Ingo Plag
Biographic Data
| ID | 741925 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ingo Plag |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ingo |
| FAMILY NAME | Plag |
| SIGNATURE | PLAG I |
| AFFILIATIONS | Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3545-3515 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 48 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 135 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 46 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Modeling the role of prefixation in determining stress assignment in English verbs
Most accounts of English stress assume that it is determined by a combination of morphological and phonological factors. Two main factors have been proposed to determine the patterns of observed stress in English verbs with no productive morphology: whether the verb is prefixed, and the weight of the final syllable. This paper tests whether stress assignment to English verbs can be accounted for without recourse to abstract morphological properti…
Measuring the similarity between languages
In typology, statistical methods have been successfully used to assess similarities and differences between languages. In creole studies, the use of quantitative methods has been discussed controversially. In the debate many methodological aspects of the statistical models used have been criticized (e.g. Meakins 2022 ; Bakker 2023 ). This paper presents an investigation of two methodological problems that have not been critically looked at so far…
The orthographic representation of a word's morphological structure
In this paper we present a review of the literature on the role of a word's morphological structure in written language processing, with an emphasis on spelling. First, we describe that many orthographies have opted for a representation of a word's morphological structure. Second, we discuss experiments that have demonstrated the importance of a word's morphological structure in reading, both in isolated word recognition experiments (so-called bl…
Rethinking First Language-Second Language Similarities and Differences in English Proficiency
This article presents the ENglish Reading Online (ENRO) project that offers data on English reading and listening comprehension from 7,338 university-level advanced learners and native speakers of English representing 19 countries. The database also includes estimates of reading rate and seven component skills of English, including vocabulary, spelling, and grammar, as well as rich demographic and language background data. We first demonstrate hi…
Syllable structure and syllabification in Maaloula Aramaic
Epenthesis in Maaloula Aramaic can be analyzed from a syllable-based perspective. • Maaloula Aramaic allows only three syllable types: CV, CVV, and CVC. • Vowel epenthesis applies so that the stray consonants can be re-syllabified. • Epenthesis doesn't apply in words with specific segmental and prosodic properties. • Maaloula Aramaic shows features of both VC- and C-dialects of Arabic
The semantics of conversion nouns and - ing nominalizations
This paper addresses a fundamental problem of derivational morphology: which meanings are possible for the words of a given morphological category, which forms can be chosen to express a given meaning, and what is the role of the base in these mappings of form and meaning? In a broad empirical study we examine the extent to which two types of nominalizations in English – conversion nouns and - ing nominalizations – can express either eventive or …
How morphological structure affects phonetic realisation in English compound nouns
Many studies have shown that syntagmatic and paradigmatic aspects of morphological structure may have an impact on the phonetic realisation of complex words (e.g. Cohen 2014a,b; Kuperman et al. 2007; Lee-Kim et al. 2013; Lõo et al. 2018; Plag et al. 2017; Schuppler et al. 2012; Smith et al. 2012; Sproat and Fujimura 1993; Zimmermann 2016, among many others). The majority of these studies have been concerned with affixes, often focusing on the aco…
The Relationship of Nigerian English and Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria
Deuber (2006) investigated variation in spoken Nigerian Pidgin data by educated speakers and found no evidence for a continuum of lects between Nigerian Pidgin and English. Many speakers, however, speak both languages, and both are in close contact with each other, which keeps the question of the nature of their relationship on the agenda. This paper investigates 67 conversations in Nigerian English by educated speakers as they occur in the Inter…
Phonetic effects of morphology and context
Recent research on the acoustic realization of affixes has revealed differences between phonologically homophonous affixes, e.g. the different kinds of final [s] and [z] in English (Plag, Homann & Kunter 2017, Zimmermann 2016a). Such results are unexpected and unaccounted for in widely accepted post-Bloomfieldian item-and-arrangement models (Hockett 1954), which separate lexical and post-lexical phonology, and in models which interpret phonetic e…
Gemination and degemination in English prefixation
This paper addresses the problem of morpho-phonological variability and the role of phonetic detail in morphologically complex words by investigating the gemination behavior of the English prefixes un- and in-. Traditionally, it is assumed that un- geminates while in- degeminates, but empirical studies are rare and not conclusive. This paper presents the first study that uses data from natural speech (Switchboard Corpus, Godfrey and Holliman 1997…
Morphological embedding and phonetic reduction
Note by the editors
Homophony and morphology
Recent research has shown that homophonous lexemes show systematic phonetic differences (e.g. Gahl 2008, Drager 2011), with important consequences for models of speech production such as Levelt et al. (1999). These findings also pose the question of whether similar differences hold for allegedly homophonous affixes (instead of free lexemes). Earlier experimental research found some evidence that morphemic and non-morphemic sounds may differ acous…
Phonology and Morphology of Creole Languages
The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology
This volume presents a data-rich description of English inflection and word-formation. Based on large corpora including the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus, it provides a comprehensive treatment of contemporary English morphology that includes both inflection and word-formation. It covers not only well-studied topics such as compounding, conversion, and the inflection and derivation of nouns and verbs, but …
Morphologie lesen
Prominence in Triconstituent Compounds
According to the widely accepted Lexical Category Prominence Rule (LCPR), prominence assignment to triconstituent compounds depends on the branching direction. Left-branching compounds, that is, compounds with a left-hand complex constituent, are held to have highest prominence on the left-most constituent, whereas right-branching compounds have highest prominence on the second of the three constituents. The LCPR is, however, only poorly empirica…
Structure of Creole Words
Informativeness is a determinant of compound stress in English
There have been claims in the literature that the variability of compound stress assignment in English can be explained with reference to the informativeness of the constituents (e.g. Bolinger 1972, Ladd 1984). Until now, however, large-scale empirical evidence for this idea has been lacking. This paper addresses this deficit by investigating a large number of compounds taken from the British National Corpus. It is the first study of compound str…
Creolization and Language Change
Creolization and admixture
Proponents of a ‘feature pool’ approach to creolization (e.g. Mufwene 2001, Aboh & Ansaldo 2006) have claimed that the emergence of the new grammar is driven by the syntax-discourse prominence, markedness, and frequency of available features, with typological similarity or dissimilarity of the languages involved playing a crucial role in the competition and selection process. This paper takes a closer look at the predictions of a feature pool-bas…
Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles
In creolist circles, there has been a a long-standing debate whether creoles differ structurally from non-creole languages and thus would form a special class of languages with specific typological properties. This debate about the typological status of creole languages has severely suffered from a lack of systematic empirical study. This paper presents for the first time a number of large-scale empirical investigations of the status of creole la…
Acoustic correlates of primary and secondary stress in North American English
Compound or phrase? Analogy in naming
Compound stress assignment by analogy
This paper tests the hypothesis that stress assignment to English compounds works on the basis of analogy. In particular, the role of the constituent family, i.e. the set of compounds that share the same right or left constituent with a given compound, is investigated. On the basis of large amounts of data from three different corpora it is shown that the tendency towards a certain kind of stress pattern within the constituent families of a given…
Suffix Ordering and Morphological Processing
There is a long-standing debate about the principles constraining the combinatorial properties of suffixes. Hay 2002 and Hay & Plag 2004 proposed a model in which suffixes can be ordered along a hierarchy of processing complexity. We show that this model generalizes to a larger set of suffixes, and we provide independent evidence supporting the claim that a higher rank in the ordering correlates with increased productivity. Behavioral data from l…
Homophony and morphology
Recent research has shown that homophonous lexemes show systematic phonetic differences (e.g. Gahl 2008, Drager 2011), with important consequences for models of speech production such as Levelt et al. (1999). These findings also pose the question of whether similar differences hold for allegedly homophonous affixes (instead of free lexemes). Earlier experimental research found some evidence that morphemic and non-morphemic sounds may differ acous…
What Constrains Possible Suffix Combinations? On the Interaction of Grammatical and Processing Restrictions in Derivational Morphology
Phonetic effects of morphology and context
Recent research on the acoustic realization of affixes has revealed differences between phonologically homophonous affixes, e.g. the different kinds of final [s] and [z] in English (Plag, Homann & Kunter 2017, Zimmermann 2016a). Such results are unexpected and unaccounted for in widely accepted post-Bloomfieldian item-and-arrangement models (Hockett 1954), which separate lexical and post-lexical phonology, and in models which interpret phonetic e…
How morphological structure affects phonetic realisation in English compound nouns
Many studies have shown that syntagmatic and paradigmatic aspects of morphological structure may have an impact on the phonetic realisation of complex words (e.g. Cohen 2014a,b; Kuperman et al. 2007; Lee-Kim et al. 2013; Lõo et al. 2018; Plag et al. 2017; Schuppler et al. 2012; Smith et al. 2012; Sproat and Fujimura 1993; Zimmermann 2016, among many others). The majority of these studies have been concerned with affixes, often focusing on the aco…
Gemination and degemination in English prefixation
This paper addresses the problem of morpho-phonological variability and the role of phonetic detail in morphologically complex words by investigating the gemination behavior of the English prefixes un- and in-. Traditionally, it is assumed that un- geminates while in- degeminates, but empirical studies are rare and not conclusive. This paper presents the first study that uses data from natural speech (Switchboard Corpus, Godfrey and Holliman 1997…
The Role of Semantics, Argument Structure, and Lexicalization in Compound Stress Assignment in English
It is generally assumed that noun-noun compounds in English are stressed on the left-hand member (e.g. cóurtroom wátchmaker ). However, there is a large amount of variation in stress assignment (e.g. silk tíe, Madison Ávenue, singer-sóngwriter ) whose significance and sources are largely unaccounted for in the literature. This article presents a study in which three kinds of factors held to play a role in compound stress assignment are tested: ar…
Informativeness is a determinant of compound stress in English
There have been claims in the literature that the variability of compound stress assignment in English can be explained with reference to the informativeness of the constituents (e.g. Bolinger 1972, Ladd 1984). Until now, however, large-scale empirical evidence for this idea has been lacking. This paper addresses this deficit by investigating a large number of compounds taken from the British National Corpus. It is the first study of compound str…
Acoustic correlates of primary and secondary stress in North American English
Prominence in Triconstituent Compounds
According to the widely accepted Lexical Category Prominence Rule (LCPR), prominence assignment to triconstituent compounds depends on the branching direction. Left-branching compounds, that is, compounds with a left-hand complex constituent, are held to have highest prominence on the left-most constituent, whereas right-branching compounds have highest prominence on the second of the three constituents. The LCPR is, however, only poorly empirica…
Compound or phrase? Analogy in naming
Epenthesis, deletion and the emergence of the optimal syllable in creole
The semantics of conversion nouns and - ing nominalizations
This paper addresses a fundamental problem of derivational morphology: which meanings are possible for the words of a given morphological category, which forms can be chosen to express a given meaning, and what is the role of the base in these mappings of form and meaning? In a broad empirical study we examine the extent to which two types of nominalizations in English – conversion nouns and - ing nominalizations – can express either eventive or …
Morphological embedding and phonetic reduction
Rethinking First Language-Second Language Similarities and Differences in English Proficiency
This article presents the ENglish Reading Online (ENRO) project that offers data on English reading and listening comprehension from 7,338 university-level advanced learners and native speakers of English representing 19 countries. The database also includes estimates of reading rate and seven component skills of English, including vocabulary, spelling, and grammar, as well as rich demographic and language background data. We first demonstrate hi…
From Speech Act Verb to Conjunction
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Compound Comprehension in Isolation and in Context
A Grammar of Berbice Dutch Creole
Sentential Complementation in Sranan
The Emergence of taki as a Complementizer in Sranan
Selectional restrictions in English suffixation revisited
L'A. aborde un des problemes les plus complexes de la morphologie anglaise : les proprietes combinatoires des suffixes derivationnels. Fabb (1988) a demontre l'inadequation des modeles stratificationnels de la suffixation anglaise et a etabli que la suffixation anglaise est contrainte par des restrictions de selection. L'A. montre ici que l'analyse de Fabb est elle-meme empiriquement et theoriquement inadequate. Il propose une analyse alternative…
The syntax of some locative expressions in Sranan
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Ingo Plag
The French Influence on Middle English Morphology
Reverse English Dictionary
Rather than presenting a reverse list of words in endless sequence and strictly alphabetical order, this Reverse English Dictionary considers the structure and formation of words, grouping them together in sections and subdivisions. This way of looking at words from behind and comparing similar word endings reveals new and unaccustomed aspects of the structure of words and their formation, illustrating the enormous variety of the English language
The nature of derivational morphology in creoles and non-creoles
this paper. creolists, derivational morphology. McWhorter's interesting hypothesis that creoles have only semantically transparent derivational morphology raises important empirical and theoretical questions that I would like to address in this note. I will show that the main problem with the hypothesis is not - contra Lefebvre - that it is formulated in vague terms, but that it is not tenable if we take heed of some basic tenets of morphological…
Epenthesis, deletion and the emergence of the optimal syllable in creole
Word-Formation in English
This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the study of word-formation, that is, the ways in which new words are built on the bases of other words (e.g. happy - happy-ness), focusing on English. The book's didactic aim is to enable students with little or no prior linguistic knowledge to do their own practical analyses of complex words. Readers are familiarized with the necessary methodological tools to obtain and analyze relevant data …
What Constrains Possible Suffix Combinations? On the Interaction of Grammatical and Processing Restrictions in Derivational Morphology
The Structure of Creole Words
This volume brings together articles that are focused on segmental, syllabic and morphological aspects of creole words, thus contributing to the ongoing debates about the nature of phonology and morphology and their role in emergence and development of these languages. The papers cover a wide range of creole languages with different lexifier languages and address empirical, typological, historical and theoretical issues, drawing our attention to …
Morphology in Pidgins and Creoles
Creoles as interlanguages
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Creoles as interlanguages
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The Role of Semantics, Argument Structure, and Lexicalization in Compound Stress Assignment in English
It is generally assumed that noun-noun compounds in English are stressed on the left-hand member (e.g. cóurtroom wátchmaker ). However, there is a large amount of variation in stress assignment (e.g. silk tíe, Madison Ávenue, singer-sóngwriter ) whose significance and sources are largely unaccounted for in the literature. This article presents a study in which three kinds of factors held to play a role in compound stress assignment are tested: ar…
Creoles as interlanguages
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Creoles as interlanguages
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Letters to Language
Suffix Ordering and Morphological Processing
There is a long-standing debate about the principles constraining the combinatorial properties of suffixes. Hay 2002 and Hay & Plag 2004 proposed a model in which suffixes can be ordered along a hierarchy of processing complexity. We show that this model generalizes to a larger set of suffixes, and we provide independent evidence supporting the claim that a higher rank in the ordering correlates with increased productivity. Behavioral data from l…
Compound stress assignment by analogy
This paper tests the hypothesis that stress assignment to English compounds works on the basis of analogy. In particular, the role of the constituent family, i.e. the set of compounds that share the same right or left constituent with a given compound, is investigated. On the basis of large amounts of data from three different corpora it is shown that the tendency towards a certain kind of stress pattern within the constituent families of a given…
Creolization and Language Change
Linguistics (41 works) · Philosophy (37 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (30 works) · Computer Science (27 works) · Philosophy (20 works) · Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation (20 works) · History (15 works) · Phonetics and Phonology Research (14 works) · Psychology (14 works) · Natural language processing (13 works)