Ron S Gold
Biographic Data
| ID | 5412821 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ron S Gold |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ron S |
| FAMILY NAME | Gold |
| SIGNATURE | GOLD R S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Deakin University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 14 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 22 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1987 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2013 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Perceived Likelihood of Experiencing a Desirable versus Undesirable Outcome
In each of 6 studies, some participants were informed that the consumption of certain foods prevents diet-related heart disease; then, they estimated their likelihood of avoiding the disease. Others were informed that failing to consume the same foods contributes to diet-related heart disease; then, they estimated their likelihood of developing the disease. The undesirable outcome was always perceived as less likely than the desirable one. The fi…
Trait Valence and the Better-Than-Average Effect
People tend to regard themselves as having superior personality traits compared to their average peer. To test whether this "better-than-average effect" varies with trait valence, participants (N = 154 students) rated both themselves and the average student on traits constituting either positive or negative poles of five trait dimensions. In each case, the better-than-average effect was found, but trait valence had no effect. Results were discuss…
Event Valence and Estimates of Own, Average Person's, and Randomly Chosen Person's Risk
People typically believe they have a lower likelihood of experiencing negative events and a greater likelihood of experiencing positive events than does the average person. This effect is greater for negative than positive events. It has been proposed that this is a by-product of a tendency for estimates of the average person's likelihood to increase with the size of the group concerned. If so, event valence should affect estimates of the average…
Confidence in Judgments of Comparative, Own, and Average Person's Risk
Unrealistic optimism is often assessed using a single question asking people to estimate their own risk compared to that of the average person like them. However, it has been proposed that such estimates of comparative risk are based mainly just on estimates of own risk. In two studies (n=80 and n=65), students gave estimates of comparative, own, and average person's risk and rated their confidence in these estimates. Confidence was lower for est…
Order of Question Presentation and Correlation Between Judgments of Comparative and Own Risk
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Order of Question Presentation and Correlation between Judgments of Comparative and Own Risk
Unrealistic optimism is often assessed using a single question asking for an estimate of comparative risk. However, it has been proposed that individuals treat such a question essentially as though it were only about their own risk. This proposal leads to the prediction that, when the questions about own risk and comparative risk are asked in sequence, the correlation between the resulting estimates should be lower if the question about own risk …
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
Unrealistic optimism is assessed using either a single question, the rating of own likelihood of experiencing an event compared to that of the average person, or two questions, separate rating of own likelihood and that of the average person. The effect of event valence on unrealistic optimism was studied in a sample of 175 students using the two-question measure. Valence was manipulated to be positive, i.e., outcome was desirable, or negative, i…
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
The effect of event valence on unrealistic optimism was studied. 94 Deakin University students rated the comparative likelihood that they would experience either a controllable or an uncontrollable health-related event. Valence was manipulated to be positive (outcome was desirable) or negative (outcome was undesirable) by varying the way a given event was framed. Participants either were told the conditions which promote the event and rated the c…
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
Evaluation of interventions for gay men
This paper was presented in a session at the AIDS Impact conference devoted to a debate on the methods that should be used to evaluate educational interventions. The paper highlights two desiderata for evaluation of interventions directed at gay men. First, the view is presented that there is no acceptable substitute for assessing the effect of an intervention on gay men's sexual behaviour (rather than, for example, their AIDS-related attitudes o…
Contrasting the Ironic Monitoring and Motivational Explanations of Postsuppressional Rebound
Suppressing a thought often results in postsuppressional rebound, that is, a subsequent increase in the incidence of the suppressed thought. The present study was dcsigned to distinguish between two explanations of rebound: Wegner's 1994 ironic monitoring theory and Liberman and Forster's 2000 motivational account. Participants (99 Deakin University students) first suppressed, then expressed, thoughts of a white bear. In some conditions, a delay-…
"I will start treatment when I think the time is right"
In a qualitative study, 20 HIV-infected Australian gay men were interviewed about their decision not to access antiretroviral drug therapy. The main reasons given for the decision were fear of side effects; fear of long-term damage to body organs; the inconvenience of the treatment regimens; belief that the regimen's demands would be a threat to morale; and belief that there was no reason to start therapy in the absence of AIDS-related symptoms. …
Aids education for gay men
An approach to AIDS education is presented that focuses on the thinking processes which accompany gay men's decisions to engage in high-risk sex. It is proposed that: (1) at the time they are deciding to have high-risk sex, gay men generally engage in an 'internal dialogue' that justifies this decision to themselves; (2) the AIDS-related thinking underpinning such self-justifications can differ appreciably from the AIDS-related thinking that take…
Unprotected Anal Intercourse in Gay Men
734 gay men who had recently engaged in unprotected anal intercourse reported self-justifications they used at the time. A common self-justification involved a resolution to withdraw before ejaculating. Compared with other self-justifications, this resolution was associated with a "last minute" rather than a "premeditated" decision to have unprotected anal intercourse, suggesting that the resolution derived just from "heat of the moment" thinking…
Assessment of Parent Education Methods for Infant Immunization
Why we need to rethink Aids education for gay men
This paper examines critically the issue of prevention of HIV infection for gay men. Evidence for the persistence of unsafe sexual behaviour in gay men is provided, followed by discussion of obstacles to the development of effective interventions to initiate and maintain safer sex behaviour
Unprotected anal intercourse in HIV‐infected and non‐HIV‐infected gay men
In 1990, gay men (N = 296) in Sydney, Australia, were asked to recall two sexual encounters from the preceding year: one in which they had unprotected anal intercourse ("unsafe" encounter) and one in which they had resisted a strong temptation to have unprotected intercourse ("safe" encounter). The aims were to record self‐justifications for unprotected intercourse used in the unsafe encounter and to identify situational factors distinguishing be…
Situational factors and thought processes associated with unprotected intercourse in heterosexual students
Heterosexual students were asked to recall two sexual encounters from the preceding six months: one in which they had unprotected intercourse ('unsafe' encounter) and one in which they resisted a strong temptation to have unprotected intercourse ('safe' encounter). The aims were to record justifications for unprotected intercourse that respondents had given themselves during the unsafe encounter and to identify factors that distinguished between …
Young Children's Counting of Numbered Objects or Numerals
Following an observation by Hughes (1986), two experiments concerned the extent to which children try to make use of numbering that is already present in an array when counting it. In the first experiment 96 4- and 5-yr.-old children counted sequentially numbered circles arranged, for different experimental groups, in horizontal lines, vertical lines, circles, and random arrays. Starting consistently at the circle labelled ‘1’ was taken as eviden…
Effect of Introducing the Universal Quantifier ‘All’ into the Class Inclusion Question
The effect of introducing the universal quantifier ‘all’ into the class inclusion question was investigated using 104 children aged 59 to 90 mo. One group of children was asked the standard version of the question, another an ‘all-subset’ version in which ‘all’ preceded the subclass, the third an ‘all-superset’ version with ‘all’ before the superordinate class, and the fourth a ‘double-all’ version with ‘all’ in both locations. When the superordi…
Effect of Introducing the Universal Quantifier 'All' Into the Class Inclusion Question
Unprotected anal intercourse in HIV‐infected and non‐HIV‐infected gay men
In 1990, gay men (N = 296) in Sydney, Australia, were asked to recall two sexual encounters from the preceding year: one in which they had unprotected anal intercourse ("unsafe" encounter) and one in which they had resisted a strong temptation to have unprotected intercourse ("safe" encounter). The aims were to record self‐justifications for unprotected intercourse used in the unsafe encounter and to identify situational factors distinguishing be…
Effect of Introducing the Universal Quantifier ‘All’ into the Class Inclusion Question
The effect of introducing the universal quantifier ‘all’ into the class inclusion question was investigated using 104 children aged 59 to 90 mo. One group of children was asked the standard version of the question, another an ‘all-subset’ version in which ‘all’ preceded the subclass, the third an ‘all-superset’ version with ‘all’ before the superordinate class, and the fourth a ‘double-all’ version with ‘all’ in both locations. When the superordi…
Effect of Introducing the Universal Quantifier 'All' Into the Class Inclusion Question
Young Children's Counting of Numbered Objects or Numerals
Following an observation by Hughes (1986), two experiments concerned the extent to which children try to make use of numbering that is already present in an array when counting it. In the first experiment 96 4- and 5-yr.-old children counted sequentially numbered circles arranged, for different experimental groups, in horizontal lines, vertical lines, circles, and random arrays. Starting consistently at the circle labelled ‘1’ was taken as eviden…
Situational factors and thought processes associated with unprotected intercourse in heterosexual students
Heterosexual students were asked to recall two sexual encounters from the preceding six months: one in which they had unprotected intercourse ('unsafe' encounter) and one in which they resisted a strong temptation to have unprotected intercourse ('safe' encounter). The aims were to record justifications for unprotected intercourse that respondents had given themselves during the unsafe encounter and to identify factors that distinguished between …
Unprotected anal intercourse in HIV‐infected and non‐HIV‐infected gay men
In 1990, gay men (N = 296) in Sydney, Australia, were asked to recall two sexual encounters from the preceding year: one in which they had unprotected anal intercourse ("unsafe" encounter) and one in which they had resisted a strong temptation to have unprotected intercourse ("safe" encounter). The aims were to record self‐justifications for unprotected intercourse used in the unsafe encounter and to identify situational factors distinguishing be…
Why we need to rethink Aids education for gay men
This paper examines critically the issue of prevention of HIV infection for gay men. Evidence for the persistence of unsafe sexual behaviour in gay men is provided, followed by discussion of obstacles to the development of effective interventions to initiate and maintain safer sex behaviour
Unprotected Anal Intercourse in Gay Men
734 gay men who had recently engaged in unprotected anal intercourse reported self-justifications they used at the time. A common self-justification involved a resolution to withdraw before ejaculating. Compared with other self-justifications, this resolution was associated with a "last minute" rather than a "premeditated" decision to have unprotected anal intercourse, suggesting that the resolution derived just from "heat of the moment" thinking…
Assessment of Parent Education Methods for Infant Immunization
Aids education for gay men
An approach to AIDS education is presented that focuses on the thinking processes which accompany gay men's decisions to engage in high-risk sex. It is proposed that: (1) at the time they are deciding to have high-risk sex, gay men generally engage in an 'internal dialogue' that justifies this decision to themselves; (2) the AIDS-related thinking underpinning such self-justifications can differ appreciably from the AIDS-related thinking that take…
"I will start treatment when I think the time is right"
In a qualitative study, 20 HIV-infected Australian gay men were interviewed about their decision not to access antiretroviral drug therapy. The main reasons given for the decision were fear of side effects; fear of long-term damage to body organs; the inconvenience of the treatment regimens; belief that the regimen's demands would be a threat to morale; and belief that there was no reason to start therapy in the absence of AIDS-related symptoms. …
Evaluation of interventions for gay men
This paper was presented in a session at the AIDS Impact conference devoted to a debate on the methods that should be used to evaluate educational interventions. The paper highlights two desiderata for evaluation of interventions directed at gay men. First, the view is presented that there is no acceptable substitute for assessing the effect of an intervention on gay men's sexual behaviour (rather than, for example, their AIDS-related attitudes o…
Contrasting the Ironic Monitoring and Motivational Explanations of Postsuppressional Rebound
Suppressing a thought often results in postsuppressional rebound, that is, a subsequent increase in the incidence of the suppressed thought. The present study was dcsigned to distinguish between two explanations of rebound: Wegner's 1994 ironic monitoring theory and Liberman and Forster's 2000 motivational account. Participants (99 Deakin University students) first suppressed, then expressed, thoughts of a white bear. In some conditions, a delay-…
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
The effect of event valence on unrealistic optimism was studied. 94 Deakin University students rated the comparative likelihood that they would experience either a controllable or an uncontrollable health-related event. Valence was manipulated to be positive (outcome was desirable) or negative (outcome was undesirable) by varying the way a given event was framed. Participants either were told the conditions which promote the event and rated the c…
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
Unrealistic optimism is assessed using either a single question, the rating of own likelihood of experiencing an event compared to that of the average person, or two questions, separate rating of own likelihood and that of the average person. The effect of event valence on unrealistic optimism was studied in a sample of 175 students using the two-question measure. Valence was manipulated to be positive, i.e., outcome was desirable, or negative, i…
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
Order of Question Presentation and Correlation Between Judgments of Comparative and Own Risk
ammonsscientific.com is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, ammonsscientific.com has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for
Order of Question Presentation and Correlation between Judgments of Comparative and Own Risk
Unrealistic optimism is often assessed using a single question asking for an estimate of comparative risk. However, it has been proposed that individuals treat such a question essentially as though it were only about their own risk. This proposal leads to the prediction that, when the questions about own risk and comparative risk are asked in sequence, the correlation between the resulting estimates should be lower if the question about own risk …
Confidence in Judgments of Comparative, Own, and Average Person's Risk
Unrealistic optimism is often assessed using a single question asking people to estimate their own risk compared to that of the average person like them. However, it has been proposed that such estimates of comparative risk are based mainly just on estimates of own risk. In two studies (n=80 and n=65), students gave estimates of comparative, own, and average person's risk and rated their confidence in these estimates. Confidence was lower for est…
Event Valence and Estimates of Own, Average Person's, and Randomly Chosen Person's Risk
People typically believe they have a lower likelihood of experiencing negative events and a greater likelihood of experiencing positive events than does the average person. This effect is greater for negative than positive events. It has been proposed that this is a by-product of a tendency for estimates of the average person's likelihood to increase with the size of the group concerned. If so, event valence should affect estimates of the average…
Trait Valence and the Better-Than-Average Effect
People tend to regard themselves as having superior personality traits compared to their average peer. To test whether this "better-than-average effect" varies with trait valence, participants (N = 154 students) rated both themselves and the average student on traits constituting either positive or negative poles of five trait dimensions. In each case, the better-than-average effect was found, but trait valence had no effect. Results were discuss…
Perceived Likelihood of Experiencing a Desirable versus Undesirable Outcome
In each of 6 studies, some participants were informed that the consumption of certain foods prevents diet-related heart disease; then, they estimated their likelihood of avoiding the disease. Others were informed that failing to consume the same foods contributes to diet-related heart disease; then, they estimated their likelihood of developing the disease. The undesirable outcome was always perceived as less likely than the desirable one. The fi…
Psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics (9 works) · Medicine (9 works) · Developmental psychology (7 works) · Mathematics (7 works) · Optimism, Hope, and Well-being (7 works) · Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (6 works) · Cognitive psychology (6 works)