Ludwig Bilz
Biographic Data
| ID | 6034384 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ludwig Bilz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ludwig |
| FAMILY NAME | Bilz |
| SIGNATURE | BILZ L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3017-0492 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 35 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 26 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2008 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Affective, cognitive, and normative correlates of bystander profiles in racist hate speech: Cross-level moderation of empathy by anti-hate speech norms
Background Hate speech in schools threatens inclusive classroom climates, positioning bystanders as central actors in either reinforcing or counteracting discriminatory interactions. While prior research has identified individual predictors of bystander behavior, less is known about how affective, cognitive, and normative processes across ecological levels jointly shape heterogeneous response patterns. Grounded in the Social Cognitive Theory, thi…
Lonely children and adolescents are less healthy and report less social support: A study on the effect of loneliness on mental health and the moderating role of social support
The findings highlight that loneliness is a prevalent phenomenon among children and adolescents and is strongly associated with mental health issues. Greater social support is linked to reduced loneliness and better mental health, so targeted interventions to promote social support in schools and families are needed to address loneliness. Future research should explore longitudinal relationships and further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the…
Associations between teachers’ beliefs and their perception of hate speech in school: A study in Germany and Switzerland
Hate speech is a global issue that is also prevalent among adolescents and requires an educational response. Teachers handle hate speech as part of their professional role. To date, we know little about their beliefs in relation to the early stages of their interventional actions, specifically to their perception of hate speech in school. Thus, this study examined associations between teachers’ social dominance orientation, their pluralist attitu…
Teachers’ intervention strategies for handling hate-speech incidents in schools
Despite ongoing global efforts to combat discrimination, hate speech is a growing problem in many countries. Hate speech is also widespread among young people and thus also affects schools. Because of the negative consequences of hate speech for the targeted individuals and for society in general, schools and teachers are generally encouraged to moderate hate speech. This binational study examines intervention strategies for hate speech in school…
Validation of the multidimensional bystander responses to racist hate speech scale and its association with empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents
Our understanding of how bystanders respond to hate speech is limited. This may be due, in part, to the lack of available measurement tools. However, understanding adolescents’ responses to hate speech is critical because this kind of research can support schools in empowering students to exhibit courageous moral behavior. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Multidimensional…
Direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration via empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents: A multilevel mediation model
Although it is known that social dominance orientation directly affects hate speech perpetration, few studies have explored the mechanisms by which this effect takes place during adolescence. Based on the socio‐cognitive theory of moral agency, we aimed to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration in offline and online settings. The sample included seve…
Individual and Contextual Correlates of Latent Bystander Profiles toward Racist Hate Speech: A Multilevel Person-centered Approach
Prior research into bystander responses to hate speech has utilized variable-centered analyses — such approaches risk simplifying the complex nature of bystander behaviors. Hence, the present study used a person-centered analysis to investigate latent hate speech bystander profiles. In addition, individual and classroom-level correlates associated with the various profiles were studied. The sample included 3225 students in grades 7–9 (51.7% self-…
Hate speech in adolescents: A binational study on prevalence and demographic differences
Hate speech, or intentional derogatory expressions about people based on assigned group characteristics, has been studied primarily in online contexts. Less is known about the occurrence of this phenomenon in schools. As it has negative consequences for victims, perpetrators, and those who witness it, it is crucial to characterize the occurrence of offline (i.e., in the school) and online hate speech to describe similarities and differences betwe…
Eine Einschätzung, die in Sekunden passieren muss“. Eine qualitative Studie zu Gründen für ausbleibende Interventionen durch das pädagogische Schulpersonal bei Hatespeech unter Schüler: Innen
Die vorliegende Studie ermittelt erstmals Gründe für ausbleibende Interventionen durch pädagogische Fachkräfte bei Hatespeech-Vorfällen in der Schule anhand des Entscheidungsmodells für Hilfeverhalten, das einen fünfstufigen, kognitiven Abwägungsprozess beschreibt, der einer möglichen Intervention vorausgeht. Ausgewertet wurden 46 episodische Interviews mit Schüler:innen ( n = 21), Lehrkräften ( n = 16) und anderem pädagogischem Schulpersonal ( n…
The relation of classroom climate to adolescents' countering hate speech via social skills: A positive youth development perspective
INTRODUCTION: Hate speech is a current challenge for schools around the globe. At the same time, students worldwide stand up to hate speech by countering it. Guided by a positive youth development perspective, the present study investigated the direct and indirect associations between classroom climate (environmental assets), social skills (personal assets), and countering hate speech (as a proxy of thriving) among adolescents. METHODS: The sampl…
A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena
Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included,…
Racist Hate Speech at School and its Association with Bystanders’ Active Defending – The Protective Role of Immigrant Background
There are scarce studies on bystanders’ responses to racist hate speech. The present study was rooted in the general aggression model to examine the direct and indirect associations between witnessing racist hate speech and bystanders’ active defending behaviors. Moreover, we examined if these associations varied as a function of the immigration background of bystanders. The sample included 3,225 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th graders (51.7% girls, 37.2%…
The Online Hate Speech Cycle of Violence: Moderating Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy in the Victim-to-Perpetrator Relationship
Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh…
Adolescents’ motivations to perpetrate hate speech and links with social norms
Hate speech has become a widespread phenomenon, however, it remains largely unclear why adolescents engage in it and which factors are associated with their motivations for perpetrating hate speech. To this end, we developed the multidimensional “Motivations for Hate Speech Perpetration Scale” (MHATE) and evaluated the psychometric properties. We also explored the associations between social norms and adolescents’ motivations for hate speech perp…
Dann machen halt alle mit.“ Eine qualitative Studie zu Beweggründen und Motiven für Hatespeech unter Schüler*innen
Das Thema Hatespeech rückt immer mehr in den Fokus der Öffentlichkeit und der Forschung. Im Gegensatz zu Hatespeech im Internet wird jedoch Hatespeech unter Jugendlichen, die von Angesicht zu Angesicht im Schulkontext ausgeübt wird, kaum beachtet. Hier setzt die vorliegende Studie an, in der Schüler*innen (n = 55), Lehrkräfte (n = 18) und Sozialpädagog*innen (n =16) auf der Basis leitfadengestützter Interviews dazu befragt wurden, was mögliche Be…
Two aspects of health literacy and their importance for the use of health-promotion measures by teachers in the school setting
Purpose Teachers are exposed to many stressors. Compared to other occupational groups, they are more frequently affected by psychosomatic complaints. In recent decades, numerous prevention and intervention measures for promoting health have been developed and implemented for this target group. However, it remains unclear how the uptake of health-promotion measures (HPMs) by teachers can be increased in order to prevent stress-related disorders. T…
Hate Speech als Schulproblem?: Erziehungswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf ein aktuelles Phänomen
Associations among Adolescents’ Relationships with Parents, Peers, and Teachers, Self-Efficacy, and Willingness to Intervene in Bullying: A Social Cognitive Approach
We applied the Social Cognitive Theory to investigate whether parent-child relationships, bullying victimization, and teacher-student relationships are directly as well as indirectly via self-efficacy in social conflicts associated with adolescents' willingness to intervene in a bullying incident. There were 2071 (51.3% male) adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 from 24 schools in Germany who participated in this study. A mediation test usin…
Class-Level School Performance and Life Satisfaction: Differential Sensitivity for Low- and High-Performing School-Aged Children
This study investigates whether class-level school performance affects students' life satisfaction and if there are differential effects for high- and low-performing students. Data were derived from the National Educational Panel Study, including n = 5196 students (49.6% girls), nested in 478 classes and 250 secondary schools. School performance in class was measured by aggregating individual grade point average in Mathematics and German. The stu…
Students’ Willingness to Intervene in Bullying: Direct and Indirect Associations with Classroom Cohesion and Self-Efficacy
Although school climate and self-efficacy have received some attention in the literature, as correlates of students' willingness to intervene in bullying, to date, very little is known about the potential mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between classroom climate and students' willingness to intervene in bullying. To this end, the present study analyzes whether the relationship between classroom cohesion (as one facet of classr…
Is being a “small fish in a big pond” bad for students ́ psychosomatic health? A multilevel study on the role of class-level school performance
This study revealed that class composition in terms of PSP was differentially associated with students ́ psychosomatic complaints, depending on their individual PSP. Findings highlight the vulnerability of students with poor PSP placed in classes with a higher percentage of students with good PSP. Results of this study therefore indicate a need for initiatives for low performing students from teachers and school staff in class
Bullying Intervention in Schools: A Multilevel Analysis of Teachers’ Success in Handling Bullying From the Students’ Perspective
To date, little has been known about teachers’ success in bullying interventions. Thus, the present study analyzes how successfully teachers intervene in real bullying situations, based on an analysis of 1,996 reports by German students aged between 12 and 15 (49.2% female) from 24 schools. Predictors of success included intervention strategy (authoritarian-punitive, supportive-individual, supportive-cooperative intervention), bullying form (phys…
Do Emotional Components of Alexithymia Mediate the Interplay between Cyberbullying Victimization and Perpetration
A substantial amount of research has revealed that cyberbully-victims have more emotional and behavioral problems than either cyberbullying victims or perpetrators. However, until now, little research has been conducted into the factors that contribute to the interplay between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cyberbullying victimization, perpetration, and two emotional…
Schule und psychische Gesundheit
Hintergrund: Obwohl die Schule den Rahmen fur die Bewaltigung zentraler Entwicklungsaufgaben des Jugendalters bildet, beschaftigt sich die Forschung fast ausschlieslich mit dem Stellenwert der Schule fur die kognitive Entwicklung. Nur wenige Studien haben den Einfluss des schulischen Umfelds auf internalisierende psychische Auffalligkeiten von Schulerinnen und Schulern im Jugendalter untersucht. Insbesondere zu den Wirkmechanismen dieses Zusammen…
Schule und psychische Gesundheit: Risikobedingungen für emotionale Auffälligkeiten von Schülerinnen und Schülern
Bullying Intervention in Schools: A Multilevel Analysis of Teachers’ Success in Handling Bullying From the Students’ Perspective
To date, little has been known about teachers’ success in bullying interventions. Thus, the present study analyzes how successfully teachers intervene in real bullying situations, based on an analysis of 1,996 reports by German students aged between 12 and 15 (49.2% female) from 24 schools. Predictors of success included intervention strategy (authoritarian-punitive, supportive-individual, supportive-cooperative intervention), bullying form (phys…
Adolescents’ motivations to perpetrate hate speech and links with social norms
Hate speech has become a widespread phenomenon, however, it remains largely unclear why adolescents engage in it and which factors are associated with their motivations for perpetrating hate speech. To this end, we developed the multidimensional “Motivations for Hate Speech Perpetration Scale” (MHATE) and evaluated the psychometric properties. We also explored the associations between social norms and adolescents’ motivations for hate speech perp…
Direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration via empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents: A multilevel mediation model
Although it is known that social dominance orientation directly affects hate speech perpetration, few studies have explored the mechanisms by which this effect takes place during adolescence. Based on the socio‐cognitive theory of moral agency, we aimed to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration in offline and online settings. The sample included seve…
Validation of the multidimensional bystander responses to racist hate speech scale and its association with empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents
Our understanding of how bystanders respond to hate speech is limited. This may be due, in part, to the lack of available measurement tools. However, understanding adolescents’ responses to hate speech is critical because this kind of research can support schools in empowering students to exhibit courageous moral behavior. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Multidimensional…
Schule und psychische Gesundheit
Hintergrund: Obwohl die Schule den Rahmen fur die Bewaltigung zentraler Entwicklungsaufgaben des Jugendalters bildet, beschaftigt sich die Forschung fast ausschlieslich mit dem Stellenwert der Schule fur die kognitive Entwicklung. Nur wenige Studien haben den Einfluss des schulischen Umfelds auf internalisierende psychische Auffalligkeiten von Schulerinnen und Schulern im Jugendalter untersucht. Insbesondere zu den Wirkmechanismen dieses Zusammen…
Schule und psychische Gesundheit: Risikobedingungen für emotionale Auffälligkeiten von Schülerinnen und Schülern
Schule und Psychische Gesundheit: Risikobedingungen Für Emotionale Auffälligkeiten Von Schülerinnen und Schülern
Do Emotional Components of Alexithymia Mediate the Interplay between Cyberbullying Victimization and Perpetration
A substantial amount of research has revealed that cyberbully-victims have more emotional and behavioral problems than either cyberbullying victims or perpetrators. However, until now, little research has been conducted into the factors that contribute to the interplay between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cyberbullying victimization, perpetration, and two emotional…
Class-Level School Performance and Life Satisfaction: Differential Sensitivity for Low- and High-Performing School-Aged Children
This study investigates whether class-level school performance affects students' life satisfaction and if there are differential effects for high- and low-performing students. Data were derived from the National Educational Panel Study, including n = 5196 students (49.6% girls), nested in 478 classes and 250 secondary schools. School performance in class was measured by aggregating individual grade point average in Mathematics and German. The stu…
Students’ Willingness to Intervene in Bullying: Direct and Indirect Associations with Classroom Cohesion and Self-Efficacy
Although school climate and self-efficacy have received some attention in the literature, as correlates of students' willingness to intervene in bullying, to date, very little is known about the potential mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between classroom climate and students' willingness to intervene in bullying. To this end, the present study analyzes whether the relationship between classroom cohesion (as one facet of classr…
Is being a “small fish in a big pond” bad for students ́ psychosomatic health? A multilevel study on the role of class-level school performance
This study revealed that class composition in terms of PSP was differentially associated with students ́ psychosomatic complaints, depending on their individual PSP. Findings highlight the vulnerability of students with poor PSP placed in classes with a higher percentage of students with good PSP. Results of this study therefore indicate a need for initiatives for low performing students from teachers and school staff in class
Bullying Intervention in Schools: A Multilevel Analysis of Teachers’ Success in Handling Bullying From the Students’ Perspective
To date, little has been known about teachers’ success in bullying interventions. Thus, the present study analyzes how successfully teachers intervene in real bullying situations, based on an analysis of 1,996 reports by German students aged between 12 and 15 (49.2% female) from 24 schools. Predictors of success included intervention strategy (authoritarian-punitive, supportive-individual, supportive-cooperative intervention), bullying form (phys…
Hate Speech als Schulproblem?: Erziehungswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf ein aktuelles Phänomen
Associations among Adolescents’ Relationships with Parents, Peers, and Teachers, Self-Efficacy, and Willingness to Intervene in Bullying: A Social Cognitive Approach
We applied the Social Cognitive Theory to investigate whether parent-child relationships, bullying victimization, and teacher-student relationships are directly as well as indirectly via self-efficacy in social conflicts associated with adolescents' willingness to intervene in a bullying incident. There were 2071 (51.3% male) adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 from 24 schools in Germany who participated in this study. A mediation test usin…
Dann machen halt alle mit.“ Eine qualitative Studie zu Beweggründen und Motiven für Hatespeech unter Schüler*innen
Das Thema Hatespeech rückt immer mehr in den Fokus der Öffentlichkeit und der Forschung. Im Gegensatz zu Hatespeech im Internet wird jedoch Hatespeech unter Jugendlichen, die von Angesicht zu Angesicht im Schulkontext ausgeübt wird, kaum beachtet. Hier setzt die vorliegende Studie an, in der Schüler*innen (n = 55), Lehrkräfte (n = 18) und Sozialpädagog*innen (n =16) auf der Basis leitfadengestützter Interviews dazu befragt wurden, was mögliche Be…
Two aspects of health literacy and their importance for the use of health-promotion measures by teachers in the school setting
Purpose Teachers are exposed to many stressors. Compared to other occupational groups, they are more frequently affected by psychosomatic complaints. In recent decades, numerous prevention and intervention measures for promoting health have been developed and implemented for this target group. However, it remains unclear how the uptake of health-promotion measures (HPMs) by teachers can be increased in order to prevent stress-related disorders. T…
The Online Hate Speech Cycle of Violence: Moderating Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy in the Victim-to-Perpetrator Relationship
Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh…
Adolescents’ motivations to perpetrate hate speech and links with social norms
Hate speech has become a widespread phenomenon, however, it remains largely unclear why adolescents engage in it and which factors are associated with their motivations for perpetrating hate speech. To this end, we developed the multidimensional “Motivations for Hate Speech Perpetration Scale” (MHATE) and evaluated the psychometric properties. We also explored the associations between social norms and adolescents’ motivations for hate speech perp…
Hate speech in adolescents: A binational study on prevalence and demographic differences
Hate speech, or intentional derogatory expressions about people based on assigned group characteristics, has been studied primarily in online contexts. Less is known about the occurrence of this phenomenon in schools. As it has negative consequences for victims, perpetrators, and those who witness it, it is crucial to characterize the occurrence of offline (i.e., in the school) and online hate speech to describe similarities and differences betwe…
Eine Einschätzung, die in Sekunden passieren muss“. Eine qualitative Studie zu Gründen für ausbleibende Interventionen durch das pädagogische Schulpersonal bei Hatespeech unter Schüler: Innen
Die vorliegende Studie ermittelt erstmals Gründe für ausbleibende Interventionen durch pädagogische Fachkräfte bei Hatespeech-Vorfällen in der Schule anhand des Entscheidungsmodells für Hilfeverhalten, das einen fünfstufigen, kognitiven Abwägungsprozess beschreibt, der einer möglichen Intervention vorausgeht. Ausgewertet wurden 46 episodische Interviews mit Schüler:innen ( n = 21), Lehrkräften ( n = 16) und anderem pädagogischem Schulpersonal ( n…
The relation of classroom climate to adolescents' countering hate speech via social skills: A positive youth development perspective
INTRODUCTION: Hate speech is a current challenge for schools around the globe. At the same time, students worldwide stand up to hate speech by countering it. Guided by a positive youth development perspective, the present study investigated the direct and indirect associations between classroom climate (environmental assets), social skills (personal assets), and countering hate speech (as a proxy of thriving) among adolescents. METHODS: The sampl…
A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena
Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included,…
Racist Hate Speech at School and its Association with Bystanders’ Active Defending – The Protective Role of Immigrant Background
There are scarce studies on bystanders’ responses to racist hate speech. The present study was rooted in the general aggression model to examine the direct and indirect associations between witnessing racist hate speech and bystanders’ active defending behaviors. Moreover, we examined if these associations varied as a function of the immigration background of bystanders. The sample included 3,225 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th graders (51.7% girls, 37.2%…
Associations between teachers’ beliefs and their perception of hate speech in school: A study in Germany and Switzerland
Hate speech is a global issue that is also prevalent among adolescents and requires an educational response. Teachers handle hate speech as part of their professional role. To date, we know little about their beliefs in relation to the early stages of their interventional actions, specifically to their perception of hate speech in school. Thus, this study examined associations between teachers’ social dominance orientation, their pluralist attitu…
Teachers’ intervention strategies for handling hate-speech incidents in schools
Despite ongoing global efforts to combat discrimination, hate speech is a growing problem in many countries. Hate speech is also widespread among young people and thus also affects schools. Because of the negative consequences of hate speech for the targeted individuals and for society in general, schools and teachers are generally encouraged to moderate hate speech. This binational study examines intervention strategies for hate speech in school…
Validation of the multidimensional bystander responses to racist hate speech scale and its association with empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents
Our understanding of how bystanders respond to hate speech is limited. This may be due, in part, to the lack of available measurement tools. However, understanding adolescents’ responses to hate speech is critical because this kind of research can support schools in empowering students to exhibit courageous moral behavior. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Multidimensional…
Direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration via empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents: A multilevel mediation model
Although it is known that social dominance orientation directly affects hate speech perpetration, few studies have explored the mechanisms by which this effect takes place during adolescence. Based on the socio‐cognitive theory of moral agency, we aimed to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration in offline and online settings. The sample included seve…
Individual and Contextual Correlates of Latent Bystander Profiles toward Racist Hate Speech: A Multilevel Person-centered Approach
Prior research into bystander responses to hate speech has utilized variable-centered analyses — such approaches risk simplifying the complex nature of bystander behaviors. Hence, the present study used a person-centered analysis to investigate latent hate speech bystander profiles. In addition, individual and classroom-level correlates associated with the various profiles were studied. The sample included 3225 students in grades 7–9 (51.7% self-…
Lonely children and adolescents are less healthy and report less social support: A study on the effect of loneliness on mental health and the moderating role of social support
The findings highlight that loneliness is a prevalent phenomenon among children and adolescents and is strongly associated with mental health issues. Greater social support is linked to reduced loneliness and better mental health, so targeted interventions to promote social support in schools and families are needed to address loneliness. Future research should explore longitudinal relationships and further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the…
Psychology (18 works) · Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression (17 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection (14 works) · Medicine (13 works) · Developmental psychology (11 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Poison control (8 works) · Political science (7 works) · Clinical Psychology (5 works)