H Otani
Biographic Data
| ID | 55388 |
|---|---|
| NAME | H Otani |
| GIVEN NAMES | H |
| FAMILY NAME | Otani |
| SIGNATURE | OTANI H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Central Michigan University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2347-8715 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 14 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 21 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
The Contribution of Temporal Flat Lateral Position on the Mortality and Discharge Rates of Older Patients with Severe Dysphagia
Severe dysphagia leads to mortality in older patients and hinders their discharge from hospitals. The temporal flat lateral position (TFLP) enables them to continuously eat, thus resolving the aforementioned issues. We aimed to explore the effect of TFLP on the mortality and discharge rates of older patients with severe dysphagia. This interventional study comprised a historical control of patients admitted to a rural community hospital from Janu…
Learning style, judgements of learning, and learning of verbal and visual information
The concept of learning style is immensely popular despite the lack of evidence showing that learning style influences performance. This study tested the hypothesis that the popularity of learning style is maintained because it is associated with subjective aspects of learning, such as judgements of learning (JOLs). Preference for verbal and visual information was assessed using the revised Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ). Then, partici…
Subjective Organization Calculator for Free Recall
The free recall measure has an advantage over other memory measures because the free recall measure can provide organization measures, which can reveal the strategies participants used to maximize recall. For instance, even when a study list does not show a clear organizational scheme, recall outputs are often far from random, evidenced by participants recalling the same two or more items together repeatedly across multiple test trials. Unfortuna…
Emotional Salience and the Isolation Effect
When a homogeneous list contains a few items that are different from the rest of the items in the list, these isolated items show enhanced recall compared to the same items in a list where these items are not isolated. This phenomenon, known as the isolation effect, has been explained on the basis of isolated items eliciting salience. In this experiment, negative pictures and neutral pictures were isolated at the early and late part of the list. …
What is the Cause of Confidence Inflation in the Life Events Inventory (LEI) Paradigm
Briefly imagining, paraphrasing, or explaining an event causes people to increase their confidence that this event occurred during childhood-the imagination inflation effect. The mechanisms responsible for the effect were investigated with a new paradigm. In Experiment 1, event familiarity (defined as processing fluency) was varied by asking participants to rate each event once, three times, or five times. No inflation was found, indicating that …
Emotion, directed forgetting, and source memory
We investigated the role of emotion on item and source memory using the item method of directed forgetting (DF) paradigm. We predicted that emotion would produce source memory impairment because emotion would make it more difficult to distinguish between to‐be‐remembered (R items) and to‐be‐forgotten items (F items) by making memory strength of R and F items similar to each other. Participants were presented with negatively arousing, positively a…
Preattentive Processing, Poststimulus Elaboration, and Memory for Emotionally Arousing Stimuli
Christianson (1992) proposed two mechanisms to explain emotionally enhanced memory: preattentive processing and poststimulus elaboration. Experiment 1 examined these processes by instructing participants to perform (1) a concurrent distractor task, (2) a continuous distractor task, or (3) both while viewing the negatively arousing, positively arousing, and neutral pictures. Recall of negatively arousing pictures showed a small decline in one of t…
Cultural Differences in Asymmetric Beliefs of Interpersonal Knowledge in Vertical and Horizontal Relationships
Previous studies have reported that our interpersonal knowledge shows an asymmetry; that is, we tend to believe that we know and understand other people's thoughts and feelings better than other people know and understand our own thoughts and feelings. In the present study, the authors compared American (114 men, 192 women) and Korean (99 men and 98 women) students to examine whether the asymmetry is greater in collectivistic than in individualis…
Hypermnesia
Previous studies that examined age differences in hypermnesia reported inconsistent results. The present experiment investigated whether the different study materials in these studies were responsible for the inconsistency. In particular, the present experiment examined whether the use of a video, as opposed to words and pictures, would eliminate previously reported age differences in hypermnesia. Fifteen college students and 15 older adults view…
Memory for Emotionally Arousing Stimuli
The authors compared emotional memory in younger (aged 18-32 years) and older (aged 59-84 years) adults. Previous researchers who investigated the emotionmemory relationship in younger adults consistently showed that emotional arousal enhances memory for central detail. The present authors' goal was to determine whether a similar effect could be found with older adults. Younger and older adults viewed a series of 12 slides, accompanied by a taped…
Segregation accuracy in item-method directed forgetting across multiple tests
Two experiments examined recall across tests following item-method directed-forgetting instructions and the varying of presentation duration of items at study. For both immediate testing (Experiment 1) and delayed testing (Experiment 2), accurate recall of remember instruction items (R-items) exceeded the accurate recall of forget instruction items (F-items). However, some F-items from study were inaccurately recalled as R-items and R-items from …
Emotional Stimuli, Divided Attention, and Memory
The emotion-memory literature has shown that negative emotional arousal enhances memory. S. A. Christianson (1992) proposed that preattentive processing could account for this emotion-memory relationship. Two experiments were conducted to test Christianson's theory. In Experiment 1, participants were exposed to neutral and negative arousing slides. In Experiment 2, participants were exposed to neutral, negative arousing, and positive arousing sli…
Investigating Intercollocations - towards an Archaeology of Text
This paper explores the issue of how reciprocal, interdependent networks of words based on differences as described by Saussure are at work in the dimension of collocation. The investigation is carried out concerning how a verb (the verb conceal in its infinitive form is chosen as a point of departure) shares some of its most typical collocates (the top 10 collocates by t-score) with the other lexical verbs in BNC. Consequently, the lexical netwo…
Tip-of-the-Tongue Experiences Are Not Merely
Often when one answers a question, one feels or has a sense that one knows the answer, but it is not forthcoming. Examples of such instances are feeling-of-knowing (FOK) and tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences. It is often assumed that TOT experiences are merely strong FOK experiences. In the present study, the authors examined this hypothesis. They observed that participants with deficient prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning reported fewer and l…
Improving balance by performing a secondary cognitive task
Contrary to general findings in the attention and memory literature, some studies have shown that performing a secondary cognitive task produces an improvement in balance performance. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate under what condition such an improvement would occur. Young and older adults were asked to hold as still as possible on a platform that measured sway while performing or not performing the encoding phase of th…
Training in Timing Improves Accuracy in Golf
In this experiment, the authors investigated the influence of training in timing on performance accuracy in golf. During pre- and posttesting, 40 participants hit golf balls with 4 different clubs in a golf course simulator. The dependent measure was the distance in feet that the ball ended from the target. Between the pre- and posttest, participants in the experimental condition received 10 hr of timing training with an instrument that was desig…
Hypermnesia for Prose
Hypermnesia is an improvement in memory that occurs with repeated testing. In the present experiment, hypermnesia was examined with prose materials. Participants were presented with either a fairy tale or an expository passage, followed by 3 free-recall tests. Participants used 1 of 2 encoding strategies (the relational or item-specific processing conditions) to process the material, or they simply read the material (the read-only condition). Rec…
Analyzing Category Clustering in Free Recall Using an SPSS Program
This article describes an SPSS program that computes four common clustering measures used to analyze free recall of information from categorized lists. This program computes Cohen, Sakoda, and Bousfield's ratio of repetition (RR), Wallace and Underwood's modified ratio of repetition (MRR), Roenker, Thompson, and Brown's adjusted ratio of clustering (ARC), and Bousfield and Bousfield's deviation score (DS) for stimulus lists with an unlimited numb…
A Further Examination of Relational and Item-Specific Processing Effects on Cued Recall Hypermnesia
Previous studies in a laboratory showed that in cued recall, relational processing produces a greater hypermnesic effect than item-specific processing does. However, in those studies, relational processing also resulted in a lower level of performance. The present experiment examined two item-specific processing tasks that were designed to produce a lower level of performance than the relational processing task. One hundred college students proce…
Locus of Control and Implicit Memory
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of locus of control on implicit and explicit memory. We hypothesized that internals would rely on semantic processing, externals on perceptual processing. In Experiment 1, 80 college students studied 36 words and completed an implicit memory test in either a consistent or cross-modality condition. The results revealed that externals had higher priming scores than did internals, regardles…
The Effect of Word Frequency on Recognition of a Long Word List
Schulman's (1974) processing automatization notion suggests that word recognition performance declines over four quarters of a long stimulus list because as subjects work through the list, they increasingly fail to process the contextual features of the stimulus words that aid in retrieval of these words during recognition tests. Mandler (1980) argued that recognition is also based on familiarity. Therefore, it is possible that the decline in wor…
Learning style, judgements of learning, and learning of verbal and visual information
The concept of learning style is immensely popular despite the lack of evidence showing that learning style influences performance. This study tested the hypothesis that the popularity of learning style is maintained because it is associated with subjective aspects of learning, such as judgements of learning (JOLs). Preference for verbal and visual information was assessed using the revised Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ). Then, partici…
Memory for Emotionally Arousing Stimuli
The authors compared emotional memory in younger (aged 18-32 years) and older (aged 59-84 years) adults. Previous researchers who investigated the emotionmemory relationship in younger adults consistently showed that emotional arousal enhances memory for central detail. The present authors' goal was to determine whether a similar effect could be found with older adults. Younger and older adults viewed a series of 12 slides, accompanied by a taped…
Segregation accuracy in item-method directed forgetting across multiple tests
Two experiments examined recall across tests following item-method directed-forgetting instructions and the varying of presentation duration of items at study. For both immediate testing (Experiment 1) and delayed testing (Experiment 2), accurate recall of remember instruction items (R-items) exceeded the accurate recall of forget instruction items (F-items). However, some F-items from study were inaccurately recalled as R-items and R-items from …
Preattentive Processing, Poststimulus Elaboration, and Memory for Emotionally Arousing Stimuli
Christianson (1992) proposed two mechanisms to explain emotionally enhanced memory: preattentive processing and poststimulus elaboration. Experiment 1 examined these processes by instructing participants to perform (1) a concurrent distractor task, (2) a continuous distractor task, or (3) both while viewing the negatively arousing, positively arousing, and neutral pictures. Recall of negatively arousing pictures showed a small decline in one of t…
Cultural Differences in Asymmetric Beliefs of Interpersonal Knowledge in Vertical and Horizontal Relationships
Previous studies have reported that our interpersonal knowledge shows an asymmetry; that is, we tend to believe that we know and understand other people's thoughts and feelings better than other people know and understand our own thoughts and feelings. In the present study, the authors compared American (114 men, 192 women) and Korean (99 men and 98 women) students to examine whether the asymmetry is greater in collectivistic than in individualis…
Investigating Intercollocations - towards an Archaeology of Text
This paper explores the issue of how reciprocal, interdependent networks of words based on differences as described by Saussure are at work in the dimension of collocation. The investigation is carried out concerning how a verb (the verb conceal in its infinitive form is chosen as a point of departure) shares some of its most typical collocates (the top 10 collocates by t-score) with the other lexical verbs in BNC. Consequently, the lexical netwo…
Improving balance by performing a secondary cognitive task
Contrary to general findings in the attention and memory literature, some studies have shown that performing a secondary cognitive task produces an improvement in balance performance. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate under what condition such an improvement would occur. Young and older adults were asked to hold as still as possible on a platform that measured sway while performing or not performing the encoding phase of th…
The Effect of Word Frequency on Recognition of a Long Word List
Schulman's (1974) processing automatization notion suggests that word recognition performance declines over four quarters of a long stimulus list because as subjects work through the list, they increasingly fail to process the contextual features of the stimulus words that aid in retrieval of these words during recognition tests. Mandler (1980) argued that recognition is also based on familiarity. Therefore, it is possible that the decline in wor…
Locus of Control and Implicit Memory
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of locus of control on implicit and explicit memory. We hypothesized that internals would rely on semantic processing, externals on perceptual processing. In Experiment 1, 80 college students studied 36 words and completed an implicit memory test in either a consistent or cross-modality condition. The results revealed that externals had higher priming scores than did internals, regardles…
A Further Examination of Relational and Item-Specific Processing Effects on Cued Recall Hypermnesia
Previous studies in a laboratory showed that in cued recall, relational processing produces a greater hypermnesic effect than item-specific processing does. However, in those studies, relational processing also resulted in a lower level of performance. The present experiment examined two item-specific processing tasks that were designed to produce a lower level of performance than the relational processing task. One hundred college students proce…
Analyzing Category Clustering in Free Recall Using an SPSS Program
This article describes an SPSS program that computes four common clustering measures used to analyze free recall of information from categorized lists. This program computes Cohen, Sakoda, and Bousfield's ratio of repetition (RR), Wallace and Underwood's modified ratio of repetition (MRR), Roenker, Thompson, and Brown's adjusted ratio of clustering (ARC), and Bousfield and Bousfield's deviation score (DS) for stimulus lists with an unlimited numb…
Hypermnesia for Prose
Hypermnesia is an improvement in memory that occurs with repeated testing. In the present experiment, hypermnesia was examined with prose materials. Participants were presented with either a fairy tale or an expository passage, followed by 3 free-recall tests. Participants used 1 of 2 encoding strategies (the relational or item-specific processing conditions) to process the material, or they simply read the material (the read-only condition). Rec…
Training in Timing Improves Accuracy in Golf
In this experiment, the authors investigated the influence of training in timing on performance accuracy in golf. During pre- and posttesting, 40 participants hit golf balls with 4 different clubs in a golf course simulator. The dependent measure was the distance in feet that the ball ended from the target. Between the pre- and posttest, participants in the experimental condition received 10 hr of timing training with an instrument that was desig…
Improving balance by performing a secondary cognitive task
Contrary to general findings in the attention and memory literature, some studies have shown that performing a secondary cognitive task produces an improvement in balance performance. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate under what condition such an improvement would occur. Young and older adults were asked to hold as still as possible on a platform that measured sway while performing or not performing the encoding phase of th…
Emotional Stimuli, Divided Attention, and Memory
The emotion-memory literature has shown that negative emotional arousal enhances memory. S. A. Christianson (1992) proposed that preattentive processing could account for this emotion-memory relationship. Two experiments were conducted to test Christianson's theory. In Experiment 1, participants were exposed to neutral and negative arousing slides. In Experiment 2, participants were exposed to neutral, negative arousing, and positive arousing sli…
Investigating Intercollocations - towards an Archaeology of Text
This paper explores the issue of how reciprocal, interdependent networks of words based on differences as described by Saussure are at work in the dimension of collocation. The investigation is carried out concerning how a verb (the verb conceal in its infinitive form is chosen as a point of departure) shares some of its most typical collocates (the top 10 collocates by t-score) with the other lexical verbs in BNC. Consequently, the lexical netwo…
Tip-of-the-Tongue Experiences Are Not Merely
Often when one answers a question, one feels or has a sense that one knows the answer, but it is not forthcoming. Examples of such instances are feeling-of-knowing (FOK) and tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences. It is often assumed that TOT experiences are merely strong FOK experiences. In the present study, the authors examined this hypothesis. They observed that participants with deficient prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning reported fewer and l…
Segregation accuracy in item-method directed forgetting across multiple tests
Two experiments examined recall across tests following item-method directed-forgetting instructions and the varying of presentation duration of items at study. For both immediate testing (Experiment 1) and delayed testing (Experiment 2), accurate recall of remember instruction items (R-items) exceeded the accurate recall of forget instruction items (F-items). However, some F-items from study were inaccurately recalled as R-items and R-items from …
Memory for Emotionally Arousing Stimuli
The authors compared emotional memory in younger (aged 18-32 years) and older (aged 59-84 years) adults. Previous researchers who investigated the emotionmemory relationship in younger adults consistently showed that emotional arousal enhances memory for central detail. The present authors' goal was to determine whether a similar effect could be found with older adults. Younger and older adults viewed a series of 12 slides, accompanied by a taped…
Hypermnesia
Previous studies that examined age differences in hypermnesia reported inconsistent results. The present experiment investigated whether the different study materials in these studies were responsible for the inconsistency. In particular, the present experiment examined whether the use of a video, as opposed to words and pictures, would eliminate previously reported age differences in hypermnesia. Fifteen college students and 15 older adults view…
Cultural Differences in Asymmetric Beliefs of Interpersonal Knowledge in Vertical and Horizontal Relationships
Previous studies have reported that our interpersonal knowledge shows an asymmetry; that is, we tend to believe that we know and understand other people's thoughts and feelings better than other people know and understand our own thoughts and feelings. In the present study, the authors compared American (114 men, 192 women) and Korean (99 men and 98 women) students to examine whether the asymmetry is greater in collectivistic than in individualis…
Preattentive Processing, Poststimulus Elaboration, and Memory for Emotionally Arousing Stimuli
Christianson (1992) proposed two mechanisms to explain emotionally enhanced memory: preattentive processing and poststimulus elaboration. Experiment 1 examined these processes by instructing participants to perform (1) a concurrent distractor task, (2) a continuous distractor task, or (3) both while viewing the negatively arousing, positively arousing, and neutral pictures. Recall of negatively arousing pictures showed a small decline in one of t…
What is the Cause of Confidence Inflation in the Life Events Inventory (LEI) Paradigm
Briefly imagining, paraphrasing, or explaining an event causes people to increase their confidence that this event occurred during childhood-the imagination inflation effect. The mechanisms responsible for the effect were investigated with a new paradigm. In Experiment 1, event familiarity (defined as processing fluency) was varied by asking participants to rate each event once, three times, or five times. No inflation was found, indicating that …
Emotion, directed forgetting, and source memory
We investigated the role of emotion on item and source memory using the item method of directed forgetting (DF) paradigm. We predicted that emotion would produce source memory impairment because emotion would make it more difficult to distinguish between to‐be‐remembered (R items) and to‐be‐forgotten items (F items) by making memory strength of R and F items similar to each other. Participants were presented with negatively arousing, positively a…
Emotional Salience and the Isolation Effect
When a homogeneous list contains a few items that are different from the rest of the items in the list, these isolated items show enhanced recall compared to the same items in a list where these items are not isolated. This phenomenon, known as the isolation effect, has been explained on the basis of isolated items eliciting salience. In this experiment, negative pictures and neutral pictures were isolated at the early and late part of the list. …
Subjective Organization Calculator for Free Recall
The free recall measure has an advantage over other memory measures because the free recall measure can provide organization measures, which can reveal the strategies participants used to maximize recall. For instance, even when a study list does not show a clear organizational scheme, recall outputs are often far from random, evidenced by participants recalling the same two or more items together repeatedly across multiple test trials. Unfortuna…
Learning style, judgements of learning, and learning of verbal and visual information
The concept of learning style is immensely popular despite the lack of evidence showing that learning style influences performance. This study tested the hypothesis that the popularity of learning style is maintained because it is associated with subjective aspects of learning, such as judgements of learning (JOLs). Preference for verbal and visual information was assessed using the revised Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ). Then, partici…
The Contribution of Temporal Flat Lateral Position on the Mortality and Discharge Rates of Older Patients with Severe Dysphagia
Severe dysphagia leads to mortality in older patients and hinders their discharge from hospitals. The temporal flat lateral position (TFLP) enables them to continuously eat, thus resolving the aforementioned issues. We aimed to explore the effect of TFLP on the mortality and discharge rates of older patients with severe dysphagia. This interventional study comprised a historical control of patients admitted to a rural community hospital from Janu…
Psychology (19 works) · Cognitive psychology (17 works) · Memory Processes and Influences (12 works) · Recall (10 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Cognition (8 works) · Developmental psychology (8 works) · Computer Science (7 works) · Neuroscience (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works)