Robert Ader
Biographic Data
| ID | 5862593 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert Ader |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert |
| FAMILY NAME | Ader |
| SIGNATURE | ADER R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Rochester |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 39 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1960 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
Conditioned Pharmacotherapeutic Effects
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesize that psoriasis patients treated under a partial schedule of pharmacologic (corticosteroid) reinforcement would show less severe symptoms and relapse than those given the same amount of drug under standard conditions. Behavioral conditioning as an inherent component of many pharmacotherapeutic protocols has never been examined. METHODS: A double-blind, simple randomization intervention was conducted with 46 patie…
The Authors Reply
Ader, Robert PhD; Mercurio, Mary Gail MD; Walton, James BS; James, Deborra RN; Davis, Michael PsyD; Ojha, Valerie RN; Kimball, Alexa Boer MD, MPH; Fiorentino, David MD, PhD Author Information
Psychosocial Factors and the Response to Influenza Vaccination in Older Adults
Objective: We examined the influence of psychological state (depression, negative affect, perceived stress) and social support on pre- and post-vaccination response to influenza vaccine. Methods: Venous blood was drawn from 37 nursing home residents before and following injection of the trivalent influenza vaccine (comprised of the New Caledonia (NC), Hong Kong (HK), and Panama (Pan) strains of flu). The Geriatric Depression Scale, Perceived Stre…
Heart Rate, Neuroendocrine, and Immunological Reactivity in Response to an Acute Laboratory Stressor
OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the present study was to identify neuroendocrine and immunological correlates of cardiovascular reactivity to an acute laboratory stressor. METHODS: Subjects were 56 healthy volunteers. Heart rate and blood pressure were assessed at regular intervals during a 30-minute adaptation period and a 6-minute videotaped speech task. Blood was drawn before and after the task and was assayed for natural killer cell activ…
Psychoneuroimmunology
OBJECTIVE: Psychoneuroimmunology, which investigates the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the immune system, has been greatly advanced by the use of animal models. The objective of this paper is to describe animal models of disease that can or might be utilized to elucidate neural-immune interactions that alter pathogenesis. METHODS: This paper reviews animal studies that have demonstrated a link among the brain,…
Stress and Cancer
George Libman Engel
From the Department of Psychiatry, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York. Address requests for reprints to: Dr. Robert Ader, Department of Psychiatry, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, NY 14620
Minutes of the 1980 Business Meeting
Psychosomatic and Psychoimmunologic Research1
Much of what I have to say, I have said before. As a matter of fact, much of what I have to say many of you have said before. I have been persuaded, however, that it bears repeating. WhiJe I am talking to you, I am really addressing my remarks to those who are not here; those who are not committed t
Animal Models in Psychiatry and Neurology
Conditioned Suppression of a Thymus-Independent Antibody Response
An illness-induced taste aversion was conditioned in mice by pairing cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug, with the consumption of saccharin, a novel drinking solution. Two weeks after conditioning, animals were injected with the hapten trinitrophenyl (TNP) coupled to the thymus-independent carrier, lipopolysaccharide. Serum antibodies to TNP were titered 6 days later by passive hemagglutination. Relative to control groups, conditioned ani…
Behaviorally Conditioned Immunosuppression
An illness-induced taste aversion was conditioned in rats by pairing saccharin with cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive agent. Three days after conditioning, all animals were injected with sheep erythrocytes. Hemagglutinating antibody titers measured 6 days after antigen administration were high in placebo-treated rats. High titers were also observed in nonconditioned animals and in conditioned animals that were nor subsequently exposed to sac…
Behaviorially Conditioned Immunosuppression
Protective Effect of Noxious Stimulation in Mice Infected with Rodent Malaria
Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York * Correspondence to this author at: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. 21201. Received for publication April 23, 1973; revision received June 1, 1973. This work was supported by U.S. Public Health Grants MH-16, 743, K3-MH-18, 542, and …
Differential Susceptibility to a Viral Agent in Mice Housed Alone or in Groups
In two strains of mice, individually housed animals were more susceptible to encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus than those housed in groups. Increasing the size of the group from 5 to 20 mice/cage did not further alter resistance. Attempts were made to delineate the physiologic mechanism(s) responsible for the differential susceptibility to EMC virus. Body weight and body temperature prior to injection did not differ in individually and group-house…
Effects of Early Experience and Differential Housing on Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions in Lesion-Susceptible Rats
A population of lesion-susceptible rats was derived from the mating of control females with males from a selectively bred strain of ulcer-susceptible animals. Litters of lesion-susceptible and control animals were randomly assigned to groups which were handled daily throughout the first or second 3 weeks of life or which remained undisturbed. Half of each subgroup was subsequently housed individually or in groups of 4-5/cage. Emotional reactivity…
Social Factors and Resistance to Malaria in the Mouse
Mortality rate of malaria-infected mice was related to number of animals per cage, population sizes ranging from 1 to 20. This was independent of age, sex, and number of animals per cage infected. Individually housed mice died as fast as grouped mice with room temperature at 82°F rather than 70°F. If housing conditions were reversed after infection, mortality was dependent primarily on postreversal conditions. This, combined with failure to discr…
Effects of Litter Size on Emotionality, Adrenocortical Reactivity, and Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions in the Rat
Rats reared in litters of 4 and 12 pups did not differ in emotional reactivity, but plasma corticosterone levels were higher in the animals reared in the larger litters. Under 6-hr. immobilization there were no differences in the incidence of gastric erosions, whereas under 18-hr. immobilization, the incidence of gastric erosions was greater in the animals reared in litters of 12. This was attributed to a decrease in susceptibiliry among the rats…
Effects of Prenatal Maternal Handling and Differential Housing on Offspring Emotionality, Plasma Corticosterone Levels, and Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions
Offspring of rats that were either unmanipulated or handled throughout pregnancy were fostered to unmanipulated females at birth and group-housed at weaning. Behavioral responses to a reaction-to-handling test indicated that prenatally stimulated animals were somewhat less emotional than controls. Also, there was an attenuated plasma corticosterone response to this test in the prenatally handled females. Among females, prenatally manipulated anim…
Is Retrieving a Measure of Maternal Behavior in the Rat
Lactating, pregnant and nonpregnant adult female, and adult male rats were exposed to a rat pup, a food pellet, and a plastic toy for 3 min. on 7 consecutive days. Lactating females were the most active retrievers and showed a marked preference for the pup. All other groups showed retrieving behavior but there was no preference for the pup relative to the inanimate objects. It is concluded that “maternal” behavior must be demonstrably oriented to…
Behavioral and Physiological Rhythms and the Development of Gastric Erosions in the Rat
Rats immobilized at the peak as compared to the trough in the 24-hr. activity cycle are more susceptible to gastric erosions. In a series of experiments designed to delineate some of the factors which may have contributed to this phenomenon, it was found that the 24-hr. rhythm in plasma corticosterone levels is not correlated with activity and is not related to the development of erosions under 6-hr. immobilization; plasma pepsinogen levels show …
Plasma Corticosterone Response to Parameters of Electric Shock Stimulation in the Rat
Rats were subjected to one of six intensities of electric shock administered for 30, 60, 120, or 240 sec., and then sacrificed immediately or 5, 15, or 60 min. later. Plasma corticosterone levels were determined and compared to values obtained from both unmanipulated controls and “handled” rats. It was found that merely placing the animals in the experimental cage increased corticosterone levels, and these levels were further elevated as shock in…
Emotional Reactivity and Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions
Contradictory results in the literature led to a re-analysis of previously collected data which failed to provide evidence for a relationship between behaviors in an open-field or a reaction-to-handling test and immobilization-produced gastric erosions
Frequency of Stimulation during Early Life and Subsequent Emotionality in the Rat
Between 1 to 10 and 22 to 32 days of age rats were subjected to 3 min. of handling or electric shock at frequencies of 0, 1⁄2, 1, 2, or 4 times daily. Frequency of stimulation exerted significant effects either independently or in interaction with the age at which the manipulation occurred. For animals manipulated during the first 10 days of life, the relationship between magnitude of stimulation and emotional reactivity was curvilinear; stimulat…
Social Factors Affecting Emotionality and Resistance to Disease in Animals
Seven litters of Sprague-Dawley rats were permanently separated from their mothers at 15 days of age. Five control litters were weaned at the usual time of 21 days. At 45 days animals were inoculated with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Mortality rate in the early-separated animals was significantly greater than that in the controls. These data increased the generality of the previously reported findings of an increased susceptibility to disease…
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Blood Pepsinogen and Gastric Erosions in the Rat
A series of studies investigated the relation between blood pepsinogen and gastric erosions in the rat. Initial observations indicated that 20 hours of immobilization plus food and water deprivation yielded a higher incidence of gastric erosions in Wistar than in Sprague-Dawley or Long-Evans animals. Apparently there were no differences in the behavior of immobilized animals later found to have gastric erosions as compared with those without demo…
On the Onset of Extinction in Avoidance Conditioning
On the Onset of Extinction in Avoidance Conditioning
Psychologists make frequent use of nominal definitions indicating their agreement concerning the use of a particular verbal symbol. many cases such definitions, while operational, are purely arbitrary. Insofar as such definitions are convenient, contribute to conciseness of expression, or represent some unknowable, they are justified. They are not, however, to be preferred to symbols capable of analysis in terms of observable events. The original…
Emotional Behavior in the Rat as a Function of Maternal Emotionality
Current interest in the effects of early experiences on behavior has prompted this note reporting differences in emotionality in rats as a function of differences in emotionality of their mothers. Method.-Ss were the 31 offspring from the litters of the three most emotional, and the 25 offspring from the litters of the three least emotional, of 11 Long-Evans primiparous females. These were control animals of a different smdy in which emotionality…
Emotional Behavior in the Rat as a Function of Maternal Emotionality
Plasma Pepsinogen Level in Rat and Man
Significant strain and sex differences in plasma pepsinogen level were found among rats. Also, the distribution of plasma pepsinogen levels determined for the rat was found to be similar to that reported for humans
Plasma Pepsinogen Level as a Predictor of Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions in the Rat
Having found that rats with gastric erosions had higher plasma pepsinogen levels than animals without erosions, the present research was designed to determine if plasma pepsinogen levels were predictive of erosion susceptibility. Using a design analogous to that employed with human subjects, it was found that basal plasma pepsinogen levels were predictive of susceptibility to immobilization-produced gastric erosions. The predictive relationship, …
Social Environment, Emotionality, and Alloxan Diabetes in the Rat
In addition to tests of emotionality, the hyperglycemic response to alloxan was measured in animals caged individually, in pairs, and in groups. Animals raised in groups were less emotional than animals reared individually, but the level of emotionality was not subsequently related to the degree of hyperglycemia produced by alloxan. Irrespective of the conditions under which they were reared, animals living in groups after receiving alloxan showe…
Effects of Social Environment on Mortality to Whole Body X-Irradiation in the Rat
Group- and individually-reared rats were exposed to 750 r of whole body x-irradiation and then subdivided into group- and individually-housed samples. There were no differential effects of housing on mortality rate among males. Among females there was an apparent interaction between the pre- and post-irradiation conditions of housing such that for the group-reared females there was a significantly greater mortality rate in the animals housed in g…
Dominance and Emotionality in the Rat and their Effects on Mortality to Whole-Body X-Irradiation
No relationship was found between emotionality and dominance behavior in rats caged in pairs, and neither of these behavioral characteristics was related to mortality following whole-body x-irradiation
Social Factors Affecting Emotionality and Resistance to Disease in Animals
Two experiments were conducted in which male, Sprague-Dawley rats were housed individually or in groups of 5 to 7 per cage from weaning until maturity. On the standard tests of emotionality there were large and consistent differences in emotional reactivity between the differentially reared groups. Also, systematic observation of reactions to handling showed significantly more startle, vocalization, and resistance to being picked up in the indivi…
Social Factors Affecting Emotionality and Resistance to Disease in Animals
Seven litters of Sprague-Dawley rats were permanently separated from their mothers at 15 days of age. Five control litters were weaned at the usual time of 21 days. At 45 days animals were inoculated with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Mortality rate in the early-separated animals was significantly greater than that in the controls. These data increased the generality of the previously reported findings of an increased susceptibility to disease…
Effects of Psychological Stress in Adult Mice Inoculated with Coxsackie B Viruses
In a series of experiments, adult mice subjected to environments previously found to produce differing degrees of stress were inoculated with Coxsackie B-2 virus. Neither “stress” nor the inoculation of Coxsackie virus, acting independently, was sufficient to cause manifest disease, but the combination of stress and the pathogenic agent resulted in a significant loss of body weight
Parameters Relevant to the Experimental Production of “Stress” in the Mouse
The interactions between an unconditioned noxious stimulus (electric shock) and a conditioned stimulus (light) were systematically investigated in mice, utilizing change in body weight as a quantitative manifestation of “stress.” Merely moving mice from standard laboratory cages to experimental cages resulted in a significant decrease in weight gain. Mice subjected to periodic shock preceded by a stimulus light lost a greater amount of weight dur…
Direction of aggression and adaptation to free operant avoidance conditioning
Frequency of Stimulation during Early Life and Subsequent Emotionality in the Rat
Between 1 to 10 and 22 to 32 days of age rats were subjected to 3 min. of handling or electric shock at frequencies of 0, 1⁄2, 1, 2, or 4 times daily. Frequency of stimulation exerted significant effects either independently or in interaction with the age at which the manipulation occurred. For animals manipulated during the first 10 days of life, the relationship between magnitude of stimulation and emotional reactivity was curvilinear; stimulat…
Behavioral and Physiological Rhythms and the Development of Gastric Erosions in the Rat
Rats immobilized at the peak as compared to the trough in the 24-hr. activity cycle are more susceptible to gastric erosions. In a series of experiments designed to delineate some of the factors which may have contributed to this phenomenon, it was found that the 24-hr. rhythm in plasma corticosterone levels is not correlated with activity and is not related to the development of erosions under 6-hr. immobilization; plasma pepsinogen levels show …
Plasma Corticosterone Response to Parameters of Electric Shock Stimulation in the Rat
Rats were subjected to one of six intensities of electric shock administered for 30, 60, 120, or 240 sec., and then sacrificed immediately or 5, 15, or 60 min. later. Plasma corticosterone levels were determined and compared to values obtained from both unmanipulated controls and “handled” rats. It was found that merely placing the animals in the experimental cage increased corticosterone levels, and these levels were further elevated as shock in…
Emotional Reactivity and Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions
Contradictory results in the literature led to a re-analysis of previously collected data which failed to provide evidence for a relationship between behaviors in an open-field or a reaction-to-handling test and immobilization-produced gastric erosions
Effects of Prenatal Maternal Handling and Differential Housing on Offspring Emotionality, Plasma Corticosterone Levels, and Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions
Offspring of rats that were either unmanipulated or handled throughout pregnancy were fostered to unmanipulated females at birth and group-housed at weaning. Behavioral responses to a reaction-to-handling test indicated that prenatally stimulated animals were somewhat less emotional than controls. Also, there was an attenuated plasma corticosterone response to this test in the prenatally handled females. Among females, prenatally manipulated anim…
Is Retrieving a Measure of Maternal Behavior in the Rat
Lactating, pregnant and nonpregnant adult female, and adult male rats were exposed to a rat pup, a food pellet, and a plastic toy for 3 min. on 7 consecutive days. Lactating females were the most active retrievers and showed a marked preference for the pup. All other groups showed retrieving behavior but there was no preference for the pup relative to the inanimate objects. It is concluded that “maternal” behavior must be demonstrably oriented to…
Social Factors and Resistance to Malaria in the Mouse
Mortality rate of malaria-infected mice was related to number of animals per cage, population sizes ranging from 1 to 20. This was independent of age, sex, and number of animals per cage infected. Individually housed mice died as fast as grouped mice with room temperature at 82°F rather than 70°F. If housing conditions were reversed after infection, mortality was dependent primarily on postreversal conditions. This, combined with failure to discr…
Effects of Litter Size on Emotionality, Adrenocortical Reactivity, and Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions in the Rat
Rats reared in litters of 4 and 12 pups did not differ in emotional reactivity, but plasma corticosterone levels were higher in the animals reared in the larger litters. Under 6-hr. immobilization there were no differences in the incidence of gastric erosions, whereas under 18-hr. immobilization, the incidence of gastric erosions was greater in the animals reared in litters of 12. This was attributed to a decrease in susceptibiliry among the rats…
Differential Susceptibility to a Viral Agent in Mice Housed Alone or in Groups
In two strains of mice, individually housed animals were more susceptible to encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus than those housed in groups. Increasing the size of the group from 5 to 20 mice/cage did not further alter resistance. Attempts were made to delineate the physiologic mechanism(s) responsible for the differential susceptibility to EMC virus. Body weight and body temperature prior to injection did not differ in individually and group-house…
Effects of Early Experience and Differential Housing on Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions in Lesion-Susceptible Rats
A population of lesion-susceptible rats was derived from the mating of control females with males from a selectively bred strain of ulcer-susceptible animals. Litters of lesion-susceptible and control animals were randomly assigned to groups which were handled daily throughout the first or second 3 weeks of life or which remained undisturbed. Half of each subgroup was subsequently housed individually or in groups of 4-5/cage. Emotional reactivity…
Psychology (27 works) · Medicine (26 works) · Biology (19 works) · Internal Medicine (17 works) · Internal Medicine (17 works) · Developmental psychology (13 works) · Endocrinology (12 works) · Endocrinology (12 works) · Stress Responses and Cortisol (11 works) · Emotionality (9 works)