P Gonalons-Pons
Biographic Data
| ID | 56455 |
|---|---|
| NAME | P Gonalons-Pons |
| GIVEN NAMES | P |
| FAMILY NAME | Gonalons-Pons |
| SIGNATURE | GONALONS-PONS P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Pennsylvania |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5684-1525 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 264 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 23 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Assortative Mating, the Division of Labor in Marriage, and Analytic Choices: A Reply
Highlights We use the large samples of U.S. Census and ACS data from 1940–2013 to conduct a reanalysis. The evidence for changes in the division of labor after marriage is robust. The evidence on assortative mating is more variable, even in large samples. Our best estimate is that assortative mating explains 29% of earnings homogamy trends. The definition of newlyweds and treatment of missing values are consequential.
Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019
Parenthood is an impoverishing life event for many families in America, with negative implications for healthy child development. Changes over the past four decades in public support, earnings prospects, and family arrangements of new parents have left open questions about trends in economic security and strategies for making ends meet after a first birth. Our study examined trends from 1983–2019 in the month-to-month dynamics of income and incom…
Women's Socioeconomic Advantage Over Their Partners and Relationship Dissolution: A 29‐Country Study
Objective This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms driving the association between women's socioeconomic advantage and the risk of relationship dissolution. Background Research consistently finds that different‐sex couples in which women have higher socioeconomic status than their partners are more likely to separate. Several competing explanations for this association have been proposed, including the role of gender culture…
The Social Division of Care Work Time Over Half a Century
This study introduces a demographic framework to analyze the social division of care work time, defined as the sum of paid and unpaid care work time provided to children and adults in a population. Combining data from the American Heritage Time Use Survey (AHTUS) and the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS-ASEC), we focus on routine interactive care and analyze how the volume and social division of this care work …
Pandemic Pathways: An Integrated Approach to Studying the Pandemic’s Employment Impacts on Paid and Unpaid Care of Children 0 to 11 Years Old
The pandemic adversely affected the employment of child caregivers, exacerbating already existing inequalities. The authors offer an integrated framework that considers the interdependencies between unpaid and paid child caregiving and the construction of the childcare sector as a devalued and fractionalized group. The authors outline the prepandemic positioning of mothers, childcare teachers, preschool teachers, and primary school teachers. Then…
A Comparison of the Socioeconomic and Gendered Organization of Social Reproduction in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1973–2013
Drawing on both gender regime theory and social reproduction theory, this article compares the socioeconomic and gendered organization of social reproduction in the United States and the United Kingdom from 1973 to 2013. Integrating data from the Luxembourg Income Study, the Multinational Time-Use Study, and additional sources, we examine how men and women of different socioeconomic groups contribute to social reproduction through household produ…
Care Labor and Family Income Inequality: How Childcare Costs Exacerbate Inequality among U.S. Families
Care infrastructures are essential for supporting families and enabling women’s participation in the labor market, but they also have implications for family income inequality. This article examines access to childcare services in the United States as a case study. We propose that market-priced childcare systems generate inequalities in how births affect mothers’ contributions to family income, because they constrain post-birth labor supply for l…
How Family Dynamics Shape Income Inequality Between Families With Young Children: The Case of Sweden, 1995-2018
Increased gender equality in the labor market and the home are both cited as stabilizers to income inequality between households, but shifts in the economic organization of families over the life course instead appear to amplify household income inequality. Using the case of Sweden, where men have taken longer parental leave in recent years and the age at parenthood continues to advance, we analyze between-family income inequality for couples wit…
Differentiated Egalitarianism: The Impact of Paid Family Leave Policy on Women’s and Men’s Paid and Unpaid Work
The birth of a new child continues to exacerbate gender specialization among different-sex couples. This study considers the potential of paid leave policies to intervene in this key life-course juncture and promote greater gender equality in paid and unpaid work. While previous research has examined the impact of paid leave policies on paid or unpaid work among mothers or fathers separately, this study provides an integrated framework and examin…
Change and Variation in U.S. Couples’ Earnings Equality Following Parenthood
In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along multiple dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within‐family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high‐quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before a…
Regulated earnings security: The relationship between employment protection and unemployment scarring over the Great Recession
The Great Recession raised the concern that employment protective institutions that are effective during macroeconomic stability might become counterproductive under growing macroeconomic volatility. We study this question by examining the relationship between employment protection legislation (EPL) and unemployment scars on earnings in 21 countries during the period surrounding the Great Recession. We use harmonized work history data for 21 coun…
Exit, voice and loyalty in the family: Findings From a Basic Income Experiment
This article investigates how a basic income could transform families and gender power relations within them. We draw on Hirschman's exit, voice and loyalty framework to argue that a basic income can offer a structural foundation for a radical shift towards more equitable family relations. This is because a basic income can support couples through economic uncertainty and reduce women's structural vulnerability to economic dependency within marri…
Work and Family Disadvantage: Determinants of Gender Gaps in Paid Work During the Covid-19 Pandemic
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the increase in gender inequality in paid work during the pandemic to unpack the relative relevance of labor market and work-family conflict processes. Using panel data from the United States Current Population Survey, we examine four mechanisms in an integrated analysis that explicitly includes single-parent households and assesses the moderating role of women's economic position relative to thei…
Servants of Production: The Politics of Domestic Workers’ Labor Rights
Paid domestic workers are commonly excluded from general labor laws across the globe. This article unpacks the ideological structure underlying the legitimation of this widespread exclusion and how it is shifting. I examine transcripts of official debates in the International Labour Organization 1919–2014 and in Spain 1978–2018 that deal with how paid domestic work is treated in general labor regulations. I show that justifications for limiting d…
Changes in Couples' Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality
The growing economic similarity of spouses has contributed to rising income inequality across households. Explanations have typically centered on assortative mating, but recent work has argued that changes in women's employment and spouses' division of paid work have played a more important role. We expand this work to consider the critical turning point of parenthood in shaping couples' division of employment and earnings. Drawing on three U.S. …
Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries
Scholars argue that gender culture, understood as a set of beliefs, norms, and social expectations defining masculinities and femininities, plays an important role in shaping when romantic relationships end. However, the relevance of gender culture is often underappreciated, in part because its empirical identification remains elusive. This study leverages cross-country variation in gender norms to test the hypothesis that gender culture conditio…
The Impact of an Experimental Guaranteed Income on Crime and Violence
Would unconditional cash payments reduce crime and violence? This paper examines data on crime and violence in the context of an understudied social experiment from the late 1970s called the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment, or Mincome. We combine town-level crime statistics for all medium-sized Canadian Prairie towns with town-level socio-demographic data from the census to study how an experimental guaranteed income affected both violent…
His and Her Earnings Following Parenthood in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom
This article advances a couple-level framework to examine how parenthood shapes within-family gender inequality by education in three countries that vary in their normative and policy context: the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We trace mothers' share of couple earnings and variation by her education in the 10-year window around first birth, using long-running harmonized panel surveys from the 1990s and 2000s ( N = 4,117 couples …
Women's employment and fertility in a global perspective (1960-2015)
BACKGROUND: Scant research explores the association between women's employment and fertility on a truly global scale due to limited cross-national comparative standardized information across contexts. METHODS: This paper compiles a unique dataset that combines nationally representative country-level data on women's wage employment from the International Labor Organization with fertility and reproductive health measures from the United Nations and…
Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage
The growing economic resemblance of spouses has contributed to rising inequality by increasing the number of couples in which there are two high- or two low-earning partners. The dominant explanation for this trend is increased assortative mating. Previous research has primarily relied on cross-sectional data and thus has been unable to disentangle changes in assortative mating from changes in the division of spouses’ paid labor—a potentially key…
Trends in Relative Earnings and Marital Dissolution: Are Wives Who Outearn Their Husbands Still More Likely to Divorce
As women's labor-force participation and earnings have grown, so has the likelihood that wives outearn their husbands. A common concern is that these couples may be at heightened risk of divorce. Yet with the rise of egalitarian marriage, wives' relative earnings may be more weakly associated with divorce than in the past. We examine trends in the association between wives' relative earnings and marital dissolution using data from the 1968-2009 P…
Migration, Household Tasks, and Gender: Evidence from the Republic of Georgia
We examine whether migration affects the gender division of household tasks and participation in leisure within origin-country households using survey data from the Republic of Georgia. Our theoretical framework identifies two sets of mechanisms whereby migration might influence gender differences in home activities: migrant experience effects and migrant absence effects. We test for both types of effects on the probability that men and women per…
Gender and class housework inequalities in the era of outsourcing hiring domestic work in Spain
His and Her Earnings Following Parenthood in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom
This article advances a couple-level framework to examine how parenthood shapes within-family gender inequality by education in three countries that vary in their normative and policy context: the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We trace mothers' share of couple earnings and variation by her education in the 10-year window around first birth, using long-running harmonized panel surveys from the 1990s and 2000s ( N = 4,117 couples …
Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries
Scholars argue that gender culture, understood as a set of beliefs, norms, and social expectations defining masculinities and femininities, plays an important role in shaping when romantic relationships end. However, the relevance of gender culture is often underappreciated, in part because its empirical identification remains elusive. This study leverages cross-country variation in gender norms to test the hypothesis that gender culture conditio…
Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage
The growing economic resemblance of spouses has contributed to rising inequality by increasing the number of couples in which there are two high- or two low-earning partners. The dominant explanation for this trend is increased assortative mating. Previous research has primarily relied on cross-sectional data and thus has been unable to disentangle changes in assortative mating from changes in the division of spouses’ paid labor—a potentially key…
Gender and class housework inequalities in the era of outsourcing hiring domestic work in Spain
Trends in Relative Earnings and Marital Dissolution: Are Wives Who Outearn Their Husbands Still More Likely to Divorce
As women's labor-force participation and earnings have grown, so has the likelihood that wives outearn their husbands. A common concern is that these couples may be at heightened risk of divorce. Yet with the rise of egalitarian marriage, wives' relative earnings may be more weakly associated with divorce than in the past. We examine trends in the association between wives' relative earnings and marital dissolution using data from the 1968-2009 P…
Change and Variation in U.S. Couples’ Earnings Equality Following Parenthood
In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along multiple dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within‐family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high‐quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before a…
Changes in Couples' Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality
The growing economic similarity of spouses has contributed to rising income inequality across households. Explanations have typically centered on assortative mating, but recent work has argued that changes in women's employment and spouses' division of paid work have played a more important role. We expand this work to consider the critical turning point of parenthood in shaping couples' division of employment and earnings. Drawing on three U.S. …
Migration, Household Tasks, and Gender: Evidence from the Republic of Georgia
We examine whether migration affects the gender division of household tasks and participation in leisure within origin-country households using survey data from the Republic of Georgia. Our theoretical framework identifies two sets of mechanisms whereby migration might influence gender differences in home activities: migrant experience effects and migrant absence effects. We test for both types of effects on the probability that men and women per…
The Impact of an Experimental Guaranteed Income on Crime and Violence
Would unconditional cash payments reduce crime and violence? This paper examines data on crime and violence in the context of an understudied social experiment from the late 1970s called the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment, or Mincome. We combine town-level crime statistics for all medium-sized Canadian Prairie towns with town-level socio-demographic data from the census to study how an experimental guaranteed income affected both violent…
Women's employment and fertility in a global perspective (1960-2015)
BACKGROUND: Scant research explores the association between women's employment and fertility on a truly global scale due to limited cross-national comparative standardized information across contexts. METHODS: This paper compiles a unique dataset that combines nationally representative country-level data on women's wage employment from the International Labor Organization with fertility and reproductive health measures from the United Nations and…
Regulated earnings security: The relationship between employment protection and unemployment scarring over the Great Recession
The Great Recession raised the concern that employment protective institutions that are effective during macroeconomic stability might become counterproductive under growing macroeconomic volatility. We study this question by examining the relationship between employment protection legislation (EPL) and unemployment scars on earnings in 21 countries during the period surrounding the Great Recession. We use harmonized work history data for 21 coun…
Care Labor and Family Income Inequality: How Childcare Costs Exacerbate Inequality among U.S. Families
Care infrastructures are essential for supporting families and enabling women’s participation in the labor market, but they also have implications for family income inequality. This article examines access to childcare services in the United States as a case study. We propose that market-priced childcare systems generate inequalities in how births affect mothers’ contributions to family income, because they constrain post-birth labor supply for l…
Exit, voice and loyalty in the family: Findings From a Basic Income Experiment
This article investigates how a basic income could transform families and gender power relations within them. We draw on Hirschman's exit, voice and loyalty framework to argue that a basic income can offer a structural foundation for a radical shift towards more equitable family relations. This is because a basic income can support couples through economic uncertainty and reduce women's structural vulnerability to economic dependency within marri…
Work and Family Disadvantage: Determinants of Gender Gaps in Paid Work During the Covid-19 Pandemic
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the increase in gender inequality in paid work during the pandemic to unpack the relative relevance of labor market and work-family conflict processes. Using panel data from the United States Current Population Survey, we examine four mechanisms in an integrated analysis that explicitly includes single-parent households and assesses the moderating role of women's economic position relative to thei…
Servants of Production: The Politics of Domestic Workers’ Labor Rights
Paid domestic workers are commonly excluded from general labor laws across the globe. This article unpacks the ideological structure underlying the legitimation of this widespread exclusion and how it is shifting. I examine transcripts of official debates in the International Labour Organization 1919–2014 and in Spain 1978–2018 that deal with how paid domestic work is treated in general labor regulations. I show that justifications for limiting d…
Gender and class housework inequalities in the era of outsourcing hiring domestic work in Spain
Trends in Relative Earnings and Marital Dissolution: Are Wives Who Outearn Their Husbands Still More Likely to Divorce
As women's labor-force participation and earnings have grown, so has the likelihood that wives outearn their husbands. A common concern is that these couples may be at heightened risk of divorce. Yet with the rise of egalitarian marriage, wives' relative earnings may be more weakly associated with divorce than in the past. We examine trends in the association between wives' relative earnings and marital dissolution using data from the 1968-2009 P…
Migration, Household Tasks, and Gender: Evidence from the Republic of Georgia
We examine whether migration affects the gender division of household tasks and participation in leisure within origin-country households using survey data from the Republic of Georgia. Our theoretical framework identifies two sets of mechanisms whereby migration might influence gender differences in home activities: migrant experience effects and migrant absence effects. We test for both types of effects on the probability that men and women per…
Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage
The growing economic resemblance of spouses has contributed to rising inequality by increasing the number of couples in which there are two high- or two low-earning partners. The dominant explanation for this trend is increased assortative mating. Previous research has primarily relied on cross-sectional data and thus has been unable to disentangle changes in assortative mating from changes in the division of spouses’ paid labor—a potentially key…
His and Her Earnings Following Parenthood in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom
This article advances a couple-level framework to examine how parenthood shapes within-family gender inequality by education in three countries that vary in their normative and policy context: the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We trace mothers' share of couple earnings and variation by her education in the 10-year window around first birth, using long-running harmonized panel surveys from the 1990s and 2000s ( N = 4,117 couples …
Women's employment and fertility in a global perspective (1960-2015)
BACKGROUND: Scant research explores the association between women's employment and fertility on a truly global scale due to limited cross-national comparative standardized information across contexts. METHODS: This paper compiles a unique dataset that combines nationally representative country-level data on women's wage employment from the International Labor Organization with fertility and reproductive health measures from the United Nations and…
Servants of Production: The Politics of Domestic Workers’ Labor Rights
Paid domestic workers are commonly excluded from general labor laws across the globe. This article unpacks the ideological structure underlying the legitimation of this widespread exclusion and how it is shifting. I examine transcripts of official debates in the International Labour Organization 1919–2014 and in Spain 1978–2018 that deal with how paid domestic work is treated in general labor regulations. I show that justifications for limiting d…
Changes in Couples' Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality
The growing economic similarity of spouses has contributed to rising income inequality across households. Explanations have typically centered on assortative mating, but recent work has argued that changes in women's employment and spouses' division of paid work have played a more important role. We expand this work to consider the critical turning point of parenthood in shaping couples' division of employment and earnings. Drawing on three U.S. …
Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries
Scholars argue that gender culture, understood as a set of beliefs, norms, and social expectations defining masculinities and femininities, plays an important role in shaping when romantic relationships end. However, the relevance of gender culture is often underappreciated, in part because its empirical identification remains elusive. This study leverages cross-country variation in gender norms to test the hypothesis that gender culture conditio…
The Impact of an Experimental Guaranteed Income on Crime and Violence
Would unconditional cash payments reduce crime and violence? This paper examines data on crime and violence in the context of an understudied social experiment from the late 1970s called the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment, or Mincome. We combine town-level crime statistics for all medium-sized Canadian Prairie towns with town-level socio-demographic data from the census to study how an experimental guaranteed income affected both violent…
Change and Variation in U.S. Couples’ Earnings Equality Following Parenthood
In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along multiple dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within‐family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high‐quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before a…
Regulated earnings security: The relationship between employment protection and unemployment scarring over the Great Recession
The Great Recession raised the concern that employment protective institutions that are effective during macroeconomic stability might become counterproductive under growing macroeconomic volatility. We study this question by examining the relationship between employment protection legislation (EPL) and unemployment scars on earnings in 21 countries during the period surrounding the Great Recession. We use harmonized work history data for 21 coun…
Exit, voice and loyalty in the family: Findings From a Basic Income Experiment
This article investigates how a basic income could transform families and gender power relations within them. We draw on Hirschman's exit, voice and loyalty framework to argue that a basic income can offer a structural foundation for a radical shift towards more equitable family relations. This is because a basic income can support couples through economic uncertainty and reduce women's structural vulnerability to economic dependency within marri…
Work and Family Disadvantage: Determinants of Gender Gaps in Paid Work During the Covid-19 Pandemic
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the increase in gender inequality in paid work during the pandemic to unpack the relative relevance of labor market and work-family conflict processes. Using panel data from the United States Current Population Survey, we examine four mechanisms in an integrated analysis that explicitly includes single-parent households and assesses the moderating role of women's economic position relative to thei…
Differentiated Egalitarianism: The Impact of Paid Family Leave Policy on Women’s and Men’s Paid and Unpaid Work
The birth of a new child continues to exacerbate gender specialization among different-sex couples. This study considers the potential of paid leave policies to intervene in this key life-course juncture and promote greater gender equality in paid and unpaid work. While previous research has examined the impact of paid leave policies on paid or unpaid work among mothers or fathers separately, this study provides an integrated framework and examin…
Pandemic Pathways: An Integrated Approach to Studying the Pandemic’s Employment Impacts on Paid and Unpaid Care of Children 0 to 11 Years Old
The pandemic adversely affected the employment of child caregivers, exacerbating already existing inequalities. The authors offer an integrated framework that considers the interdependencies between unpaid and paid child caregiving and the construction of the childcare sector as a devalued and fractionalized group. The authors outline the prepandemic positioning of mothers, childcare teachers, preschool teachers, and primary school teachers. Then…
A Comparison of the Socioeconomic and Gendered Organization of Social Reproduction in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1973–2013
Drawing on both gender regime theory and social reproduction theory, this article compares the socioeconomic and gendered organization of social reproduction in the United States and the United Kingdom from 1973 to 2013. Integrating data from the Luxembourg Income Study, the Multinational Time-Use Study, and additional sources, we examine how men and women of different socioeconomic groups contribute to social reproduction through household produ…
Care Labor and Family Income Inequality: How Childcare Costs Exacerbate Inequality among U.S. Families
Care infrastructures are essential for supporting families and enabling women’s participation in the labor market, but they also have implications for family income inequality. This article examines access to childcare services in the United States as a case study. We propose that market-priced childcare systems generate inequalities in how births affect mothers’ contributions to family income, because they constrain post-birth labor supply for l…
How Family Dynamics Shape Income Inequality Between Families With Young Children: The Case of Sweden, 1995-2018
Increased gender equality in the labor market and the home are both cited as stabilizers to income inequality between households, but shifts in the economic organization of families over the life course instead appear to amplify household income inequality. Using the case of Sweden, where men have taken longer parental leave in recent years and the age at parenthood continues to advance, we analyze between-family income inequality for couples wit…
The Social Division of Care Work Time Over Half a Century
This study introduces a demographic framework to analyze the social division of care work time, defined as the sum of paid and unpaid care work time provided to children and adults in a population. Combining data from the American Heritage Time Use Survey (AHTUS) and the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS-ASEC), we focus on routine interactive care and analyze how the volume and social division of this care work …
Assortative Mating, the Division of Labor in Marriage, and Analytic Choices: A Reply
Highlights We use the large samples of U.S. Census and ACS data from 1940–2013 to conduct a reanalysis. The evidence for changes in the division of labor after marriage is robust. The evidence on assortative mating is more variable, even in large samples. Our best estimate is that assortative mating explains 29% of earnings homogamy trends. The definition of newlyweds and treatment of missing values are consequential.
Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019
Parenthood is an impoverishing life event for many families in America, with negative implications for healthy child development. Changes over the past four decades in public support, earnings prospects, and family arrangements of new parents have left open questions about trends in economic security and strategies for making ends meet after a first birth. Our study examined trends from 1983–2019 in the month-to-month dynamics of income and incom…
Women's Socioeconomic Advantage Over Their Partners and Relationship Dissolution: A 29‐Country Study
Objective This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms driving the association between women's socioeconomic advantage and the risk of relationship dissolution. Background Research consistently finds that different‐sex couples in which women have higher socioeconomic status than their partners are more likely to separate. Several competing explanations for this association have been proposed, including the role of gender culture…
Economics (20 works) · Demographic economics (17 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Work-Family Balance Challenges (14 works) · Family Dynamics and Relationships (13 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (13 works) · Demography (10 works) · Earnings (10 works) · Population (10 works) · Labour economics (9 works)