Manfred Schmitt
Biographic Data
| ID | 630886 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Manfred Schmitt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Manfred |
| FAMILY NAME | Schmitt |
| SIGNATURE | SCHMITT M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Koblenz and Landau |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9978-8357 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 54 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 284 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 52 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
The Person, the Situation, and Their Interaction in Justice Behavior
Investigating Differential Item Functioning of the Simplified Beck Depression Inventory Using Partial Credit Tree Model
Interests and personality matter in the choice of teacher education program
In this paper, we examined whether it is possible to predict German teacher students’ study specialization (i.e., type of school) from data on their personality (in terms of the Big Five) and vocational interests (in terms of the RIASEC model) using multinomial logistic regression. Gender and intelligence were included as control variables. Two studies are reported. The first study ( N = 1,145 teacher students) took place at a German university, …
Examining the congruence hypothesis in vocational interest research: The case of teacher students
According to the congruence hypothesis, job and study satisfaction will be higher when individual interests and the respective environment (both conceptualised according to Holland’s RIASEC model) are congruent. As our target group were teacher students, all participants who did not intend to become a teacher or did not meet other inclusion criteria (e.g., no missing data on relevant variables) were removed from the sample, resulting in a final s…
Experimental and Longitudinal Investigations of the Causal Relationship Between Belief in a Just World and Subjective Well-Being
Exploring the psychological antecedents of private and public sphere behaviours to reduce household plastic consumption
In the last few years, plastic has become an issue of current interest as tremendous ecological effects from plastic littering have become visible. Taking the role of consumers into account, activities comprising purchasing decisions and political engagement are expected to help prevent plastic pollution. The goal of this study was to examine antecedents of three potential plastic reduction activities: purchasing, activism, and policy support. Ba…
Implicit and explicit populist and anti-immigrant attitudes and their explanatory power for populist radical-right party support
Based on the assumption that disclosing explicit populist radical-right (PRR) attitudes and voting intentions for PRR parties may be inhibited by a social desirability bias, this paper aims at developing a measure for implicit populist attitudes (IAT) and at assessing its explanatory power for the prediction of PRR party support. Using data from a German online survey ( N = 898), the populism-IAT is tested against corresponding direct measures of…
The Interplay Between Explicit and Implicit Right‐Wing Populism in Germany and Switzerland
We conceptualize and measure right‐wing populism (RWP) as a three‐dimensional concept, explicitly and implicitly, based on online surveys and implicit association tests (IATs) in Germany and Switzerland. Confirmatory factor analyses show that explicit populism, nativism, and authoritarianism establish the latent RWP‐construct and that they are each related to their respective implicit counterpart. However, RWP ideology does not exist as an equall…
A school rampage threatens beliefs in justice: A longitudinal study of the belief in a just world among Chinese adolescents
INTRODUCTION: The current study examined whether and how severe injustice such as a school attack threatens the belief in a just world (BJW). METHOD: We collected longitudinal data on the BJW from adolescents in China who witnessed random school attacks on the news (N = 227). RESULTS: Change analyses provided evidence that the BJW increased after witnessing severe injustice. Furthermore, we tested for moderating effects of buffer variables, such …
A Multilab Replication of the Ego Depletion Effect
There is an active debate regarding whether the ego depletion effect is real. A recent preregistered experiment with the Stroop task as the depleting task and the antisaccade task as the outcome task found a medium-level effect size. In the current research, we conducted a preregistered multilab replication of that experiment. Data from 12 labs across the globe ( N = 1,775) revealed a small and significant ego depletion effect, d = 0.10. After ex…
Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Chinese and German Elementary School Children in Relation to Different Physical Activity Settings
(1) Background: Children with greater physical activity (PA) may show a higher physical fitness (PF) and motor competence (MC) compared to peers with less PA. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), PF, and MC in 8- to 9-year old children in Germany and China. MVPA was differentiated into five PA settings: family sport, club training, school sport, leisure sport, and outside…
A Cross-Cultural Study of Justice Sensitivity and Its Consequences for Cooperation
In Western samples, individuals differ systematically in the importance they assign to matters of justice and injustice, and dispositional Justice Sensitivity can be differentiated according to the perspectives of victim, observer, beneficiary, and perpetrator. In a cross-cultural comparison between the Philippines, Germany, and Australia ( N = 677 students), we investigated whether Justice Sensitivity can be equivalently described by these four …
Integrating Personality Structure, Personality Process, and Personality Development
In this target article, we argue that personality processes, personality structure, and personality development have to be understood and investigated in integrated ways in order to provide comprehensive responses to the key questions of personality psychology. The psychological processes and mechanisms that explain concrete behaviour in concrete situations should provide explanation for patterns of variation across situations and individuals, fo…
Threat or challenge? Teacher beliefs about gifted students and their relationship to teacher motivation
This study investigated the relationship between teachers’ beliefs about gifted students’ characteristics compared to students with average-ability and the teachers’ motivation (i.e., enthusiasm, self-efficacy). We investigated pre-service teachers’ beliefs and motivational orientations as substantial components of their professional competencies and aimed to make an empirical contribution to the discussion on the professionalization of teachers …
Effects of injustice in primary schools on students’ behavior and joy of learning
It's All About Something We Call Wasta: A Motivated Moralization Approach to Favoritism in the Jordanian Workplace
Handbook of Social Justice Theory and Research
Injustice in School and Students' Emotions, Well-Being, and Behavior: A Longitudinal study
Anger as driving factor of moral courage in comparison with guilt and global mood: A multimethod approach
Although moral courage is a highly desirable behavior whose determinants need to be understood, research has largely neglected the emotions involved in moral courage. Does anger about the norm violation or (anticipated) guilt enhance such interventions even if general mood does not? As previous studies have often failed to overcome the limitations of self‐reported emotions and the use of behavior intention measures, we used a multimethod emotion …
Self-esteem development across the life span: A longitudinal study with a large sample from Germany
The authors examined the development of self-esteem across the life span. Data came from a German longitudinal study with 3 assessments across 4 years of a sample of 2,509 individuals ages 14 to 89 years. The self-esteem measure used showed strong measurement invariance across assessments and birth cohorts. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that self-esteem follows a quadratic trajectory across the life span, increasing during adolescence, y…
Measuring Traits and States in Public Opinion Research: A Latent State–Trait Analysis of Political Efficacy
Journal Article Measuring Traits and States in Public Opinion Research: A Latent State–Trait Analysis of Political Efficacy Get access Frank M. Schneider, Frank M. Schneider 1Department of Communication Psychology and Media Education, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany and 2Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Frank M. Schneider is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Mannheim, Germany. His research interes…
Examining Self-Advantage in the Suffering of Others: Cross-Cultural Differences in Beneficiary and Observer Justice Sensitivity Among Chinese, Germans, and Russians
Recommendations for Increasing Replicability in Psychology
Replicability of findings is at the heart of any empirical science. The aim of this article is to move the current replicability debate in psychology towards concrete recommendations for improvement. We focus on research practices but also offer guidelines for reviewers, editors, journal management, teachers, granting institutions, and university promotion committees, highlighting some of the emerging and existing practical solutions that can fac…
Done in 60 s? Inferring teachers’ subjective well-being from thin slices of nonverbal behavior
Resilience predicts well-being in teachers, but not in non-teaching employees
Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: Toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes
In the present research, the authors investigated how individual differences in working memory capacity moderate the relative influence of automatic versus controlled precursors on self-regulatory behavior. In 2 studies, on sexual interest behavior (Study 1) and the consumption of tempting food (Study 2), automatic attitudes toward the temptation of interest had a stronger influence on behavior for individuals who scored low rather than high in w…
The Justice Sensitivity Inventory: Factorial Validity, Location in the Personality Facet Space, Demographic Pattern, and Normative Data
Dispositional Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice
Asymmetrical Effects of Justice Sensitivity Perspectives on Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
What gives victims satisfaction when they seek revenge
The present paper aims to elucidate under what conditions victims of injustice who seek revenge feel satisfied and perceive that everybody got what he or she deserved. Two hypotheses are discussed: The comparative suffering hypothesis states that seeing the offender suffer from fate is sufficient for evoking satisfaction and perceptions of deservingness among victims. The understanding hypothesis states that revenge can only be satisfactory when …
Sensitivity to befallen injustice and reactions to unfair treatment in a laboratory situation
Self-esteem development across the life span: A longitudinal study with a large sample from Germany
The authors examined the development of self-esteem across the life span. Data came from a German longitudinal study with 3 assessments across 4 years of a sample of 2,509 individuals ages 14 to 89 years. The self-esteem measure used showed strong measurement invariance across assessments and birth cohorts. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that self-esteem follows a quadratic trajectory across the life span, increasing during adolescence, y…
More on Ultimate and Immanent Justice: "Results from the Research Project "Justice as a Problem within Reunified Germany
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes and Interracial Interaction: The Moderating Role of Situationally Available Control Resources
The present research examined whether implicit and explicit racial attitudes predict interracial interaction behavior differently as a function of situationally available control resources. Specifically, we investigated how implicit attitudes (Implicit Association Test) and explicit attitudes (Blatant/Subtle prejudice) were related to interracial interaction behaviors of Italians toward an African interviewer (Study 1) and of Germans toward a Tur…
Stereotypic ingroup bias as self‐defense against relative deprivation: Evidence from a longitudinal study of the German unification process
In a longitudinal questionnaire field study on psychological consequences of German unification, the intergroup situation between East and West Germans was investigated. Data were collected in 1996 and 1998. The sample consisted of 585 East Germans and 387 West Germans who had never lived in the other part of Germany. It was assumed that East Germans' social identity is threatened due to their fraternal deprivation in comparison with West Germans…
Sensitivity to befallen injustice and reactions to a real-life disadvantage
Measuring Traits and States in Public Opinion Research: A Latent State–Trait Analysis of Political Efficacy
Journal Article Measuring Traits and States in Public Opinion Research: A Latent State–Trait Analysis of Political Efficacy Get access Frank M. Schneider, Frank M. Schneider 1Department of Communication Psychology and Media Education, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany and 2Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Frank M. Schneider is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Mannheim, Germany. His research interes…
Gender, Ethnicity, and Education as Privileges: Exploring the Generalizability of the Existential Guilt Reaction
Implicit and explicit populist and anti-immigrant attitudes and their explanatory power for populist radical-right party support
Based on the assumption that disclosing explicit populist radical-right (PRR) attitudes and voting intentions for PRR parties may be inhibited by a social desirability bias, this paper aims at developing a measure for implicit populist attitudes (IAT) and at assessing its explanatory power for the prediction of PRR party support. Using data from a German online survey ( N = 898), the populism-IAT is tested against corresponding direct measures of…
Resilience predicts well-being in teachers, but not in non-teaching employees
The Interplay Between Explicit and Implicit Right‐Wing Populism in Germany and Switzerland
We conceptualize and measure right‐wing populism (RWP) as a three‐dimensional concept, explicitly and implicitly, based on online surveys and implicit association tests (IATs) in Germany and Switzerland. Confirmatory factor analyses show that explicit populism, nativism, and authoritarianism establish the latent RWP‐construct and that they are each related to their respective implicit counterpart. However, RWP ideology does not exist as an equall…
Injustice in School and Students' Emotions, Well-Being, and Behavior: A Longitudinal study
Tearing down the ‘Wall in the head’? Culture contact between Germans
Exploring the Structure of Positive and Negative Justice Judgments
Anger as driving factor of moral courage in comparison with guilt and global mood: A multimethod approach
Although moral courage is a highly desirable behavior whose determinants need to be understood, research has largely neglected the emotions involved in moral courage. Does anger about the norm violation or (anticipated) guilt enhance such interventions even if general mood does not? As previous studies have often failed to overcome the limitations of self‐reported emotions and the use of behavior intention measures, we used a multimethod emotion …
It's All About Something We Call Wasta: A Motivated Moralization Approach to Favoritism in the Jordanian Workplace
Examining Self-Advantage in the Suffering of Others: Cross-Cultural Differences in Beneficiary and Observer Justice Sensitivity Among Chinese, Germans, and Russians
Person×situation-interactions as moderators
Thinking about Justice and Dealing with One’s Own Privileges
Personale Normen und prosoziales Handeln: Kritische Anmerkungen und eine empirische Untersuchung zum Modell von S.H. SCHWARTZ
Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Prozeßmodell prosozialen Verhaltens von SCHWARTZ (z.B. 1977). Gemessen an einigen grundlegenden Kriterien für die empirische Überprüfung theoretischer Modelle prosozialen Verhaltens muß die Frage, ob bisherige Untersuchungen geeignet waren, das Modell von Schwartz auf eine empirische Bewährungsprobe zu stellen, verneint werden. Daten aus einer Untersuchung prosozialer Leistungen…
Konsistenz als Persönlichkeitseigenschaft: Moderatorvariablen in der Persönlichkeits- und Einstellungsforschung
Verantwortlichkeitsüberzeugungen bei Ost- und Westdeutschen
Dispositional Sensitivity to Befallen Injustice
Sensitivity to befallen injustice and reactions to a real-life disadvantage
Sensitivity to befallen injustice and reactions to unfair treatment in a laboratory situation
Perceived Injustice in Unified Germany and Mental Health
Exploring the Structure of Positive and Negative Justice Judgments
Psychologische, soziologische und arbeitswissenschaftliche Analysen der Transformation nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung
Im November 1996 wurde von den Herausgebern dieser Edition am Zentrum für Gerechtigkeitsforschung (ZfG) der Universität Potsdam ein Symposium zum Thema „Gerechtigkeitserleben und Befindlichkeiten im wiedervereinigten Deutschland“ ausgerichtet. Eingeladen waren Psychologen, Soziologen und Arbeitswissenschaftler, die soziologische und psychologische Folgen der Wiedervereinigung sowie Begleiterscheinungen der sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Transforma…
Ungerechtigkeitserleben im Vereinigungsprozeß: Folgen für das emotionale Befinden und die seelische Gesundheit
Die meisten Wahrnehmungs-, Empfindungs- und Urteilsprozesse, zu denen Menschen fähig sind, beruhen auf Vergleichen. Sie setzen Bezugssysteme voraus und bilden solche. Im Alltag erleben wir dieses Prinzip häufig bei der Wahrnehmung physikalischer Reize. Je nach Kontext empfinden wir ein Geräusch als mehr oder weniger laut, ein Licht als mehr oder weniger hell, ein Gewicht als mehr oder weniger schwer, einen Wein als mehr oder weniger trocken. Auch…
Gerechtigkeitserleben im wiedervereinigten Deutschland
Procedural injustice at work, justice sensitivity, job satisfaction and psychosomatic well-being
In a field study with 295 factory employees, three hypotheses were tested: (1) Procedural injustice at work is correlated negatively with job satisfaction and psychosomatic well-being. (2) The perception of procedural injustice depends on the person's chronic justice sensitivity. (3) Justice sensitivity moderates the correlation of procedural injustice with satisfaction and well-being, the correlation becoming larger with increasing justice sensi…
More on Ultimate and Immanent Justice: "Results from the Research Project "Justice as a Problem within Reunified Germany
Gender, Ethnicity, and Education as Privileges: Exploring the Generalizability of the Existential Guilt Reaction
Stereotypic ingroup bias as self‐defense against relative deprivation: Evidence from a longitudinal study of the German unification process
In a longitudinal questionnaire field study on psychological consequences of German unification, the intergroup situation between East and West Germans was investigated. Data were collected in 1996 and 1998. The sample consisted of 585 East Germans and 387 West Germans who had never lived in the other part of Germany. It was assumed that East Germans' social identity is threatened due to their fraternal deprivation in comparison with West Germans…
A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between the Implicit Association Test and Explicit Self-Report Measures
Theoretically, low correlations between implicit and explicit measures can be due to (a) motivational biases in explicit self reports, (b) lack of introspective access to implicitly assessed representations, (c) factors influencing the retrieval of information from memory, (d) method-related characteristics of the two measures, or (e) complete independence of the underlying constructs. The present study addressed these questions from a meta-analy…
Justice Sensitivity
Scales for justice sensitivity from three perspectives (victim, observer, perpetrator) were developed. A latent state-trait analysis revealed high reliabilities (≈ .95). Trait consistencies (≈ .61) were twice as large as occasion specificities (≈ .33). The correlation between observer and perpetrator sensitivity was much higher than the correlation between either one and victim sensitivity. Self-related concerns (Machiavellianism, paranoia, suspi…
What moderates implicit—explicit consistency
Implicit and explicit indicators of attitudes or personality traits are positively, and variably, related. This review places the question of implicit ‐ explicit consistency into the tradition of attitude/trait ‐ behaviour consistency (e.g., Wicker, 1969). Drawing on dual-process models, such as the recent distinction between associative and propositional representations (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), we identify a working model of implicit ‐ explicit…
Asymmetrical Effects of Justice Sensitivity Perspectives on Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
Tearing down the ‘Wall in the head’? Culture contact between Germans
When and why do implicit measures predict behaviour? Empirical evidence for the moderating role of opportunity, motivation, and process reliance
The ability of implicit measures to predict behaviour varies greatly across studies, emphasising the need for accounts of this variability. In order to organise and review the literature on moderators that influence individuals' information processing, we suggest a classification system of moderators with two dimensions. One dimension distinguishes moderators according to their influence on the opportunity to control, the motivation to control, o…
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes and Interracial Interaction: The Moderating Role of Situationally Available Control Resources
The present research examined whether implicit and explicit racial attitudes predict interracial interaction behavior differently as a function of situationally available control resources. Specifically, we investigated how implicit attitudes (Implicit Association Test) and explicit attitudes (Blatant/Subtle prejudice) were related to interracial interaction behaviors of Italians toward an African interviewer (Study 1) and of Germans toward a Tur…
Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: Toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes
In the present research, the authors investigated how individual differences in working memory capacity moderate the relative influence of automatic versus controlled precursors on self-regulatory behavior. In 2 studies, on sexual interest behavior (Study 1) and the consumption of tempting food (Study 2), automatic attitudes toward the temptation of interest had a stronger influence on behavior for individuals who scored low rather than high in w…
Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age.
Data from two large longitudinal studies were used to analyze reciprocal relations between self-esteem and depressive symptoms across the adult life span. Study 1 included 1,685 participants aged 18 to 96 years assessed 4 times over a 9-year period. Study 2 included 2,479 participants aged 18 to 88 years assessed 3 times over a 4-year period. In both studies, cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that low self-esteem predicted subsequent dep…
Psychology (45 works) · Social Psychology (42 works) · Political science (26 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (24 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Developmental psychology (16 works) · Economic Justice (14 works) · Injustice (12 works) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (12 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (11 works)