Alan Ewert
Biographic Data
| ID | 5857564 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Alan Ewert |
| GIVEN NAMES | Alan |
| FAMILY NAME | Ewert |
| SIGNATURE | EWERT A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Indiana University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8126-0300 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 161 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 23 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Experienced and Inexperienced Staff: Exploring the Differences
Background: The outdoor industry has experienced a number of problematic issues, one of the most prominent being staffing concerns related to hiring, retention, and burnout. Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between the level of experience, gender, and age on the selected variables of resilience, coping skills, mental toughness, levels of anxiety, job positivity, and burnout. Methods: This study used an electronic self-report inst…
Exploring Mental Health Outcome Variables in Outdoor Adventure and Experiential Education
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many facets of outdoor adventure and experiential education (OAEE) programs. Using past literature, four variables represent important student outcome variables associated with OAEE programs. Purpose: This study examined the effects of participation in an OAEE program on levels of anxiety, depression, hope, and resilience. Methods: This study used online data collection software with a 30-item invento…
Outdoor Adventure and Experiential Education and Covid-19: What Have We Learned
Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) now known as COVID-19 changed the world and the outdoor adventure and experiential education (OAEE) fields were not immune. These changes significantly impacted various OAEE programs in multiple ways and at different levels of intensity. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the OAEE fields and identify how OAEE organ…
The Intersection of Natural Landscapes, Human Health, and Adventure Experiences: Linkages and Outcomes
Defined as nonmotorized activities and experiences usually done in a natural or nature-based environment that involve elements of challenge and either real or perceived risk, in which the outcome is uncertain but influenced by the skill and ability of the participant, outdoor adventure recreation (OAR) often involves specific types of mental states, emotions, cognitions, perceptions, motivations, and associated behaviors that often have connectio…
After the Plague: Revisiting Experiential and Adventure Education Outcome Variables After Covid-19
Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the way the world works and experiential and adventure education programs are no exception. These changes have significantly affected various outdoor adventure and experiential education (OAEE) programs and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. Purpose: To explore changes in outcome variables that may be appropriate for OAEE programs to consider, both during and after the pandemic. Methodo…
Testing the associations between climbers’ characteristics and motivations with various levels of self-determination
This study examined the association between rock climbers’ differences and SDT motivations. Past studies have investigated how the skills, experiences, and genders of individuals participating in adventure recreation link with their preferred motives in adventure recreation. Using SDT as the theoretical framework, motivation indicates the extent climbers internalized the values of rock climbing. 486 climbers with various skill and experience leve…
College Student Commitment and Outdoor Orientation Programming
Background: Increasingly colleges and universities are utilizing Outdoor Orientation Programs (OOPs) to help incoming students assimilate into college life. These programs have shown promise in recent analyses for enhancing desired outcomes with particular consideration shown to pro-social behavior and retention outcomes. Purpose: To examine how effective OOPs are in preparing students for a successful college student experience, particularly wit…
Understanding the motivations of serious leisure participation: A self-determination approach
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between serious leisure (SL) and quality of motivation, in line with self-determination theory (SDT). The SL perspective was used to describe rock climbers’ commitment, identity development, and rewards gained from their serious pursuits. SDT was used to examine how motivations with various level of self-determination facilitated or hindered SL. Identified motivation was positively associa…
The Body Doesn't Lie: Measuring Stress in Adventure Recreation Activities
This paper examines changes in levels of stress for individuals participating in a rappelling activity. Due to the inherent risk and physical nature of recreational activities such as mountaineering, rock climbing, and rappelling, it is often challenging to conduct research while participants are actually engaged in the activity. In this study, stress was measured by changes in cortisol within three different time frames (the day before the activ…
Beyond “Because It's There”: Motivations for Pursuing Adventure Recreational Activities
Since 2009, participation rates for adventure pursuits such as kayaking and climbing have increased over 25% (Outdoor Industry Foundation, 2011). This study investigated the reported motivations for participation in adventure recreation over a six-year period using the independent variables of gender, experience level, and activity type. The study consisted of 801 participants engaged in four different adventure activities (rock climbing, whitewa…
Socially desirable responding in an environmental context: Development of a domain specific scale
Numerous studies have pointed to a gap between the attitudes people express about the natural environment and their subsequent behaviors toward that environment. Variables identified within these studies include: how significant others view behaviors related to the attitudes; demographic variables such as sex, age or education; self‐perceived ability to do the attitude‐related behavior; attitude strength; and personal relevance of the attitude. T…
Leisure, Recreation, and Adventure: A multidimensional relationship
Early-Life Outdoor Experiences and an Individual's Environmental Attitudes
This study investigated the effects of early-life experiences on an individual's environmental beliefs. Data from a survey of 533 university undergraduate students from 20 areas of academic study were analyzed using sequential regression to determine the degree to which current environmental beliefs could be explained by early childhood experiences. Results showed that four of the seven independent variables (appreciative outdoor activities, cons…
Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience
In this study, we sought to identify the relationship between multiple setting and individual variables commonly associated with the adventure recreation experience, using a sample of white‐water boaters and rock climbers. Canonical correlation analyses generally supported a linear relationship between the two sets of attributes. Within both samples, the first canonical function supported the model, with individual attributes covarying in the sam…
Differences in the Level of Motive Importance Based on Trip Outcome, Experience Level and Group Type
This study investigated whether there are differences in the levels of motive importance based on trip success and group membership. Success was defined as reaching the summit of Mt. McKinley. Group type was categorized into guided, independent, or solo climbers. Data were analyzed on individual motives. In addition, a principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation generated five factors that were then used as an organizing framework …
The Wildland-Urban Interface: Introduction and Overview
(1993). The Wildland-Urban Interface: Introduction and Overview. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 1-5
Outdoor recreation and global climate change: Resource management implications for behaviors, planning, and management
Global climate change is of great concern for a substantial portion of the earth's population. A growing body of evidence suggests that global climate changes will affect future outdoor recreation opportunities and patterns of behavior. These changes will influence both the site and the user of the outdoor environment. This paper provides an overview of how global climate changes may affect outdoor recreation and potential strategies for dealing …
Wildland resource values: A struggle for balance
Testing the Adventure Model: Empirical Support for a Model of Risk Recreation Participation
The search for risk and danger in outdoor recreation activities is a phenomenon currently facing recreation managers. This study tested the validity of an adventure recreation model of participation. Using the level of engagement as the dependent variable, the model was effective in identifying the components of type of risk, level of risk, social orientation, locus of decision-making, frequency of participation, and preferred environment in the …
Reduction of trait anxiety through participation in outward bound
This study assesses the effect of participation in an outdoor recreation program (i.e., Outward Bound) on levels of trait anxiety. Two groups (treatment and nontreatment) were compared using a modified version of Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, an assessment was completed by the instructors of the selected Outward Bound courses to provide information on the changes in the levels of fear actually observed. Both the treatm…
The Identification and Modification of Situational Fears Associated with Outdoor Recreation
This study identified what types of situational fears were held by participants in Outward Bound. Levels of fear for each situation were measured for three time periods, baseline, immediately after the course and one year after the course ending. Scores from both students and course instructors were compared to determine levels of agreement. In addition, a MANOVA design used the variables of gender, age and length of course to identify any signif…
Leadership and Administration of Outdoor Pursuits. Phyllis Ford and James Blanchard
Leadership and Administration of Outdoor Pursuits. Phyllis Ford and James Blanchard." Journal of Leisure Research, 19(3), pp. 244–245
Why People Climb: The Relationship of Participant Motives and Experience Level to Mountaineering
This study utilized factor analytic techniques to identify six underlying motivational dimensions for participating in one type of outdoor adventure recreation activity—mountain climbing. Results indicated people climb mountains because of the challenge, catharsis, recognition, creative opportunities, locus of control, and for the physical setting. Further analysis revealed motivational differences between inexperienced and experienced climbers. …
Testing the Adventure Model: Empirical Support for a Model of Risk Recreation Participation
The search for risk and danger in outdoor recreation activities is a phenomenon currently facing recreation managers. This study tested the validity of an adventure recreation model of participation. Using the level of engagement as the dependent variable, the model was effective in identifying the components of type of risk, level of risk, social orientation, locus of decision-making, frequency of participation, and preferred environment in the …
Why People Climb: The Relationship of Participant Motives and Experience Level to Mountaineering
This study utilized factor analytic techniques to identify six underlying motivational dimensions for participating in one type of outdoor adventure recreation activity—mountain climbing. Results indicated people climb mountains because of the challenge, catharsis, recognition, creative opportunities, locus of control, and for the physical setting. Further analysis revealed motivational differences between inexperienced and experienced climbers. …
Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience
In this study, we sought to identify the relationship between multiple setting and individual variables commonly associated with the adventure recreation experience, using a sample of white‐water boaters and rock climbers. Canonical correlation analyses generally supported a linear relationship between the two sets of attributes. Within both samples, the first canonical function supported the model, with individual attributes covarying in the sam…
Understanding the motivations of serious leisure participation: A self-determination approach
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between serious leisure (SL) and quality of motivation, in line with self-determination theory (SDT). The SL perspective was used to describe rock climbers’ commitment, identity development, and rewards gained from their serious pursuits. SDT was used to examine how motivations with various level of self-determination facilitated or hindered SL. Identified motivation was positively associa…
Beyond “Because It's There”: Motivations for Pursuing Adventure Recreational Activities
Since 2009, participation rates for adventure pursuits such as kayaking and climbing have increased over 25% (Outdoor Industry Foundation, 2011). This study investigated the reported motivations for participation in adventure recreation over a six-year period using the independent variables of gender, experience level, and activity type. The study consisted of 801 participants engaged in four different adventure activities (rock climbing, whitewa…
Differences in the Level of Motive Importance Based on Trip Outcome, Experience Level and Group Type
This study investigated whether there are differences in the levels of motive importance based on trip success and group membership. Success was defined as reaching the summit of Mt. McKinley. Group type was categorized into guided, independent, or solo climbers. Data were analyzed on individual motives. In addition, a principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation generated five factors that were then used as an organizing framework …
Early-Life Outdoor Experiences and an Individual's Environmental Attitudes
This study investigated the effects of early-life experiences on an individual's environmental beliefs. Data from a survey of 533 university undergraduate students from 20 areas of academic study were analyzed using sequential regression to determine the degree to which current environmental beliefs could be explained by early childhood experiences. Results showed that four of the seven independent variables (appreciative outdoor activities, cons…
The Wildland-Urban Interface: Introduction and Overview
(1993). The Wildland-Urban Interface: Introduction and Overview. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 1-5
The Identification and Modification of Situational Fears Associated with Outdoor Recreation
This study identified what types of situational fears were held by participants in Outward Bound. Levels of fear for each situation were measured for three time periods, baseline, immediately after the course and one year after the course ending. Scores from both students and course instructors were compared to determine levels of agreement. In addition, a MANOVA design used the variables of gender, age and length of course to identify any signif…
Socially desirable responding in an environmental context: Development of a domain specific scale
Numerous studies have pointed to a gap between the attitudes people express about the natural environment and their subsequent behaviors toward that environment. Variables identified within these studies include: how significant others view behaviors related to the attitudes; demographic variables such as sex, age or education; self‐perceived ability to do the attitude‐related behavior; attitude strength; and personal relevance of the attitude. T…
Reduction of trait anxiety through participation in outward bound
This study assesses the effect of participation in an outdoor recreation program (i.e., Outward Bound) on levels of trait anxiety. Two groups (treatment and nontreatment) were compared using a modified version of Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, an assessment was completed by the instructors of the selected Outward Bound courses to provide information on the changes in the levels of fear actually observed. Both the treatm…
The Body Doesn't Lie: Measuring Stress in Adventure Recreation Activities
This paper examines changes in levels of stress for individuals participating in a rappelling activity. Due to the inherent risk and physical nature of recreational activities such as mountaineering, rock climbing, and rappelling, it is often challenging to conduct research while participants are actually engaged in the activity. In this study, stress was measured by changes in cortisol within three different time frames (the day before the activ…
Leisure, Recreation, and Adventure: A multidimensional relationship
Outdoor recreation and global climate change: Resource management implications for behaviors, planning, and management
Global climate change is of great concern for a substantial portion of the earth's population. A growing body of evidence suggests that global climate changes will affect future outdoor recreation opportunities and patterns of behavior. These changes will influence both the site and the user of the outdoor environment. This paper provides an overview of how global climate changes may affect outdoor recreation and potential strategies for dealing …
Why People Climb: The Relationship of Participant Motives and Experience Level to Mountaineering
This study utilized factor analytic techniques to identify six underlying motivational dimensions for participating in one type of outdoor adventure recreation activity—mountain climbing. Results indicated people climb mountains because of the challenge, catharsis, recognition, creative opportunities, locus of control, and for the physical setting. Further analysis revealed motivational differences between inexperienced and experienced climbers. …
Leadership and Administration of Outdoor Pursuits. Phyllis Ford and James Blanchard
Leadership and Administration of Outdoor Pursuits. Phyllis Ford and James Blanchard." Journal of Leisure Research, 19(3), pp. 244–245
Reduction of trait anxiety through participation in outward bound
This study assesses the effect of participation in an outdoor recreation program (i.e., Outward Bound) on levels of trait anxiety. Two groups (treatment and nontreatment) were compared using a modified version of Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, an assessment was completed by the instructors of the selected Outward Bound courses to provide information on the changes in the levels of fear actually observed. Both the treatm…
The Identification and Modification of Situational Fears Associated with Outdoor Recreation
This study identified what types of situational fears were held by participants in Outward Bound. Levels of fear for each situation were measured for three time periods, baseline, immediately after the course and one year after the course ending. Scores from both students and course instructors were compared to determine levels of agreement. In addition, a MANOVA design used the variables of gender, age and length of course to identify any signif…
Testing the Adventure Model: Empirical Support for a Model of Risk Recreation Participation
The search for risk and danger in outdoor recreation activities is a phenomenon currently facing recreation managers. This study tested the validity of an adventure recreation model of participation. Using the level of engagement as the dependent variable, the model was effective in identifying the components of type of risk, level of risk, social orientation, locus of decision-making, frequency of participation, and preferred environment in the …
Wildland resource values: A struggle for balance
Outdoor recreation and global climate change: Resource management implications for behaviors, planning, and management
Global climate change is of great concern for a substantial portion of the earth's population. A growing body of evidence suggests that global climate changes will affect future outdoor recreation opportunities and patterns of behavior. These changes will influence both the site and the user of the outdoor environment. This paper provides an overview of how global climate changes may affect outdoor recreation and potential strategies for dealing …
Differences in the Level of Motive Importance Based on Trip Outcome, Experience Level and Group Type
This study investigated whether there are differences in the levels of motive importance based on trip success and group membership. Success was defined as reaching the summit of Mt. McKinley. Group type was categorized into guided, independent, or solo climbers. Data were analyzed on individual motives. In addition, a principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation generated five factors that were then used as an organizing framework …
The Wildland-Urban Interface: Introduction and Overview
(1993). The Wildland-Urban Interface: Introduction and Overview. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 1-5
Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience
In this study, we sought to identify the relationship between multiple setting and individual variables commonly associated with the adventure recreation experience, using a sample of white‐water boaters and rock climbers. Canonical correlation analyses generally supported a linear relationship between the two sets of attributes. Within both samples, the first canonical function supported the model, with individual attributes covarying in the sam…
Early-Life Outdoor Experiences and an Individual's Environmental Attitudes
This study investigated the effects of early-life experiences on an individual's environmental beliefs. Data from a survey of 533 university undergraduate students from 20 areas of academic study were analyzed using sequential regression to determine the degree to which current environmental beliefs could be explained by early childhood experiences. Results showed that four of the seven independent variables (appreciative outdoor activities, cons…
Leisure, Recreation, and Adventure: A multidimensional relationship
Socially desirable responding in an environmental context: Development of a domain specific scale
Numerous studies have pointed to a gap between the attitudes people express about the natural environment and their subsequent behaviors toward that environment. Variables identified within these studies include: how significant others view behaviors related to the attitudes; demographic variables such as sex, age or education; self‐perceived ability to do the attitude‐related behavior; attitude strength; and personal relevance of the attitude. T…
Beyond “Because It's There”: Motivations for Pursuing Adventure Recreational Activities
Since 2009, participation rates for adventure pursuits such as kayaking and climbing have increased over 25% (Outdoor Industry Foundation, 2011). This study investigated the reported motivations for participation in adventure recreation over a six-year period using the independent variables of gender, experience level, and activity type. The study consisted of 801 participants engaged in four different adventure activities (rock climbing, whitewa…
The Body Doesn't Lie: Measuring Stress in Adventure Recreation Activities
This paper examines changes in levels of stress for individuals participating in a rappelling activity. Due to the inherent risk and physical nature of recreational activities such as mountaineering, rock climbing, and rappelling, it is often challenging to conduct research while participants are actually engaged in the activity. In this study, stress was measured by changes in cortisol within three different time frames (the day before the activ…
Understanding the motivations of serious leisure participation: A self-determination approach
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between serious leisure (SL) and quality of motivation, in line with self-determination theory (SDT). The SL perspective was used to describe rock climbers’ commitment, identity development, and rewards gained from their serious pursuits. SDT was used to examine how motivations with various level of self-determination facilitated or hindered SL. Identified motivation was positively associa…
Testing the associations between climbers’ characteristics and motivations with various levels of self-determination
This study examined the association between rock climbers’ differences and SDT motivations. Past studies have investigated how the skills, experiences, and genders of individuals participating in adventure recreation link with their preferred motives in adventure recreation. Using SDT as the theoretical framework, motivation indicates the extent climbers internalized the values of rock climbing. 486 climbers with various skill and experience leve…
College Student Commitment and Outdoor Orientation Programming
Background: Increasingly colleges and universities are utilizing Outdoor Orientation Programs (OOPs) to help incoming students assimilate into college life. These programs have shown promise in recent analyses for enhancing desired outcomes with particular consideration shown to pro-social behavior and retention outcomes. Purpose: To examine how effective OOPs are in preparing students for a successful college student experience, particularly wit…
After the Plague: Revisiting Experiential and Adventure Education Outcome Variables After Covid-19
Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the way the world works and experiential and adventure education programs are no exception. These changes have significantly affected various outdoor adventure and experiential education (OAEE) programs and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. Purpose: To explore changes in outcome variables that may be appropriate for OAEE programs to consider, both during and after the pandemic. Methodo…
Outdoor Adventure and Experiential Education and Covid-19: What Have We Learned
Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) now known as COVID-19 changed the world and the outdoor adventure and experiential education (OAEE) fields were not immune. These changes significantly impacted various OAEE programs in multiple ways and at different levels of intensity. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the OAEE fields and identify how OAEE organ…
The Intersection of Natural Landscapes, Human Health, and Adventure Experiences: Linkages and Outcomes
Defined as nonmotorized activities and experiences usually done in a natural or nature-based environment that involve elements of challenge and either real or perceived risk, in which the outcome is uncertain but influenced by the skill and ability of the participant, outdoor adventure recreation (OAR) often involves specific types of mental states, emotions, cognitions, perceptions, motivations, and associated behaviors that often have connectio…
Experienced and Inexperienced Staff: Exploring the Differences
Background: The outdoor industry has experienced a number of problematic issues, one of the most prominent being staffing concerns related to hiring, retention, and burnout. Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between the level of experience, gender, and age on the selected variables of resilience, coping skills, mental toughness, levels of anxiety, job positivity, and burnout. Methods: This study used an electronic self-report inst…
Exploring Mental Health Outcome Variables in Outdoor Adventure and Experiential Education
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many facets of outdoor adventure and experiential education (OAEE) programs. Using past literature, four variables represent important student outcome variables associated with OAEE programs. Purpose: This study examined the effects of participation in an OAEE program on levels of anxiety, depression, hope, and resilience. Methods: This study used online data collection software with a 30-item invento…
Psychology (21 works) · Social Psychology (17 works) · Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking (16 works) · Outdoor and Experiential Education (16 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (11 works) · Recreation (10 works) · Adventure (9 works) · Applied Psychology (9 works) · Applied Psychology (7 works)