto actual class differences in music taste, (c) that t…
The Spatial Ingroup Bias: Ingroup Teams Are Positioned Where Writing Starts
In four studies, we test the hypothesis that people, asked to envisage interactions between an ingroup and an outgroup, tend to spatially represent the ingroup where writing starts (e.g., left in Italian) and as acting along script direction. Using soccer as a highly competitive intergroup setting, in Study 1 ( N = 100) Italian soccer fans were found to envisage their team on the left side of a horizontal soccer field, hence playing rightward. St…
The Language of Derogation and Hate: Functions, Consequences, and Reappropriation
Over the last decades, the use of explicit derogatory language (e.g., hate speech, slurs, micro-insults) has risen in many countries. We provide an overview on blatant language discrimination, including its psychological antecedents and consequences. After presenting a working definition of derogatory language and describing its prevalence, we discuss the social functions it serves and the role it plays in identity protection, in legitimizing gro…
Make it Happen: Verbs as Markers of Agency Increase Message Effectiveness
Verbs may be attributed to higher agency than other grammatical categories. In Study 1, we confirmed this hypothesis with archival datasets comprising verbs ( N = 950) and adjectives ( N = 2115). We then investigated whether verbs (vs. adjectives) increase message effectiveness. In three experiments presenting potential NGOs (Studies 2 and 3) or corporate campaigns (Study 4) in verb or adjective form, we demonstrate the hypothesized relationship.…
Gay Voice: Stable Marker of Sexual Orientation or Flexible Communication Device
Norm-based spontaneous categorization: Cultural norms shape meaning and memory
We highlight the role that culture-specific norms play in cognitively predisposing individuals to organize information in the environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Voice Changes Meaning: The Role of Gay- Versus Straight-Sounding Voices in Sentence Interpretation
Utterances reveal not only semantic information but also information about the speaker's social category membership, including sexual orientation. In four studies ( N = 345), we investigated how the meaning of what is being said changes as a function of the speaker's voice. In Studies 1a/1b, gay- and straight-sounding voices uttered the same sentences. Listeners indicated the likelihood that the speaker was referring to one among two target objec…
The Social Costs of Sounding Gay: Voice-Based Impressions of Adoption Applicants
In three studies (total N = 239) we examined the unexplored question of whether voice conveying sexual orientation elicits stigma and discrimination in the context of adoption. Studies 1 and 2 were conducted in Italy where same-sex adoption is illegal and controversial. Study 3 was conducted in the United Kingdom where same-sex adoption is legal and generally more accepted. The three studies show that listeners draw strong inferences from voice w…
Gay- and Lesbian-Sounding Auditory Cues Elicit Stereotyping and Discrimination
The growing body of literature on the recognition of sexual orientation from voice ("auditory gaydar") is silent on the cognitive and social consequences of having a gay-/lesbian- versus heterosexual-sounding voice. We investigated this issue in four studies (overall N = 276), conducted in Italian language, in which heterosexual listeners were exposed to single-sentence voice samples of gay/lesbian and heterosexual speakers. In all four studies, …
Embodied Social Cognition
Word-order and causal inference: The temporal attribution bias
The Emergent Nature of Culturally Meaningful Categorization and Language Use: A Japanese-Italian Comparison of Age Categories
Although the phenomenon of social categorization is universal, we argue that different cultures promote different types of categorization and that this is associated with differential language practice. We predicted that, among Japanese (but not among Italian) participants, even a small age difference would be sufficient to trigger spontaneous categorization of other people. We hypothesized that the categorization process would be reflected on a …
Shielding Women Against Status Loss: The Masculine Form and Its Alternatives in the Italian Language
It is well established that the masculine form (MF) makes women invisible, yet little is known about which form of feminization represents the most appropriate alternative. In the present study, conducted in Italian language, the authors compared the MF (e.g., avvocato, lawyer) with two forms of feminization, namely, the asymmetrical and traditional suffix "-essa" (traditional forms of feminization [TFF], e.g., avvocatessa) that is currently in u…
Groups in space: Stereotypes and the spatial agency bias
In-Group and Out-Group Perspectives in the Use of Derogatory Group Labels: Gay Versus Fag
This research investigates whether derogatory group labels ( fag, fairy) elicit different automatic reactions than do category labels ( gay, homosexual). In a study ( N = 55), involving both heterosexual and homosexual participants, the authors investigated the effects of subliminally represented derogatory versus category labels on the recognition of positive and negative traits that were stereotypical, counterstereotypical, or irrelevant to the…
Stereotype threat: The moderating role of Locus of Control beliefs
The goal of the present study was to test the moderating role of Locus of Control beliefs on performance deficits typically associated with stereotype threat. The results from Experiment 1 were consistent with predictions. First, consistent with the Stereotype Threat model, participants showed a decrease in performance when the task was perceived as a potential test of the in-group's negative stereotype (lacking logical mathematical intelligence …
Group Norms, Threat, and Children's Racial Prejudice
To assess predictions from social identity development theory (SIDT; Nesdale, 2004) concerning children's ethnic/racial prejudice, 197 Anglo-Australian children ages 7 or 9 years participated in a minimal group study as a member of a team that had a norm of inclusion or exclusion. The team was threatened or not threatened by an out-group that was of the same or different race. Consistent with SIDT, prejudice was greater when the in-group had a no…
Why Do Women Underperform Under Stereotype Threat: Evidence for the Role of Negative Thinking
This study investigated the role of negative thinking as a potential mediator of performance deficits under stereotype threat. After being assigned to a stereotype-threat or a no-threat condition, 60 female participants were asked to complete a difficult math task. Using the thought-listing technique, women under stereotype threat reported a higher number of negative thoughts specifically related to the test and to mathematics compared with women…
Stereotype threat: When minority members underperform
This chapter provides a brief overview of research on stereotype threat, and considers whether this phenomenon is specific to minority groups (defined as low status groups), or whether similar deficits may also be observed in groups that generally enjoy a high status in society but that are negatively stereotyped in a specific domain. We then review a number of individual difference variables that moderate stereotype threat and that may explain w…
Inferring traits from behaviors versus behaviors from traits: The induction-deduction asymmetry
It is argued that inductive inferences from behaviors to traits are performed more frequently than deductive inferences from traits to behaviors-a phenomenon referred to as the induction-deduction asymmetry. Two experiments are reported in which behavior-to-trait inferences and trait-to-behavior inferences were compared within the same paradigm: Participants learned a series of descriptions of a target person, half of which were presented in trai…
Linguistic Intergroup Bias: Stereotype Perpetuation Through Language
Implicit Versus Explicit Strategies of Out-Group Discrimination: The Role of Intentional Control in Biased Language Use and Reward Allocation
This article addresses the role of intentional control in intergroup favouritism and out-group discrimination. We hypothesise that explicit strategies of discrimination (reward allocation, trait attributions) are under people's intentional control, whereas the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) represents a strategy that allows relatively little conscious control. An experiment is reported in which basketball fans (N = 88) of two different teams we…
Internalization versus compliance: Differential processes underlying minority influence and conformity
Two experiments investigated whether minority influence and conformity operate by the same or by different processes. It was predicted that subjects who were simultaneously exposed to a majority and a minority opinion would move towards the minority in private but towards the majority in public. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Experiment 2 investigated three hypotheses predicting that (1) the above interaction would be repl…
Implicit Versus Explicit Strategies of Out-Group Discrimination: The Role of Intentional Control in Biased Language Use and Reward Allocation
This article addresses the role of intentional control in intergroup favouritism and out-group discrimination. We hypothesise that explicit strategies of discrimination (reward allocation, trait attributions) are under people's intentional control, whereas the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) represents a strategy that allows relatively little conscious control. An experiment is reported in which basketball fans (N = 88) of two different teams we…
In-Group and Out-Group Perspectives in the Use of Derogatory Group Labels: Gay Versus Fag
This research investigates whether derogatory group labels ( fag, fairy) elicit different automatic reactions than do category labels ( gay, homosexual). In a study ( N = 55), involving both heterosexual and homosexual participants, the authors investigated the effects of subliminally represented derogatory versus category labels on the recognition of positive and negative traits that were stereotypical, counterstereotypical, or irrelevant to the…
Gay- and Lesbian-Sounding Auditory Cues Elicit Stereotyping and Discrimination
The growing body of literature on the recognition of sexual orientation from voice ("auditory gaydar") is silent on the cognitive and social consequences of having a gay-/lesbian- versus heterosexual-sounding voice. We investigated this issue in four studies (overall N = 276), conducted in Italian language, in which heterosexual listeners were exposed to single-sentence voice samples of gay/lesbian and heterosexual speakers. In all four studies, …
Minority influence: Personal relevance biases cognitive processes and reverses private acceptance
Accuracy of eyewitness identification in a field setting
Shielding Women Against Status Loss: The Masculine Form and Its Alternatives in the Italian Language
It is well established that the masculine form (MF) makes women invisible, yet little is known about which form of feminization represents the most appropriate alternative. In the present study, conducted in Italian language, the authors compared the MF (e.g., avvocato, lawyer) with two forms of feminization, namely, the asymmetrical and traditional suffix "-essa" (traditional forms of feminization [TFF], e.g., avvocatessa) that is currently in u…
Illusory correlation and social categorization: Toward an integration of motivational and cognitive factors in stereotype formation
Groups in space: Stereotypes and the spatial agency bias
Linguistic intergroup bias: Differential expectancies or in-group protection
The linguistic intergroup bias describes the tendency to communicate positive in-group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than negative in-group and positive out-group behaviors. This article investigated whether this bias is driven by differential expectancies or by in-group protective motives. In Experiment 1, northern and southern Italian participants (N = 151) described positive and negative behaviors of northern or southern pro…
Conversion theory and simultaneous majority/minority influence: Can reactance offer an alternative explanation
This study tested whether reactance theory can account for private acceptance of a minority opinion under simultaneous majority/minority influence (reactance against majority rather than conversion toward minority). Subjects were either exposed to simultaneous majority /minority influence or to a majority source only. As predicted by conversion theory, subjects moved away from the majority only in private and in the presence of a consistent minor…
Make it Happen: Verbs as Markers of Agency Increase Message Effectiveness
Verbs may be attributed to higher agency than other grammatical categories. In Study 1, we confirmed this hypothesis with archival datasets comprising verbs ( N = 950) and adjectives ( N = 2115). We then investigated whether verbs (vs. adjectives) increase message effectiveness. In three experiments presenting potential NGOs (Studies 2 and 3) or corporate campaigns (Study 4) in verb or adjective form, we demonstrate the hypothesized relationship.…
Word-order and causal inference: The temporal attribution bias
Gay Voice: Stable Marker of Sexual Orientation or Flexible Communication Device
Stereotype threat: The moderating role of Locus of Control beliefs
The goal of the present study was to test the moderating role of Locus of Control beliefs on performance deficits typically associated with stereotype threat. The results from Experiment 1 were consistent with predictions. First, consistent with the Stereotype Threat model, participants showed a decrease in performance when the task was perceived as a potential test of the in-group's negative stereotype (lacking logical mathematical intelligence …
Norm-based spontaneous categorization: Cultural norms shape meaning and memory
We highlight the role that culture-specific norms play in cognitively predisposing individuals to organize information in the environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
The Social Costs of Sounding Gay: Voice-Based Impressions of Adoption Applicants
In three studies (total N = 239) we examined the unexplored question of whether voice conveying sexual orientation elicits stigma and discrimination in the context of adoption. Studies 1 and 2 were conducted in Italy where same-sex adoption is illegal and controversial. Study 3 was conducted in the United Kingdom where same-sex adoption is legal and generally more accepted. The three studies show that listeners draw strong inferences from voice w…
Voice Changes Meaning: The Role of Gay- Versus Straight-Sounding Voices in Sentence Interpretation
Utterances reveal not only semantic information but also information about the speaker's social category membership, including sexual orientation. In four studies ( N = 345), we investigated how the meaning of what is being said changes as a function of the speaker's voice. In Studies 1a/1b, gay- and straight-sounding voices uttered the same sentences. Listeners indicated the likelihood that the speaker was referring to one among two target objec…
The Emergent Nature of Culturally Meaningful Categorization and Language Use: A Japanese-Italian Comparison of Age Categories
Although the phenomenon of social categorization is universal, we argue that different cultures promote different types of categorization and that this is associated with differential language practice. We predicted that, among Japanese (but not among Italian) participants, even a small age difference would be sufficient to trigger spontaneous categorization of other people. We hypothesized that the categorization process would be reflected on a …
Inferring traits from behaviors versus behaviors from traits: The induction-deduction asymmetry
It is argued that inductive inferences from behaviors to traits are performed more frequently than deductive inferences from traits to behaviors-a phenomenon referred to as the induction-deduction asymmetry. Two experiments are reported in which behavior-to-trait inferences and trait-to-behavior inferences were compared within the same paradigm: Participants learned a series of descriptions of a target person, half of which were presented in trai…
Accuracy of eyewitness identification in a field setting
Internalization versus compliance: Differential processes underlying minority influence and conformity
Two experiments investigated whether minority influence and conformity operate by the same or by different processes. It was predicted that subjects who were simultaneously exposed to a majority and a minority opinion would move towards the minority in private but towards the majority in public. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Experiment 2 investigated three hypotheses predicting that (1) the above interaction would be repl…
Conversion theory and simultaneous majority/minority influence: Can reactance offer an alternative explanation
This study tested whether reactance theory can account for private acceptance of a minority opinion under simultaneous majority/minority influence (reactance against majority rather than conversion toward minority). Subjects were either exposed to simultaneous majority /minority influence or to a majority source only. As predicted by conversion theory, subjects moved away from the majority only in private and in the presence of a consistent minor…
Effects of an International Conflict Simulation on Perceptions of the Soviet Union: A Firebreaks Backfire
FIREBREAKS is a nuclear war education game in which participants role play U.S. or Soviet advisors weighing possible military action in a simulated Persian Gulf conflict. As a consequence of the insights gained from the experience, game participants are expected to show (a) reduced nationalism, (b) reduced negativity toward the Soviets, (c) less reliance on nuclear solutions to conflicts, and (d) greater political activism on nuclear topics. Howe…
Illusory correlation and social categorization: Toward an integration of motivational and cognitive factors in stereotype formation
Intergroup Biases and the Cognitive Dynamics of Stereotype Formation
We propose that cognitive and motivational processes—generally treated as largely independent phenomena—interact in stereotype formation and maintenance such that purely cognitive processes are altered by ingroup-protective biases associated with own group membership. We report four studies on illusory correlation formation showing that processing of group-relevant information by group members, in contrast to unaffiliated observers, is guided by …
Minority influence: Personal relevance biases cognitive processes and reverses private acceptance
Linguistic intergroup bias: Differential expectancies or in-group protection
The linguistic intergroup bias describes the tendency to communicate positive in-group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than negative in-group and positive out-group behaviors. This article investigated whether this bias is driven by differential expectancies or by in-group protective motives. In Experiment 1, northern and southern Italian participants (N = 151) described positive and negative behaviors of northern or southern pro…
Implicit Versus Explicit Strategies of Out-Group Discrimination: The Role of Intentional Control in Biased Language Use and Reward Allocation
This article addresses the role of intentional control in intergroup favouritism and out-group discrimination. We hypothesise that explicit strategies of discrimination (reward allocation, trait attributions) are under people's intentional control, whereas the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) represents a strategy that allows relatively little conscious control. An experiment is reported in which basketball fans (N = 88) of two different teams we…
Linguistic Intergroup Bias: Stereotype Perpetuation Through Language
Inferring traits from behaviors versus behaviors from traits: The induction-deduction asymmetry
It is argued that inductive inferences from behaviors to traits are performed more frequently than deductive inferences from traits to behaviors-a phenomenon referred to as the induction-deduction asymmetry. Two experiments are reported in which behavior-to-trait inferences and trait-to-behavior inferences were compared within the same paradigm: Participants learned a series of descriptions of a target person, half of which were presented in trai…
Stereotype threat: When minority members underperform
This chapter provides a brief overview of research on stereotype threat, and considers whether this phenomenon is specific to minority groups (defined as low status groups), or whether similar deficits may also be observed in groups that generally enjoy a high status in society but that are negatively stereotyped in a specific domain. We then review a number of individual difference variables that moderate stereotype threat and that may explain w…
Group Norms, Threat, and Children's Racial Prejudice
To assess predictions from social identity development theory (SIDT; Nesdale, 2004) concerning children's ethnic/racial prejudice, 197 Anglo-Australian children ages 7 or 9 years participated in a minimal group study as a member of a team that had a norm of inclusion or exclusion. The team was threatened or not threatened by an out-group that was of the same or different race. Consistent with SIDT, prejudice was greater when the in-group had a no…
Why Do Women Underperform Under Stereotype Threat: Evidence for the Role of Negative Thinking
This study investigated the role of negative thinking as a potential mediator of performance deficits under stereotype threat. After being assigned to a stereotype-threat or a no-threat condition, 60 female participants were asked to complete a difficult math task. Using the thought-listing technique, women under stereotype threat reported a higher number of negative thoughts specifically related to the test and to mathematics compared with women…
Stereotype threat: The moderating role of Locus of Control beliefs
The goal of the present study was to test the moderating role of Locus of Control beliefs on performance deficits typically associated with stereotype threat. The results from Experiment 1 were consistent with predictions. First, consistent with the Stereotype Threat model, participants showed a decrease in performance when the task was perceived as a potential test of the in-group's negative stereotype (lacking logical mathematical intelligence …
In-Group and Out-Group Perspectives in the Use of Derogatory Group Labels: Gay Versus Fag
This research investigates whether derogatory group labels ( fag, fairy) elicit different automatic reactions than do category labels ( gay, homosexual). In a study ( N = 55), involving both heterosexual and homosexual participants, the authors investigated the effects of subliminally represented derogatory versus category labels on the recognition of positive and negative traits that were stereotypical, counterstereotypical, or irrelevant to the…
Groups in space: Stereotypes and the spatial agency bias
Shielding Women Against Status Loss: The Masculine Form and Its Alternatives in the Italian Language
It is well established that the masculine form (MF) makes women invisible, yet little is known about which form of feminization represents the most appropriate alternative. In the present study, conducted in Italian language, the authors compared the MF (e.g., avvocato, lawyer) with two forms of feminization, namely, the asymmetrical and traditional suffix "-essa" (traditional forms of feminization [TFF], e.g., avvocatessa) that is currently in u…
The Emergent Nature of Culturally Meaningful Categorization and Language Use: A Japanese-Italian Comparison of Age Categories
Although the phenomenon of social categorization is universal, we argue that different cultures promote different types of categorization and that this is associated with differential language practice. We predicted that, among Japanese (but not among Italian) participants, even a small age difference would be sufficient to trigger spontaneous categorization of other people. We hypothesized that the categorization process would be reflected on a …
Embodied Social Cognition
Word-order and causal inference: The temporal attribution bias
Gay- and Lesbian-Sounding Auditory Cues Elicit Stereotyping and Discrimination
The growing body of literature on the recognition of sexual orientation from voice ("auditory gaydar") is silent on the cognitive and social consequences of having a gay-/lesbian- versus heterosexual-sounding voice. We investigated this issue in four studies (overall N = 276), conducted in Italian language, in which heterosexual listeners were exposed to single-sentence voice samples of gay/lesbian and heterosexual speakers. In all four studies, …
Gay Voice: Stable Marker of Sexual Orientation or Flexible Communication Device
Norm-based spontaneous categorization: Cultural norms shape meaning and memory
We highlight the role that culture-specific norms play in cognitively predisposing individuals to organize information in the environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Voice Changes Meaning: The Role of Gay- Versus Straight-Sounding Voices in Sentence Interpretation
Utterances reveal not only semantic information but also information about the speaker's social category membership, including sexual orientation. In four studies ( N = 345), we investigated how the meaning of what is being said changes as a function of the speaker's voice. In Studies 1a/1b, gay- and straight-sounding voices uttered the same sentences. Listeners indicated the likelihood that the speaker was referring to one among two target objec…
Psychology (32 works) · Social Psychology (30 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (12 works) · Linguistics (10 works) · Cognitive psychology (9 works) · Developmental psychology (8 works) · Cognition (7 works) · Computer Science (6 works)