Gordon J Walker
Biographic Data
| ID | 568131 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Gordon J Walker |
| GIVEN NAMES | Gordon J |
| FAMILY NAME | Walker |
| SIGNATURE | WALKER G J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Alberta |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 60 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 410 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 59 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1988 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Culture, Leisure Interpretation, and Ideal Affect during Leisure: A Situation Sampling Approach
Definitions of leisure and emotional experiences during leisure vary across cultures, but have been understudied. To elucidate the relationships between leisure, emotion, and culture, we adopted a cultural psychology method called situation sampling. Using an onsite survey, we collected leisure and non-leisure situations from 126 Euro-Canadian and 149 Mainland Chinese undergraduate students. Employing an online survey, we then asked another 203 E…
Meanings of Xiū Xián and Leisure: Cross-Cultural Exploration of Laypeople’s Definition of Leisure
We examined meanings of leisure and a Chinese leisure-like term (i.e., xiū xián) from laypeople’s perspectives by modifying Ito and Walker’s (2014 Ito, E., & Walker, G. J. (2014). Similarities and differences in leisure conceptualizations between Japan and Canada and between two Japanese leisure-like terms. Leisure/Loisir, 38(1), 1–19.[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) Leisure Ten Statements Test. Specifically, Euro-Canadian and Mainla…
How do work and leisure contribute to Hong Kong Chinese’ life satisfaction
Although research identifies both leisure and paid work as important contributors to subjective well-being (SWB), the mechanisms by which they do so remain understudied especially in non-Western contexts. A framework relevant to both leisure and work is basic psychological need theory, which posits that satisfaction of autonomy, relatedness, and competence needs enhances SWB. Therefore, this study examined the influence of basic need satisfaction…
Development of Cross-Culturally Informed Leisure-Time Physical Activity Constraint and Constraint Negotiation Typologies: The Case of Japanese and Euro-Canadian Adults
Our study purposes were twofold: to inductively develop cross-culturally informed leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) constraint and constraint negotiation typologies and to investigate cultural similarities and differences in LTPA constraints and constraint negotiation using both the newly developed typologies and conventional Western typologies. Useable data were obtained from 211 Euro-Canadians and 183 Japanese using online surveys. A themat…
Basic psychological need satisfaction and intrinsic motivation during leisure: A cross-cultural comparison
We investigated the relationship between satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and/or relatedness and intrinsic motivation during leisure, and how this process was similar and/or different for British/Canadians (N = 259) and Hong Kong Chinese (N = 583) employees. Self-reported, cross-sectional data were collected in English and/or Cantonese and/or Pŭtōnghuà (Mandarin). A hierarchical regression analysis with Brit…
Social psychology of leisure 2.0: Looking back, looking forward
This invited commentary provides a brief history of the social psychology of leisure and describes some research themes this approach should consider focusing on in the future. In both cases, emphasis is placed on cross-cultural/national leisure research
Basic psychological need satisfaction and affect within the leisure sphere
Research on leisure and well-being in non-Western contexts is rare. Our study addresses this issue by investigating whether satisfaction of three basic psychological needs – autonomy, competence and/or relatedness – influences four types of affective well-being – high-arousal positive (HAP) affect, low-arousal positive (LAP) affect, high-arousal negative (HAN) affect and/or low-arousal negative (LAN) affect – within the leisure sphere. Telephone …
When You See Nature, Nature Give You Something Inside”: The Role of Nature-based Leisure in Fostering Refugee Well-being in Canada
This study investigated the impacts of nature-based leisure on the well-being of refugees in Canada. For this interpretive study we used semi-structured interviews and photo-elicitation to explore four refugees' experiences of a two-day winter camping experience in northern Alberta and how it might foster their well-being. Participants, from three African countries, and Iran, welcomed an opportunity to be away in a natural setting, to connect wit…
Theorizing Leisure's Roles in the Pursuit of Ikigai (Life Worthiness): A Mixed-Methods Approach
The purpose of this mixed-methods research project is to theorize the linkage between leisure experience and life worthiness, or what the Japanese call ikigai. A grounded theory analysis of photo-elicitation interview data from 27 Japanese university students led to the inductive development of a substantive theory. This theory was then tested based on online survey data collected from 669 Japanese students using structural equation modeling. Res…
Nature in our lives: Examining the human need for nature relatedness as a basic psychological need
Is the need for nature relatedness a basic psychological need? Using Baumeister and Leary’s need criteria as comparators, we explored literature arcing across disciplines to find evidence that either supported or undermined our proposition that the human need for nature may be a fundamental psychological need. We found that while nature’s salubrious effects benefited humans across the lifespan, and largely transcended cultural boundaries, socioec…
Predictive power of leisure constraint-negotiation models within the leisure-time physical activity context: A partial least squares structural equation modeling approach
Although prediction is a stated goal of leisure constraints and constraint negotiation research, to date, empirical studies have solely focused on statistical explanation when comparing competing models. Our research, therefore, examined the predictive power of five leisure constraint-negotiation models within the context of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). To do so, we utilized online survey data from 299 Japanese and 286 Euro-Canadian adu…
A comparison of immediate and retrospective affective reports in leisure contexts
Moment- and memory-based leisure experiences appear to differ. Furthermore, prior research indicates that retrospective affective reports do not converge with their immediate counterparts, with the latter assumed to be more accurate. The experience sampling method (ESM) allows researchers to capture immediate experiences; however, it is more resource intensive than a retrospective cross-sectional survey. Therefore, the purpose of this research no…
Cultural similarities and differences in the relationship between types of leisure activity and happiness in Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese university students
The purpose of our study was to examine cultural similarities and differences in relationships between Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese university students’ types of leisure activity and their happiness. Stepwise multiple regression results indicated that: (a) personal happiness was associated with exercising among Canadians, social activities and outdoor recreation among Chinese, and social activities among Japanese; and (b) family happiness was …
Front-Country Campers' Constraints, Negotiation, and Pro-Environment Behavioral Intention: An Extension to the Theory of Planned Behavior
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been successfully tested in leisure and outdoor recreation studies over the last few decades. However, the inclusion of new predictors to improve the theory's predictive power has been encouraged. Utilizing leisure constraints approach, we extended the TPB by adding constraints to the theory. The literature also suggested that individuals employ cognitive and behavioural negotiation strategies to overcome …
Relationships among self-construal, control, and positive affect in Japanese undergraduate students’ leisure experience
Previous studies have indicated that control and positive affect, which are known to be important aspects of leisure experience, contribute to our psychological well-being. Recently, Ito and Walker’s (2016. Cultural commonality and specificity in Japanese and Euro-Canadian undergraduate students’ leisure experiences: An exploratory study on control and positive affect. Leisure Sciences, 38, 249–267) experience sampling method (ESM) study identifi…
A Cross-Cultural/National Study of Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese University Students' Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being
The purpose of this study was to examine whether Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese university students' leisure satisfaction affected their subjective well-being (SWB) and, if so, how this process was similar and different cross-culturally/nationally. A series of stepwise multiple regressions indicated that, in general, satisfying leisure significantly and positively impacted SWB across all three cultures, but there were also differences between (a…
Mainland Chinese Canadian Immigrants' Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being: Results of a Two-Year Longitudinal Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether recent Chinese Canadian immigrants' (a) leisure satisfaction, happiness, and life satisfaction changed over a two-year period and (b) if leisure satisfaction affected their subjective well-being (SWB) over this same period. Participants completed an initial, trilingual telephone questionnaire (N = 220) and then were recontacted every six months for two years. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated …
Preferred Leisure Type, Value Orientations, and Psychological Well-Being Among East Asian Youth
This study investigated preferred leisure type and its associations with value orientations and psychological well-being (PWB) among adolescents in South Korea, China, and Japan (N = 6,157). Chi-square analyses were performed to examine differences in preferred leisure type (i.e., active vs. passive) across countries. Overall, adolescents preferred passive to active leisure. A series of logistic regressions showed that students who value religion…
Explaining the Aerobic Exercise Intention-behavior Gap in Cancer Survivors
Forming an intention is insufficient for many HCS to meet aerobic exercise guidelines. Interventions targeting the determinants of both intention formation and translation may be most effective in promoting aerobic exercise in cancer survivors
Cultural Commonality and Specificity in Japanese and Euro-Canadian Undergraduate Students' Leisure Experiences: An Exploratory Study on Control and Positive Affect
Accumulated cross-cultural research indicates that North Americans typically emphasize primary control (e.g., changing the environment) and high-arousal positive affect (e.g., enthusiasm), whereas East Asians typically emphasize secondary control (e.g., adjusting oneself, accepting the environment) and low-arousal positive affect (e.g., calmness). Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory experience sampling method study was to examine cultural …
Social Class and Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction During Leisure and Paid Work
This study examined how basic psychological need satisfaction varies within and between leisure and paid work, taking social class into account. Data were collected from 340 super-creative, creative professional, working, and service class employees who worked at least 20 hours per week. Results included (a) autonomy was highly satisfied during leisure for all four classes, but so too was competence for working and service class members; (b) the …
The Effects of Urbanization, Motivation, and Constraint on Chinese People's Leisure-Time Physical Activity
This study examined the effects of micro (i.e., motivation, constraint) and macro (i.e., urbanization) factors on Chinese people's leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Participants representing high (n = 170) and low (n = 146) urbanization levels completed an on-site questionnaire. T-tests indicated that fitness/health was the most important motivation, followed by enjoyment and perseverance; structural constraint was the most important barrier…
Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Practice
Race and ethnicity have a significant impact on leisure behavior and activity choices. Yet, until now, no book has thoroughly explored that impact, though this topic is critical for leisure professionals to understand as they shape services and programs to meet the needs of the diverse populations they serve.
A Systematic Review of Non-Western and Cross-Cultural/National Leisure Research
A Multidimensional Investigation into Children’s Optimal Experiences with Nature
This article combines a review of literature with observations from an empirical study that examined how five children aged 6 to 10 years experienced nature in a botanical garden setting with a focus on the behavioural, sensory, affective and cognitive dimensions of these experiences. Visually expressive methods (sculptures, drawings, photography and sand tray pictures) enabled children to highlight aspects of their experiences in nature that wer…
Culture and Leisure Constraints: A Comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese University Students
This study extends previous research on leisure constraints by developing a new, theory-based, inventory of intrapersonal leisure constraints items using the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory as guiding frameworks, and then using the inventory to assess the cross-cultural validity of the hierarchical model of leisure constraints (Crawford, Jackson, & Godbey, 1991). These objectives are accomplished by comparing how percepti…
Culture, Self-Construal, and Leisure Theory and Practice
According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), although European North Americans are more likely to have independent self-construals (and therefore to value being unique, expressing one's inner attributes, etc.), people in or from Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe are more likely to have interdependent self-construals (and therefore to value belonging, maintaining harmony, etc.). The type of self-construal a person has affects his or her emotions, cogn…
The Effects of Ethnicity and Leisure Satisfaction on Happiness, Peacefulness, and Quality of Life
The purpose of this study was to examine how ethnicity and leisure satisfaction affected people's happiness, peacefulness, and quality of life. A trilingual telephone survey of Chinese/Canadians (N = 261) and British/Canadians (N = 258) was conducted. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that sex had no significant effect on any regressors. Ethnicity significantly affected standard of living, achieving in life, and life as a whole. Overall…
Leisure Statisfaction and Acculturative Stress: The Case of Chinese-Canadian Immigrants
The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationship between leisure satisfaction and acculturative stress. Chinese immigrants to Canada were surveyed six months apart. Four kinds of acculturative stress (all at Time 2) were each hierarchically regressed on: age and gender, years in Canada, the corresponding stressor, and six types of leisure satisfaction (all at Time 1). Results indicated that: (a) social leisure satisfaction lessene…
Nature in our lives: Examining the human need for nature relatedness as a basic psychological need
Is the need for nature relatedness a basic psychological need? Using Baumeister and Leary’s need criteria as comparators, we explored literature arcing across disciplines to find evidence that either supported or undermined our proposition that the human need for nature may be a fundamental psychological need. We found that while nature’s salubrious effects benefited humans across the lifespan, and largely transcended cultural boundaries, socioec…
Ethnicity, Acculturation, Self-Construal, and Motivations for Outdoor Recreation
Research on the leisure of racial and ethnic groups has recently been criticized for a variety of different reasons. In response to some of these concerns, this article examines the motivations of outdoor recreationists who identify themselves as being Chinese (n = 53); it compares their motivations with those of Euro-North Americans (n = 180) at the same time outdoor setting; and it does so using the construct of self-construal as an intervening…
A Cross-Cultural/National Study of Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese University Students' Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being
The purpose of this study was to examine whether Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese university students' leisure satisfaction affected their subjective well-being (SWB) and, if so, how this process was similar and different cross-culturally/nationally. A series of stepwise multiple regressions indicated that, in general, satisfying leisure significantly and positively impacted SWB across all three cultures, but there were also differences between (a…
The Meaning of Leisure for Chinese/Canadians
This study examined the meaning of leisure for Chinese/Canadians. Participants (N = 35) completed a diary seven times a day for 12 days when a randomly scheduled watch alarm rang. Participants indicated what activity they were doing, whether it was work, leisure, both, or neither, and their motivations for and needs fulfilled by the activity. Participants primarily engaged in passive leisure activities, researchers and participants often differed…
On-site Optimal Experiences and Their Relationship to Off-site Benefits
This paper examines: (a) the quantity of optimal experiences got during the on-site phase of outdoor recreation; (b) the quantity of benefits gotten off-site, during the recollection phase of outdoor recreation; and (c) the relationship between (a) and (b). Optimal experiences—a psychological state considered to be special, meaningful, and/or out-of-the-ordinary—are characterized by intense focus on a stimulus, an altered sense of time, and loss …
A Prospective Panel Study of Chinese-Canadian Immigrants’ Leisure Participation and Leisure Satisfaction
This longitudinal study examined Chinese immigrants' leisure participation and satisfaction. A model where participation predicted satisfaction indicated that: satisfaction at Time 1 affected satisfaction at Time 2, and satisfaction at Times 1 and 2 affected satisfaction at Time 3, while participation at Time 1 directly affected satisfaction at Time 2 and indirectly at Time 3. A model where satisfaction predicted participation indicated that: par…
Culture, Self-Construal, and Leisure Motivations
The purpose of this study is to examine Canadian and Mainland Chinese students' leisure by investigating the role self-construal plays as an intervening variable between culture and motivation. Separate hierarchical multiple regressions are performed on each motivation with culture entered first followed by a block composed of four types of self-construal: vertical collectivism (i.e., dutiful), horizontal collectivism (i.e., cooperative), horizon…
Ethnicity, Gender, and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Case of Playing the Lottery
This study uses the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain why some people play the lottery, and it examines how the TPB's variables and variable relationships differ due to ethnicity, or gender, or their interaction. A telephone interview conducted in English, Cantonese, and Mandarin resulted in data on the lottery play intentions of 208 Chinese/Canadians (97 males, 111 females) and 220 British/Canadians (112 males, 108 females). When inten…
When You See Nature, Nature Give You Something Inside”: The Role of Nature-based Leisure in Fostering Refugee Well-being in Canada
This study investigated the impacts of nature-based leisure on the well-being of refugees in Canada. For this interpretive study we used semi-structured interviews and photo-elicitation to explore four refugees' experiences of a two-day winter camping experience in northern Alberta and how it might foster their well-being. Participants, from three African countries, and Iran, welcomed an opportunity to be away in a natural setting, to connect wit…
The Role of Self-Construal as an Intervening Variable between Culture and Leisure Constraints: A Comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese University Students
Building upon Walker, Jackson, and Deng's (2007) article on culture and constraints, this study explores how the self-construals of Canadian university students in Canada and Chinese students in Mainland China influence their perception of how intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints affect starting a new leisure activity. English and simplified Chinese language questionnaires, distributed onsite, resulted in useable data from 227…
Theorizing Leisure's Roles in the Pursuit of Ikigai (Life Worthiness): A Mixed-Methods Approach
The purpose of this mixed-methods research project is to theorize the linkage between leisure experience and life worthiness, or what the Japanese call ikigai. A grounded theory analysis of photo-elicitation interview data from 27 Japanese university students led to the inductive development of a substantive theory. This theory was then tested based on online survey data collected from 669 Japanese students using structural equation modeling. Res…
The Effect of Face Concerns on University Students' Leisure Travel: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Face concern is an indigenous Chinese concept that influences people's behaviors. This study examines the effect of face concern on Chinese (n = 352) and Canadian (n = 295) university students' leisure travel. Three research questions are addressed: (a) is face concern more important for Chinese students than Canadian students? (b) Does gender affect face concern? And (c) does the interaction between culture and gender affect face concern? Findin…
The Role of Leisure in the Assimilation of Brazilian Immigrants into Japanese Society: Acculturation and Structural Assimilation through Judo Participation
The purpose of this study was to examine how a leisure activity (i.e., judo) affected the assimilation of Brazilian immigrants in Japan. Researchers hypothesized that judo participation would affect the processes of assimilation, particularly acculturation and structural assimilation. Based on the results of observations, informal interviews, and questionnaires conducted with Brazilian judo participants and their parents as well as the results of…
The Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Facilitating Intrinsic Motivation during Leisure with a Close Friend
This study empirically tests Walker, Deng, and Dieser's (2005) proposition that ethnicity affects which factors most facilitate people's feelings of intrinsic motivation during leisure; and it extends their work by also examining the effect of gender on these facilitators. A trilingual telephone survey asked Chinese/Canadian (N = 298) and British/Canadian (N = 321) participants to identify a leisure activity they found interesting and enjoyable (…
The Effects of Personal, Contextual, and Situational Factors on the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation: The Case of Chinese/Canadians
Thirty-one Chinese/Canadians completed a questionnaire that measured their self-construals and then responded to alarms programmed to ring randomly once every 2 hours, 7 times a day, for 12 days. Each time an alarm rang participants reported what activity they were doing; their motivation for, competence in, and autonomy during, the activity; and whether they considered the context to be leisure or non-leisure. Multilevel linear modeling confirme…
Meanings of Xiū Xián and Leisure: Cross-Cultural Exploration of Laypeople’s Definition of Leisure
We examined meanings of leisure and a Chinese leisure-like term (i.e., xiū xián) from laypeople’s perspectives by modifying Ito and Walker’s (2014 Ito, E., & Walker, G. J. (2014). Similarities and differences in leisure conceptualizations between Japan and Canada and between two Japanese leisure-like terms. Leisure/Loisir, 38(1), 1–19.[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) Leisure Ten Statements Test. Specifically, Euro-Canadian and Mainla…
Basic psychological need satisfaction and intrinsic motivation during leisure: A cross-cultural comparison
We investigated the relationship between satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and/or relatedness and intrinsic motivation during leisure, and how this process was similar and/or different for British/Canadians (N = 259) and Hong Kong Chinese (N = 583) employees. Self-reported, cross-sectional data were collected in English and/or Cantonese and/or Pŭtōnghuà (Mandarin). A hierarchical regression analysis with Brit…
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese University Students' Leisure Motivations
This study examined the reliability and explanatory ability of a modified version of Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory as it applied to Canadian (n = 170) and Mainland Chinese (n = 229) university students' leisure motivations and determined whether these leisure motivations differed between the two cultural groups. An on-site questionnaire composed of seven motivational scales was developed. Alpha coefficients, confirmatory factor analys…
Leisure Attitudes: A Follow-up Study Comparing Canadians, Chinese in Canada, and Mainland Chinese
This study examines Mainland Chinese and Canadian's cognitive, affective, and behavioral leisure attitudes, and it compares these attitudes with those of Anglo-Canadians and Chinese in Canada (as reported in Deng, Walker, & Swinnerton; 2006). Data from 132 Mainland Chinese and 198 Canadians visiting, respectively, Tiantong Mountain National Forest Park and Elk Island National Park were obtained. Factor analysis of the Leisure Attitude Scale (Ragh…
Basic psychological need satisfaction and affect within the leisure sphere
Research on leisure and well-being in non-Western contexts is rare. Our study addresses this issue by investigating whether satisfaction of three basic psychological needs – autonomy, competence and/or relatedness – influences four types of affective well-being – high-arousal positive (HAP) affect, low-arousal positive (LAP) affect, high-arousal negative (HAN) affect and/or low-arousal negative (LAN) affect – within the leisure sphere. Telephone …
Preferred Leisure Type, Value Orientations, and Psychological Well-Being Among East Asian Youth
This study investigated preferred leisure type and its associations with value orientations and psychological well-being (PWB) among adolescents in South Korea, China, and Japan (N = 6,157). Chi-square analyses were performed to examine differences in preferred leisure type (i.e., active vs. passive) across countries. Overall, adolescents preferred passive to active leisure. A series of logistic regressions showed that students who value religion…
The quality of care is related to death rates: Hospital inpatient management of infants with acute gastroenteritis in Jamaica
The quality of care of random samples of about 40 infants admitted with acute gastroenteritis to each of five hospitals in Jamaica was assessed. Low levels of adherence to consensus care criteria appeared to be correlated with high levels of hospital-specific severity standardized mortality ratios X100 (SSMRs); poor adherence, SSMR 127-230; intermediate adherence, SSMR 95; good adherence, SSMR 14. The main deficiencies in care at certain hospital…
Social class and wilderness use
Using social class and social inequality theories and concepts, we reexamine previous studies of recreation participation in designated wilderness. We suggest that members of the semiautonomous class—highly educated professional‐technical and craft employees who have limited control over what work they do but a great deal of control over how they do it (Wright, 1978)—appropriated wilderness and continue to dominate wilderness use. We propose an e…
Ebb and flow of brief leisure experiences
Four leisure conditions were compared: (a) walking along a rural road, with frequent vista views of a Tuscan landscape; (b) walking in a completely built setting, within a city center; (c) sitting indoors with a panoramic window view of a rural setting; and (d) sitting in a small but comfortable room with no view. Assessed at the beginning, twice during, and at the conclusion of the leisure activity were eight dimensions of experience: anxiety, d…
On-site Optimal Experiences and Their Relationship to Off-site Benefits
This paper examines: (a) the quantity of optimal experiences got during the on-site phase of outdoor recreation; (b) the quantity of benefits gotten off-site, during the recollection phase of outdoor recreation; and (c) the relationship between (a) and (b). Optimal experiences—a psychological state considered to be special, meaningful, and/or out-of-the-ordinary—are characterized by intense focus on a stimulus, an altered sense of time, and loss …
"Response to "The One-Way Mirror
Ethnicity, Acculturation, Self-Construal, and Motivations for Outdoor Recreation
Research on the leisure of racial and ethnic groups has recently been criticized for a variety of different reasons. In response to some of these concerns, this article examines the motivations of outdoor recreationists who identify themselves as being Chinese (n = 53); it compares their motivations with those of Euro-North Americans (n = 180) at the same time outdoor setting; and it does so using the construct of self-construal as an intervening…
A Comparison of Attitudes Toward Appropriate Use of National Parks Between Chinese in Canada and Anglo-Canadians
Understanding people's attitudes towards appropriate use within national parks is essential if the ecological integrity of these areas is to be ensured. However, appropriate use of national parks has rarely been examined cross-culturally. This paper examines the similarities and differences in attitudes toward appropriate use between Anglo-Canadians (N = 160) and Chinese in Canada (N = 178). Results suggest that: (a) the two groups share similar …
Self-construal and pilgrimage travel
Inter- and Intra-Gender Similarities and Differences in Motivations for Casino Gambling
The two objectives of this study were to examine if motivations for casino gambling vary by gender and, based on motivations for casino gambling, to ascertain different types of male and female gamblers. To accomplish these objectives, five casino motivation scales were developed. Nine hundred male and female casino patrons living in two major Canadian metropolitan areas completed a telephone questionnaire. Male study participants rated risk-taki…
Whoa Versus Go!” A Rejoinder to Mannell and Caldwell
As the reader likely aware, the title of this rejoinder refers to Linda Caldwell's (2005) comment that our conceptualization of culture and self-construal (Walker, Deng, & Dieser, 2005) is far too complex to [be] whole-heartedly endorse [d] as the next defining moment of leisure research and and, therefore, that Whoa! must be exclaimed. Frankly, we agree with her assessment in many ways: our proposal complicated; the ideas that underlie it are no…
Culture, Self-Construal, and Leisure Theory and Practice
According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), although European North Americans are more likely to have independent self-construals (and therefore to value being unique, expressing one's inner attributes, etc.), people in or from Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe are more likely to have interdependent self-construals (and therefore to value belonging, maintaining harmony, etc.). The type of self-construal a person has affects his or her emotions, cogn…
Segmenting Casino Tourists by Mode of Experience
Ethnicity, Gender, and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Case of Playing the Lottery
This study uses the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain why some people play the lottery, and it examines how the TPB's variables and variable relationships differ due to ethnicity, or gender, or their interaction. A telephone interview conducted in English, Cantonese, and Mandarin resulted in data on the lottery play intentions of 208 Chinese/Canadians (97 males, 111 females) and 220 British/Canadians (112 males, 108 females). When inten…
Leisure Attitudes: A Follow-up Study Comparing Canadians, Chinese in Canada, and Mainland Chinese
This study examines Mainland Chinese and Canadian's cognitive, affective, and behavioral leisure attitudes, and it compares these attitudes with those of Anglo-Canadians and Chinese in Canada (as reported in Deng, Walker, & Swinnerton; 2006). Data from 132 Mainland Chinese and 198 Canadians visiting, respectively, Tiantong Mountain National Forest Park and Elk Island National Park were obtained. Factor analysis of the Leisure Attitude Scale (Ragh…
Response to Coping as an Alternative Conceptualization for Constraint Negotiation and Accommodation
Culture and Leisure Constraints: A Comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese University Students
This study extends previous research on leisure constraints by developing a new, theory-based, inventory of intrapersonal leisure constraints items using the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory as guiding frameworks, and then using the inventory to assess the cross-cultural validity of the hierarchical model of leisure constraints (Crawford, Jackson, & Godbey, 1991). These objectives are accomplished by comparing how percepti…
Chinese Acculturation Measurement
En 2001, les Chinois formaient la minorité visible la plus importante au Canada avec plus d'un million de personnes s'identifiant comme telles. La question se pose de plus en plus quant à savoir jusqu'où les Chinois et d'autres membres de groupes minoritaires peuvent s'ajuster et s'assimiler à la société majoritaire. Cependant, il n'existe pour le moment aucun instrument utilisable pour mesurer les niveaux d'acculturation des Chinois résidant au …
Motivation in Everyday Life: The Case of Chinese/Canadians
The purpose of this study is to examine Chinese/Canadians' motivations for everyday activities and to determine whether they vary as hypothesized. Study participants (N = 35) completed a diary seven times a day for 12 days when a randomly scheduled watch alarm rang. Participants indicated what activity they were doing and rated, using self-determination theory-based items, what their motivations were for doing the activity. Analyses indicated tha…
The End Doesn't Always Justify the Means: Public Support for Funding Amateur Sports and Recreation Using Alberta Lottery Fund Monies
The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to examine the public's willingness to fund amateur sports and recreation using gambling monies in the province of Alberta, Canada; (2) to establish which variables predict Albertans' support for this funding; and (3) to determine whether Albertans believe that current funding levels are sufficient, deficient, or excessive. Based on the results of a telephone survey (N = 759), Albertans more than slight…
The Effects of Ethnicity and Leisure Satisfaction on Happiness, Peacefulness, and Quality of Life
The purpose of this study was to examine how ethnicity and leisure satisfaction affected people's happiness, peacefulness, and quality of life. A trilingual telephone survey of Chinese/Canadians (N = 261) and British/Canadians (N = 258) was conducted. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that sex had no significant effect on any regressors. Ethnicity significantly affected standard of living, achieving in life, and life as a whole. Overall…
The Meaning of Leisure for Chinese/Canadians
This study examined the meaning of leisure for Chinese/Canadians. Participants (N = 35) completed a diary seven times a day for 12 days when a randomly scheduled watch alarm rang. Participants indicated what activity they were doing, whether it was work, leisure, both, or neither, and their motivations for and needs fulfilled by the activity. Participants primarily engaged in passive leisure activities, researchers and participants often differed…
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese University Students' Leisure Motivations
This study examined the reliability and explanatory ability of a modified version of Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory as it applied to Canadian (n = 170) and Mainland Chinese (n = 229) university students' leisure motivations and determined whether these leisure motivations differed between the two cultural groups. An on-site questionnaire composed of seven motivational scales was developed. Alpha coefficients, confirmatory factor analys…
The Role of Self-Construal as an Intervening Variable between Culture and Leisure Constraints: A Comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese University Students
Building upon Walker, Jackson, and Deng's (2007) article on culture and constraints, this study explores how the self-construals of Canadian university students in Canada and Chinese students in Mainland China influence their perception of how intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints affect starting a new leisure activity. English and simplified Chinese language questionnaires, distributed onsite, resulted in useable data from 227…
The Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Facilitating Intrinsic Motivation during Leisure with a Close Friend
This study empirically tests Walker, Deng, and Dieser's (2005) proposition that ethnicity affects which factors most facilitate people's feelings of intrinsic motivation during leisure; and it extends their work by also examining the effect of gender on these facilitators. A trilingual telephone survey asked Chinese/Canadian (N = 298) and British/Canadian (N = 321) participants to identify a leisure activity they found interesting and enjoyable (…
Culture, Self-Construal, and Leisure Motivations
The purpose of this study is to examine Canadian and Mainland Chinese students' leisure by investigating the role self-construal plays as an intervening variable between culture and motivation. Separate hierarchical multiple regressions are performed on each motivation with culture entered first followed by a block composed of four types of self-construal: vertical collectivism (i.e., dutiful), horizontal collectivism (i.e., cooperative), horizon…
Psychology (51 works) · Social Psychology (47 works) · Social Psychology (46 works) · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (42 works) · Sociology (38 works) · Political science (32 works) · Geography (19 works) · Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports (18 works) · Social science (15 works) · Sport and Mega-Event Impacts (15 works)