Change and Variation in U.S. Couples’ Earnings Equality Following Parenthood
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7980412 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Kelly Musick (0000-0003-0329-5134, Cornell University), P Gonalons-Pons (0000-0002-5684-1525, California University of Pennsylvania), Pilar Gonalons‐pon, Pilar Gonalons‐Pons, Christine R Schwartz (0000-0001-8407-1065, University of Wisconsin–Madison) |
| Year | 2022 |
| Volume | 48 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 413-443 |
| Publication date | 2022-06-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Population and Development Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0098-7921 • E-ISSN: 1728-4457 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/padr.12481 |
| PMID | 35968220 |
| OpenAlex | W4300865921 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 14 |
| References cited | 69 |
In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along multiple dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within‐family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high‐quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before and up to 10 years following first births from the 1980s to the 2000s in the United States (Survey of Income and Program Participation Synthetic Beta files; N = 21,300 couples and 194,100 couple‐years). Accounting for time‐invariant couple characteristics and year and age fixed effects, we find that wives’ share of total couple earnings declines substantially after parenthood and remains lower over the observation window, irrespective of cohort and education. Cohort changes in within‐family earnings equality are modest and concentrated among the earliest cohort of parents, and data provide little evidence of differential change by education. These findings have implications for women's economic vulnerability, particularly in the United States where divorce remains common and public support for families is weak
Cohort · Context (archaeology · Demographic economics · Earnings · Economics · Geography · Population · Socioeconomic status · Sociology · Survey data collection · Survey of Income and Program Participation · Demography · Family Dynamics and Relationships · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics · Medicine · Work-Family Balance Challenges
Assortative Mating, the Division of Labor in Marriage, and Analytic Choices
Tracing Parenthood’s Uneven Impacts
Differentiated Egalitarianism
Parenthood, earnings, and the relevance of family formation sequences
Occupational Overwork and the Transition to Self-Employment
Parenthood and gender inequality on labor market outcomes
Can a motherhood premium in public transfer income offset the Danish motherhood earnings penalty
Gendered Parenthood-Employment Gaps from Midlife
Women’s Labor Force Participation Following Parenthood in China
Parenthood and Couples’ Division of Paid Labor
Is It Daddy Time Yet? Trends and Variation in Men's Employment Hours Around Childbirth
State-level gender inequality and couples’ relative earnings following parenthood over four decades
Educational hypogamy is associated with a smaller child penalty on women's earnings
Care Labor and Family Income Inequality
The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family
Beyond the Marketplace
Gender and Social‐Democratic Welfare States
Changes across Cohorts in Wage Returns to Schooling and Early Work Experiences
Making Motherhood Work
Opting Out
Female Labor Supply
Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay
Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women
Children and Gender Inequality
Telecommuting and gender inequalities in parents' paid and unpaid work before and during the Covid ‐19 pandemic
Worker Power and Class Polarization in Intra-Year Work Hour Volatility
Income Inequality and Household Labor
Long Work Hours, Part-Time Work, and Trends in the Gender Gap in Pay, the Motherhood Wage Penalty, and the Fatherhood Wage Premium
The Family Gap in Pay
Gender Inequality in Labor Markets
Is Gender Inequality Greater at Lower or Higher Educational Levels? Common Patterns in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States
Covid‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
Trends in educational assortative marriage from 1940 to 2003
Trends in the Motherhood Wage Penalty and Fatherhood Wage Premium for Low, Middle, and High Earners
Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers
Cross-National Comparisons of Union Stability in Cohabiting and Married Families With Children
Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood
Maternal employment and time with children
Diverging destinies
The Gender Revolution
Specialization Then and Now
Re-theorizing Family Demographics
A Happy Ending to a Half-Century of Family Change
From Opt Out to Blocked Out
Overwork and the Slow Convergence in the Gender Gap in Wages
Reinforcing Separate Spheres
Is the Motherhood Penalty Larger for Low-Wage Women? A Comment on Quantile Regression
His and Her Earnings Following Parenthood in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom
Can We Finish the Revolution? Gender, Work-Family Ideals, and Institutional Constraint
Do Highly Paid, Highly Skilled Women Experience the Largest Motherhood Penalty
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
The Emergence of a Positive Relation Between Education and Third Birth Rates in Norway with Supportive Evidence from the United States
The New Life Cycle of Women's Employment
Effects of the Covid-19 Recession on the US Labor Market
Early Signs Indicate That Covid-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force
Expensive Childcare and Short School Days = Lower Maternal Employment and More Time in Childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
Becoming Mothers and Fathers
The Gender Revolution
Fathers' Changing Contributions to Child Care and Domestic Work in Very Low-Fertility Countries
The Estimation of Causal Effects From Observational Data
Income Inequality
Motherhood and Employment Among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks
Separating Spheres? Diverging Trends in Youth's Gender Attitudes About Work and Family
Contextualizing the Education Effect on Women's Employment
Life Course Transitions and Housework
Autonomy, Dependence, or Display? The Relationship Between Married Women's Earnings and Housework
Parenthood and Couples' Relative Earnings in Norway
Gendered Parenthood Penalties and Premiums across the Earnings Distribution in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Childbirth and the Long-Term Division of Labour within Couples
Trends in Women's Relative Earnings Within Couples Across the Transition to Parenthood in Sweden, 1987-2007
Parenthood and Happiness
Earnings Inequality and the Changing Association between Spouses' Earnings
When Does Gender Trump Money? Bargaining and Time in Household Work
Tethered lives
Gender and class housework inequalities in the era of outsourcing hiring domestic work in Spain
Her money, her time
Panel data and models of change
| Unique citing works | 14 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4,67 |
| Citation span | 2023 - 2026 (4) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 13 |