J H Crawford
Biographic Data
| ID | 6915019 |
|---|---|
| NAME | J H Crawford |
| GIVEN NAMES | J H |
| FAMILY NAME | Crawford |
| SIGNATURE | CRAWFORD J H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Langley Research Center |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6982-0934 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 39 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Evaluation of the emission inventory for large point emission sources in South Korea by applying measured data from the Nasa/Nier Korus-AQ aircraft field campaign
One of the major issues in determining a region’s air quality is the uncertainty of large point sources (LPSs) emissions, which significantly affect the local-regional air quality. In this study, the SO2 and NOx emissions of 5 major LPSs in South Korea were evaluated by comparing the emissions-based concentrations employing a Gaussian dispersion model with aircraft-based measurements from DC-8 “around-the-stack” flights through the National Aeron…
The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry project comments on the revised WHO air quality guidelines
In September 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced updated global air quality guidelines providing health-based targets for six key air pollutants [1]. The annual targets for pollutant concentrations were reduced fourfold for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to 10 μg m−3 and by 50% and 25% respectively for the mass concentration of particles smaller than and equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10) to 5 μg m−3 and 15 μg m−3. New targets were …
Multi-model intercomparisons of air quality simulations for the Korus-AQ campaign
The Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field study was conducted during May–June 2016 to understand the factors controlling air quality in South Korea. Extensive aircraft and ground network observations from the campaign offer an opportunity to address issues in current air quality models and reduce model-observation disagreements. This study examines these issues using model evaluation against the KORUS-AQ observations and intercompariso…
The Korea–United States Air Quality (Korus-AQ) field study
The Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field study was conducted during May-June 2016. The effort was jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Research of South Korea and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States. KORUS-AQ offered an unprecedented, multi-perspective view of air quality conditions in South Korea by employing observations from three aircraft, an extensive ground-based network…
Airborne formaldehyde and volatile organic compound measurements over the Daesan petrochemical complex on Korea’s northwest coast during the Korea-United States Air Quality study
The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in partnership with Korea’s National Institute of Environmental Research embarked on the Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) study to address air quality issues over the Korean peninsula. Underestimation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from various large facilities on South Korea’s northwest coast may contribute to this problem, and this study focuses on quantifying top-do…
Characterization, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul and surrounding regions during Korus-AQ
The Korea-United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) took place in spring 2016 to better understand air pollution in Korea. In support of KORUS-AQ, 2554 whole air samples (WAS) were collected aboard the NASA DC-8 research aircraft and analyzed for 82 C1–C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using multi-column gas chromatography. Together with fast-response measurements from other groups, the air samples were used to characterize the VOC compositi…
Observation-based modeling of ozone chemistry in the Seoul metropolitan area during the Korea-United States Air Quality Study (Korus-AQ)
The Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) has a population of 24 million and frequently experiences unhealthy levels of ozone (O3). In this work, measurements taken during the Korea-United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ, 2016) are used to explore regional gradients in O3 and its chemical precursors, and an observationally-constrained 0-D photochemical box model is used to quantify key aspects of O3 production including its sensitivity to precursor ga…
Investigation of factors controlling PM2.5 variability across the South Korean Peninsula during Korus-AQ
The Korea – United States Air Quality Study (May – June 2016) deployed instrumented aircraft and ground-based measurements to elucidate causes of poor air quality related to high ozone and aerosol concentrations in South Korea. This work synthesizes data pertaining to aerosols (specifically, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 micrometers, PM2.5) and conditions leading to violations of South Korean air quality standards (24-hr mean…
Evaluation of simulated O3 production efficiency during the Korus-AQ campaign: Implications for anthropogenic NOx emissions in Korea
We examine O3 production and its sensitivity to precursor gases and boundary layer mixing in Korea by using a 3-D global chemistry transport model and extensive observations during the KORea-US cooperative Air Quality field study in Korea, which occurred in May–June 2016. During the campaign, observed aromatic species onboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft, especially toluene, showed high mixing ratios of up to 10 ppbv, emphasizing the importance of arom…
Meteorology influencing springtime air quality, pollution transport, and visibility in Korea
In an environment with many local, remote, persistent, and episodic sources of pollution, meteorology is the primary factor that drives periods of unhealthy air quality and reduced visibility. The 2016 Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field study provides a unique opportunity to examine the impact of meteorology on the relative influence of local and transboundary pollution. Much of the KORUS-AQ campaign can be grouped into four distinc…
International Human Rights
This chapter begins with a brief history of the emergence of human rights in the sphere of international law and organization, and then discusses the sources of human rights standards, non-discrimination and collective rights, scope of human rights standards, and the protection and enforcement of human rights.
Status of Territory: Further Problems
This chapter, which begins with a discussion of international procedures of territorial disposition, covers agreement between the states concerned, joint decision of the principal powers, and action by United Nations organs. It then turns to the issue of sovereignty displaced or in abeyance, covering territory sub iudice , territory title to which is undetermined, terra nullius , res communis , territorial entities (other than states) enjoying le…
Forms of Governmental Authority over Territory
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the concept of territory. It then explains key terms and distinctions, including sovereignty and jurisdiction, sovereignty and ownership, sovereignty and administration, and ‘sovereign rights’ beyond state territory. This is followed by discussions of territorial administration separated from state sovereignty and restrictions on disposition of territory.
Third-Party Settlement of International Disputes
This chapter discusses the settlement of international disputes. It covers arbitration and the origins of international dispute settlement; the idea of judicial settlement of international disputes; the International Court of Justice, interstate arbitration, dispute settlement under UNCLOS, the WTO dispute settlement body, and international investment tribunals.
Diplomatic and Consular Relations
The rules of international law governing diplomatic relations are at the most formal end of the spectrum of international communication, and are the product of long-established state practice reflected in treaties, national legislation, and judicial decisions. The law has now been codified substantially in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. This chapter discusses the general legal aspects of diplomatic relations; staff, premises, and …
Subjects of International Law
This chapter on subjects of international law discusses established legal persons and special types of personality. Established legal persons cover states, entities legally proximate to states, entities recognized as belligerents, international administration of territories prior to independence, international organizations, and individuals. Special types of personality cover public and private corporations, non-self-governing peoples, and entiti…
The Relations of International and National Law
This chapter, which explores the relationship between international and national law, discusses international law in the common law tradition and international law in the civil law tradition. It suggests that each system is supreme in its own field; neither has hegemony over the other. And yet any generalities offered can only provide a background to the complex relations between the national and international systems. Three factors operate. The …
Recognition of States and Governments
This chapter begins with a discussion of the ‘declaratory’ and ‘constitutive’ views of recognition. The declaratory theory of recognition is opposed to the constitutive view, according to which the political act of recognition is a precondition of the existence of legal rights: in its extreme form this implies that the very personality of a state depends on the political decision of other states. The discussions then turn to the recognition of st…
International Criminal Justice
This chapter discusses the development of international criminal law and institutions, international criminal courts and tribunals, and international criminal justice in national courts. It argues that these developments are no cause for celebration: they reflect repeated failures to prevent serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. The deterrent effect of international prosecutions is unclear, and probably always wil…
Legal Aspects of the Protection of the Environment
This chapter begins with a discussion of the role of international law in addressing environmental problems. It then reviews the following legal principles: the preventive principle, the precautionary principle, the concept of sustainable development, the polluter-pays principle, the sic utere tuo principle, and the obligation of environmental impact assessment. Next, the chapter details the development of multilateral standard-setting convention…
The Territorial Sea and Other Maritime Zones
This chapter discusses international law governing the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone/fisheries zone, and other zones for special purposes.
Creation and Incidence of Statehood
The state is a type of legal person recognized by international law. Yet, since there are other types of legal persons so recognized, the possession of legal personality is not in itself a sufficient mark of statehood. This chapter discusses the legal criteria of statehood, some issues of statehood, secession and self-determination, and identity and continuity of states.
Multilateral Public Order and Issues of Responsibility
This chapter begins with a discussion of how international law has remained imprecise with respect to the scope and consequences of serious, systemic illegality, and considers developments that have made collective action under law possible. It also reviews the objective consequences of illegal acts, covering peremptory norms ( ius cogens ), the obligation not to recognize a situation as lawful, and the obligation of putting an end to an unlawful…
The Conditions for International Responsibility
This chapter discusses international law governing responsibility. It covers the basis and character of state responsibility, attribution to the state, breach of an international obligation, and circumstances precluding wrongfulness.
Sovereignty and Equality of States
This chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of sovereignty, and then considers the use of ‘sovereignty’ to describe the competence of states and equality. This is followed by a review of the ways states interact with international law.
Bilingual Education: History, Politics, Theory, and Practice
The Rights of Peoples: ‘Peoples’ or ‘Governments’?
From the perspective of international law, the key feature of the phrase ‘rights of peoples’ is not the term ‘rights’, but the term ‘peoples’. From a philosophical point of view, no doubt, the term ‘rights’ is itself problematic. But lawyers, including international lawyers, are used to talking about rights, and so long as one accepts Hohfeld’s point that one person’s right must mean another person’s duty, the term seems unremarkable even in the …
International Human Rights
This chapter begins with a brief history of the emergence of human rights in the sphere of international law and organization, and then discusses the sources of human rights standards, non-discrimination and collective rights, scope of human rights standards, and the protection and enforcement of human rights.
Status of Territory: Further Problems
This chapter, which begins with a discussion of international procedures of territorial disposition, covers agreement between the states concerned, joint decision of the principal powers, and action by United Nations organs. It then turns to the issue of sovereignty displaced or in abeyance, covering territory sub iudice , territory title to which is undetermined, terra nullius , res communis , territorial entities (other than states) enjoying le…
Forms of Governmental Authority over Territory
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the concept of territory. It then explains key terms and distinctions, including sovereignty and jurisdiction, sovereignty and ownership, sovereignty and administration, and ‘sovereign rights’ beyond state territory. This is followed by discussions of territorial administration separated from state sovereignty and restrictions on disposition of territory.
Third-Party Settlement of International Disputes
This chapter discusses the settlement of international disputes. It covers arbitration and the origins of international dispute settlement; the idea of judicial settlement of international disputes; the International Court of Justice, interstate arbitration, dispute settlement under UNCLOS, the WTO dispute settlement body, and international investment tribunals.
Diplomatic and Consular Relations
The rules of international law governing diplomatic relations are at the most formal end of the spectrum of international communication, and are the product of long-established state practice reflected in treaties, national legislation, and judicial decisions. The law has now been codified substantially in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. This chapter discusses the general legal aspects of diplomatic relations; staff, premises, and …
Subjects of International Law
This chapter on subjects of international law discusses established legal persons and special types of personality. Established legal persons cover states, entities legally proximate to states, entities recognized as belligerents, international administration of territories prior to independence, international organizations, and individuals. Special types of personality cover public and private corporations, non-self-governing peoples, and entiti…
The Relations of International and National Law
This chapter, which explores the relationship between international and national law, discusses international law in the common law tradition and international law in the civil law tradition. It suggests that each system is supreme in its own field; neither has hegemony over the other. And yet any generalities offered can only provide a background to the complex relations between the national and international systems. Three factors operate. The …
Recognition of States and Governments
This chapter begins with a discussion of the ‘declaratory’ and ‘constitutive’ views of recognition. The declaratory theory of recognition is opposed to the constitutive view, according to which the political act of recognition is a precondition of the existence of legal rights: in its extreme form this implies that the very personality of a state depends on the political decision of other states. The discussions then turn to the recognition of st…
International Criminal Justice
This chapter discusses the development of international criminal law and institutions, international criminal courts and tribunals, and international criminal justice in national courts. It argues that these developments are no cause for celebration: they reflect repeated failures to prevent serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. The deterrent effect of international prosecutions is unclear, and probably always wil…
Legal Aspects of the Protection of the Environment
This chapter begins with a discussion of the role of international law in addressing environmental problems. It then reviews the following legal principles: the preventive principle, the precautionary principle, the concept of sustainable development, the polluter-pays principle, the sic utere tuo principle, and the obligation of environmental impact assessment. Next, the chapter details the development of multilateral standard-setting convention…
The Territorial Sea and Other Maritime Zones
This chapter discusses international law governing the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone/fisheries zone, and other zones for special purposes.
Creation and Incidence of Statehood
The state is a type of legal person recognized by international law. Yet, since there are other types of legal persons so recognized, the possession of legal personality is not in itself a sufficient mark of statehood. This chapter discusses the legal criteria of statehood, some issues of statehood, secession and self-determination, and identity and continuity of states.
Multilateral Public Order and Issues of Responsibility
This chapter begins with a discussion of how international law has remained imprecise with respect to the scope and consequences of serious, systemic illegality, and considers developments that have made collective action under law possible. It also reviews the objective consequences of illegal acts, covering peremptory norms ( ius cogens ), the obligation not to recognize a situation as lawful, and the obligation of putting an end to an unlawful…
The Conditions for International Responsibility
This chapter discusses international law governing responsibility. It covers the basis and character of state responsibility, attribution to the state, breach of an international obligation, and circumstances precluding wrongfulness.
Sovereignty and Equality of States
This chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of sovereignty, and then considers the use of ‘sovereignty’ to describe the competence of states and equality. This is followed by a review of the ways states interact with international law.
Jurisdictional Competence
Jurisdiction is an aspect of sovereignty: it refers to a state’s competence under international law to regulate the conduct of natural and juridical persons. The notion of regulation includes the activity of all branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. This chapter discusses prescriptive jurisdiction over crimes, civil prescriptive jurisdiction, the separateness of the grounds of jurisdiction, and enforcement jurisdiction.
Maritime Delimitation and Associated Questions
This chapter discusses international law governing territorial sea delimitation, continental shelf delimitation, exclusive economic zone delimitation, and the effect of islands upon delimitation.
The Sources of International Law
This chapter discusses the sources of international law, as reflected in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and covers international custom, treaties, general principles of law, and judicial decisions. It also describes other material sources: the conclusions of international conferences, resolutions of the UN General Assembly, the writings of publicists, and codification and the work of the International Law Commiss…
Succession to Rights and Duties
The territorial transformation of Europe in the aftermath of the collapse of communism (the unification of Germany, dissolution of the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia) prompted scholars to revisit the question of state succession, largely overlooked since the International Law Commission’s attempted codification coinciding with the end of decolonization. The significant number of recent state successions has resulted in an attempted re-engag…
International Organizations
In the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, states developed multilateral forms of co-operation, supplementing reliance on bilateral treaties and diplomacy. These included the first international organizations. This chapter focuses on the main legal problems arising from interstate organizations. Topics discussed include legal personality, privileges and immunities, performance of acts in the law, interpretation of the constituent instrument, …
Acquisition and Transfer of Territorial Sovereignty
Disputes concerning title to land territory, including islands, and over the precise determination of boundaries are regularly the subject of international proceedings. However, many such conflicts are dormant and it is only when a dispute flares up that it receives publicity. While the occupation of territory not belonging to any state ( terra nullius ) is no longer a live issue, issues concerning such occupation in the past may still arise. Thi…
Maritime Transit and the Regime of the High Seas
This chapter discusses international law governing freedom of the high seas, jurisdiction over ships on the high seas, regimes of transit to and from the high seas, regulation of high seas fisheries, and the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
Consequences of an Internationally Wrongful Act
In the event of an internationally wrongful act by a state or other subject of international law, other states or subjects may be entitled to respond. This may be done by invoking the responsibility of the wrongdoer, seeking cessation and/or reparation, or (if no other remedy is available) possibly by taking countermeasures. This chapter discusses international law governing cessation, reparation, invocation.
Political science (20 works) · Law (14 works) · International Law and Human Rights (12 works) · Geography (11 works) · Air Quality and Health Impacts (10 works) · Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols (10 works) · Air quality index (9 works) · Environmental Science (9 works) · Meteorology (9 works) · Chemistry (8 works)