Kevin J Grimm
Biographic Data
| ID | 762734 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kevin J Grimm |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kevin J |
| FAMILY NAME | Grimm |
| SIGNATURE | GRIMM K J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Arizona State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8576-4469 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 59 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 337 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 58 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Blending substantive and methodological expertise into statistical models: Longitudinal model development
Study design and subsequent data analysis is ideally a collaborative endeavour between applied researchers and statistical experts (e.g. methodologists, data scientists). Applied researchers know what research questions need to be answered and statistical experts, in conjunction with the applied researchers, plan study details (e.g. sample size, measurement instruments) and the analytic approach to best answer the research questions. Research que…
Growth Mixture Models in the Structural Equation Modeling Versus the Multilevel Modeling Framework
The performance of linear growth mixture models (GMMs) estimated in the multilevel modeling (MLM) framework and the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework in Mplus is examined. Empirical analyses conducted using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 (ECLS-K) led to different estimates of a 2-class linear GMM when estimated in the MLM versus the SEM frameworks via Mplus. A simulation study was con…
Associations of family policy and income inequality with loneliness in midlife: Cross-national evidence from the United States and Europe
Does religiosity/spirituality promote positive well-being for middle-aged adults in the context of monthly adversity
Religiosity/Spirituality (R/S) promotes positive development in midlife and old age. Little is known regarding which components of R/S (interpersonal religious commitment [RC] and intrapersonal RC) at the within-person (WP) and between-person (BP) levels promote positive midlife development in the context of adversity. Using data from 358 middle-aged adults (ages 50–65) who were assessed monthly for 2 years, we applied multilevel models to examin…
Measuring Morality: An Examination of the Moral Foundation Questionnaire’s Factor Structure
Moral foundations theory proposes five domains of morality—harm, fairness, loyalty, purity, and authority. Endorsement of these moral domains is assessed by the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), a 30-item scale that has undergone intense measurement scrutiny. Across five samples ( N = 464,229), we show greatly improved model fit using a Bifactor model that accounts for two kinds of items in the MFQ: judgment and relevance. We add to this spa…
Caregivers’ positive emotional language predicts their depression trajectories after dementia caregiving ends
Caregivers who use more positive words when describing their connection with the care recipient may be more resilient, underscoring the potential role of positive emotional qualities of the caregiving relationship in preserving caregivers' mental health after caregiving ends
Uncovering mechanisms of historical change in midlife loneliness across the United States and Europe: A focus on physical activity, health conditions, and wealth
Our findings provide initial insights into the potential reasons behind historical trends of loneliness in the United States and European middle-aged adults. Our discussion elaborates on the reasons why physical activity, health conditions, and wealth contribute to historical changes in midlife loneliness
Diminished preparatory physiological responses in people with dementia: Associations with caregiver health and relationship quality
Objectives Emotional impairments in people with dementia can be taxing for family caregivers. However, caregivers differ in their resilience to these challenges. We previously found that, compared to healthy controls and people with Alzheimer’s disease, people with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) have smaller physiological responses when anticipating upcoming emotional stimuli. This impairment may leave these people with FTLD unprepared …
Using SymPy (Symbolic Python) for Understanding Structural Equation Modeling
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) continues to grow in popularity with numerous articles, books, courses, and workshops available to help researchers become proficient with SEM quickly. However, few resources are available to help users gain a deep understanding of the analytic steps involved in SEM, with even fewer providing reproducible syntax for those learning the technique. This work builds off of the original work by Ferron and Hess (2007)…
Evaluating the Performance of the LI3P in Latent Profile Analysis Models
Numerous methods exist to determine the optimal number of classes when using latent profile analysis (LPA), but none are consistently correct. Recently, the likelihood incremental percentage per parameter (LI3P) was proposed as a model effect-size measure. To evaluate the LI3P more thoroughly, we simulated 50,000 datasets, manipulating factors including sample size, class distance, number of indicators, and number of classes. Results indicate the…
Loneliness in midlife: Historical increases and elevated levels in the United States compared with Europe
Loneliness is gaining attention globally as a public health issue because elevated loneliness increases one's risk for depression, compromised immunity, chronic illness, and mortality. Our objective is to zoom into how loneliness has historically evolved through midlife and investigate whether elevations in loneliness are confined to the United States or are similarly transpiring across peer European nations. We use harmonized data on loneliness …
Identifying Learning Disability Screens for Spanish-Speaking Adults: A Helpful Tool for Social Work and Welfare Practice
The successful screening for possible learning disabilities (LD) is a crucial first step in the process of identifying signs of LD, gaining assistance and/or accommodations, and obtaining a more complete LD assessment. Although Latino people are the largest ethnic minority in the United States, and more specifically in California, there remains a clear need for a valid LD screening measure that is appropriate for adult Spanish speakers, particula…
Is Seeing Believing? A Longitudinal Study of Vividness of the Future and Its Effects on Academic Self-Efficacy and Success in College
This research followed students over their first 2 years of college. During this time, many students lose sight of their goals, leading to poor academic performance and leaving STEM and business majors. This research was the first to examine longitudinal changes in future vividness, how those changes impact academic success, and identify sex differences in those relationships. Students who started college with clear pictures of graduation and lif…
The Importance of Time Metric Precision When Implementing Bivariate Latent Change Score Models
The literature on latent change score models does not discuss the importance of using a precise time metric when structuring the data. This study examined the influence of time metric precision on model estimation, model interpretation, and parameter estimate accuracy in bivariate LCS (BLCS) models through simulation. Longitudinal data were generated with a panel study where assessments took place during a given time window with variation in star…
Explorations of Individual Change Processes and Their Determinants: A Novel Approach and Remaining Challenges
Over the past 40 years there have been great advances in the analysis of individual change and the analyses of between-person differences in change. While conditional growth models are the dominant approach, exploratory models, such as growth mixture models and structural equation modeling trees, allow for greater flexibility in the modeling of between-person differences in change. We continue to push for greater flexibility in the modeling of in…
Does stress predict the development of internalizing symptoms in middle childhood? An examination of additive, mediated, and moderated effects of early family stress, daily interpersonal stress, and p…
Early life stress, daily life experiences, and the stress responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have each been examined as predictors of the development of psychopathology. Rarely have researchers attempted to understand the covariation or interaction among these stress domains using a longitudinal design in the prediction of symptoms of internalizing psychopathology, particularly during childhood. This study examined early family …
Positivity resonance in long-term married couples: Multimodal characteristics and consequences for health and longevity
The Positivity Resonance Theory of coexperienced positive affect describes moments of interpersonal connection characterized by shared positive affect, caring nonverbal synchrony, and biological synchrony. The construct validity of positivity resonance and its longitudinal associations with health have not been tested. The current longitudinal study examined whether positivity resonance in conflict interactions between 154 married couples predict…
Model Fit and Comparison in Finite Mixture Models: A Review and a Novel Approach
One of the greatest challenges in the application of finite mixture models is model comparison. A variety of statistical fit indices exist, including information criteria, approximate likelihood ratio tests, and resampling techniques; however, none of these indices describe the amount of improvement in model fit when a latent class is added to the model. We review these model fit statistics and propose a novel approach, the likelihood increment p…
M plus Trees: Structural Equation Model Trees Using M plus
Structural equation model trees (SEM Trees) allow for the construction of decision trees with structural equation models fit in each of the nodes. Based on covariate information, SEM Trees can be used to create distinct subgroups containing individuals with similar parameter estimates. Currently, the structural equation modeling component of SEM Trees is implemented in the R packages OpenMx and lavaan. We extend SEM Trees so that the models can b…
Accounting for standard errors of measurement when modeling change
Modeling within-person change over time and between-person differences in change over time is a primary goal in prevention science. When modeling change in an observed score over time with multilevel or structural equation modeling approaches, each observed score counts toward the estimation of model parameters equally. However, observed scores can differ in terms of their precision—both within and across participants. We propose an approach to w…
Examination of Nonlinear and Functional Mixed-Effects Models with Nonparametrically Generated Data
Previous research has shown functional mixed-effects models and traditional mixed-effects models perform similarly when recovering individual trajectories when data were generated following a parametric structure. We extend this previous work and compare nonlinear mixed-effects (NMEM) and functional mixed-effects models' (FMEM) ability to recover underlying trajectories when generated from an inherently nonparametric process. Nonlinear trajectori…
Reliable Trees: Reliability Informed Recursive Partitioning for Psychological Data
Recursive partitioning, also known as decision trees and classification and regression trees (CART), is a machine learning procedure that has gained traction in the behavioral sciences because of its ability to search for nonlinear and interactive effects, and produce interpretable predictive models. The recursive partitioning algorithm is greedy-searching for the variable and the splitting value that maximizes outcome homogeneity. Thus, the algo…
Analyzing cross‐lag effects: A comparison of different cross‐lag modeling approaches
Developmental researchers often have research questions about cross-lag effects-the effect of one variable predicting a second variable at a subsequent time point. The cross-lag panel model (CLPM) is often fit to longitudinal panel data to examine cross-lag effects; however, its utility has recently been called into question because of its inability to distinguish between-person effects from within-person effects. This has led to alternative form…
Lifetime Adversity in the Context of Monthly Adversity and Psychological Well-Being in Midlife: Evidence of Cumulative Disadvantage, But Not Steeling Effects of Lifetime Adversity
Our discussion focuses on how lifetime adversity showed a cumulative disadvantage effect on the consequences of monthly adversity on psychological well-being. We also elaborate on future directions for research that include other conceptualizations of adversity and research to examine mechanisms underlying this relationship
Relations between child temperament and adolescent negative urgency in a high-risk sample
The contribution of children’s self-regulation and classroom quality to children’s adaptive behaviors in the kindergarten classroom
In this study, the authors examined the extent to which children's self-regulation upon kindergarten entrance and classroom quality in kindergarten contributed to children's adaptive classroom behavior. Children's self-regulation was assessed using a direct assessment upon entrance into kindergarten. Classroom quality was measured on the basis of multiple classroom observations during the kindergarten year. Children's adaptive classroom behavior …
The contributions of ‘hot’ and ‘cool’ executive function to children's academic achievement, learning-related behaviors, and engagement in kindergarten
Using residualized change versus difference scores for longitudinal research
Researchers interested in studying change over time are often faced with an analytical conundrum: Whether a residualized change model versus a difference score model should be used to assess the effect of a key predictor on change that took place between two occasions. In this article, the authors pose a motivating example in which a researcher wants to investigate the effect of cohabitation on pre- to post-marriage change in relationship satisfa…
Individual differences in boys' and girls' timing and tempo of puberty: Modeling development with nonlinear growth models
Pubertal development is a nonlinear process progressing from prepubescent beginnings through biological, physical, and psychological changes to full sexual maturity. To tether theoretical concepts of puberty with sophisticated longitudinal, analytical models capable of articulating pubertal development more accurately, we used nonlinear mixed-effects models to describe both the timing and tempo of pubertal development in the sample of 364 White b…
Observations of teacher–child interactions in classrooms serving Latinos and dual language learners: Applicability of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System in diverse settings
Fine motor skills and early comprehension of the world: Two new school readiness indicators
Duncan et al. (2007) presented a new methodology for identifying kindergarten readiness factors and quantifying their importance by determining which of children's developing skills measured around kindergarten entrance would predict later reading and math achievement. This article extends Duncan et al.'s work to identify kindergarten readiness factors with 6 longitudinal data sets. Their results identified kindergarten math and reading readiness…
Longitudinal changes in attachment orientation over a 59-year period
Research on individual differences in attachment-and their links to emotion, cognition, and behavior in close relationships-has proliferated over the last several decades. However, the majority of this research has focused on children and young adults. Little is known about mean-level changes in attachment orientation beyond early life, in part due to a dearth of longitudinal data on attachment across the life span. The current study used a Q-Sor…
Stability and change in early childhood classroom interactions during the first two hours of a day
Early behavioral associations of achievement trajectories
Duncan et al. (2007) examined associations between early behavioral and cognitive skills with later achievement. These associations were examined in 6 different data sets and results converged to suggest that early behavioral competences or problems had little, if any, prediction to later achievement and that attentional competences had small positive relations with later achievement. In contrast, cognitive abilities were by far the strongest pre…
Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults With Mental Illnesses
Objectives. In a large heterogeneous sample of adults with mental illnesses, we examined the 6-month prevalence and nature of community violence perpetration and victimization, as well as associations between these outcomes. Methods. Baseline data were pooled from 5 studies of adults with mental illnesses from across the United States (n = 4480); the studies took place from 1992 to 2007. The MacArthur Community Violence Screening Instrument was a…
Early school readiness predictors of grade retention from kindergarten through eighth grade: A multilevel discrete-time survival analysis approach
A Structural Factor Analysis of Vocabulary Knowledge and Relations to Age
Vocabulary knowledge may not be a unidimensional construct, and the relations between vocabulary knowledge and age may depend on the aspect of vocabulary knowledge being assessed. In this study, we examined the factor structure of a vocabulary test given to a large nationally representative sample of individuals (N approximately 20,500). Results indicated that the vocabulary test is not unidimensional but bidimensional, with Basic Vocabulary and …
Loneliness in midlife: Historical increases and elevated levels in the United States compared with Europe
Loneliness is gaining attention globally as a public health issue because elevated loneliness increases one's risk for depression, compromised immunity, chronic illness, and mortality. Our objective is to zoom into how loneliness has historically evolved through midlife and investigate whether elevations in loneliness are confined to the United States or are similarly transpiring across peer European nations. We use harmonized data on loneliness …
Positivity resonance in long-term married couples: Multimodal characteristics and consequences for health and longevity
The Positivity Resonance Theory of coexperienced positive affect describes moments of interpersonal connection characterized by shared positive affect, caring nonverbal synchrony, and biological synchrony. The construct validity of positivity resonance and its longitudinal associations with health have not been tested. The current longitudinal study examined whether positivity resonance in conflict interactions between 154 married couples predict…
The Use of Growth Mixture Modeling for Studying Resilience to Major Life Stressors in Adulthood and Old Age: Lessons for Class Size and Identification and Model Selection
Our findings showcase that the assumptions typically underlying GMM are not tenable, influencing trajectory size and identification and most importantly, misinforming conceptual models of resilience. The discussion focuses on how GMM can be leveraged to effectively examine trajectories of adaptation following MLS and avenues for future research
Identifying Mother–child Interaction Styles Using a Person‐centered Approach
Parent-child conflict in the context of a supportive relationship has been discussed as a potentially constructive interaction pattern; the current study is the first to test this using a holistic analytic approach. Interaction styles, defined as mother-child conflict in the context of maternal sensitivity, were identified and described with demographic and stress-related characteristics of families. Longitudinal associations were tested between …
Relations between child temperament and adolescent negative urgency in a high-risk sample
A cross-lag analysis of longitudinal associations between preschool teachers’ instructional support identification skills and observed behavior
A Structural Factor Analysis of Vocabulary Knowledge and Relations to Age
Vocabulary knowledge may not be a unidimensional construct, and the relations between vocabulary knowledge and age may depend on the aspect of vocabulary knowledge being assessed. In this study, we examined the factor structure of a vocabulary test given to a large nationally representative sample of individuals (N approximately 20,500). Results indicated that the vocabulary test is not unidimensional but bidimensional, with Basic Vocabulary and …
Methods and Measures: Growth mixture modeling: A method for identifying differences in longitudinal change among unobserved groups
Growth mixture modeling (GMM) is a method for identifying multiple unobserved sub-populations, describing longitudinal change within each unobserved sub-population, and examining differences in change among unobserved sub-populations. We provide a practical primer that may be useful for researchers beginning to incorporate GMM analysis into their research. We briefly review basic elements of the standard latent basis growth curve model, introduce…
Longitudinal Multitrait-Multimethod Models for Developmental Research
Multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) confirmatory factor models were combined with longitudinal structural equation models to examine trait and method stability over time. A longitudinal correlated-trait correlated-method (CT-CM) model allowed for the study of trait and method variance in observed scores over time. Longitudinal measurement invariance was examined in the longitudinal CT-CM model to determine the invariance of the trait and method factors…
The contributions of ‘hot’ and ‘cool’ executive function to children's academic achievement, learning-related behaviors, and engagement in kindergarten
The contribution of children’s self-regulation and classroom quality to children’s adaptive behaviors in the kindergarten classroom
In this study, the authors examined the extent to which children's self-regulation upon kindergarten entrance and classroom quality in kindergarten contributed to children's adaptive classroom behavior. Children's self-regulation was assessed using a direct assessment upon entrance into kindergarten. Classroom quality was measured on the basis of multiple classroom observations during the kindergarten year. Children's adaptive classroom behavior …
Nonlinear Structured Growth Mixture Models in M plus and OpenMx
and OpenMx computer programs. These models are fit to longitudinal reading data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort to illustrate their use
Music-evoked nostalgia: Affect, memory, and personality
Participants listened to randomly selected excerpts of popular music and rated how nostalgic each song made them feel. Nostalgia was stronger to the extent that a song was autobiographically salient, arousing, familiar, and elicited a greater number of positive, negative, and mixed emotions. These effects were moderated by individual differences (nostalgia proneness, mood state, dimensions of the Affective Neurosciences Personality Scale, and fac…
Stability and change in early childhood classroom interactions during the first two hours of a day
Fine motor skills and early comprehension of the world: Two new school readiness indicators
Duncan et al. (2007) presented a new methodology for identifying kindergarten readiness factors and quantifying their importance by determining which of children's developing skills measured around kindergarten entrance would predict later reading and math achievement. This article extends Duncan et al.'s work to identify kindergarten readiness factors with 6 longitudinal data sets. Their results identified kindergarten math and reading readiness…
Early behavioral associations of achievement trajectories
Duncan et al. (2007) examined associations between early behavioral and cognitive skills with later achievement. These associations were examined in 6 different data sets and results converged to suggest that early behavioral competences or problems had little, if any, prediction to later achievement and that attentional competences had small positive relations with later achievement. In contrast, cognitive abilities were by far the strongest pre…
Nonlinear Growth Curves in Developmental Research
Developmentalists are often interested in understanding change processes, and growth models are the most common analytic tool for examining such processes. Nonlinear growth curves are especially valuable to developmentalists because the defining characteristics of the growth process such as initial levels, rates of change during growth spurts, and asymptotic levels can be estimated. A variety of growth models are described beginning with the line…
Observations of teacher–child interactions in classrooms serving Latinos and dual language learners: Applicability of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System in diverse settings
Individual differences in boys' and girls' timing and tempo of puberty: Modeling development with nonlinear growth models
Pubertal development is a nonlinear process progressing from prepubescent beginnings through biological, physical, and psychological changes to full sexual maturity. To tether theoretical concepts of puberty with sophisticated longitudinal, analytical models capable of articulating pubertal development more accurately, we used nonlinear mixed-effects models to describe both the timing and tempo of pubertal development in the sample of 364 White b…
Investigating Reliabilities of Intraindividual Variability Indicators
Reliabilities of the two most widely used intraindividual variability indicators, ISD (2) and ISD, are derived analytically. Both are functions of the sizes of the first and second moments of true intraindividual variability, the size of the measurement error variance, and the number of assessments within a burst. For comparison, the reliability of the intraindividual mean, [Formula: see text], is also derived. Simulations are conducted to confir…
Modeling Nonlinear Change via Latent Change and Latent Acceleration Frameworks: Examining Velocity and Acceleration of Growth Trajectories
We propose the use of the latent change and latent acceleration frameworks for modeling nonlinear growth in structural equation models. Moving to these frameworks allows for the direct identification of rates of change and acceleration in latent growth curves-information available indirectly through traditional growth curve models when change patterns are nonlinear with respect to time. To illustrate this approach, exponential growth models in th…
Regime-Switching Bivariate Dual Change Score Model
Mixture structural equation model with regime switching (MSEM-RS) provides one possible way of representing over-time heterogeneities in dynamic processes by allowing a system to manifest qualitatively or quantitatively distinct change processes conditional on the latent "regime" the system is in at a particular time point. Unlike standard mixture structural equation models such as growth mixture models, MSEM-RS allows individuals to transition b…
Identifying Mother–child Interaction Styles Using a Person‐centered Approach
Parent-child conflict in the context of a supportive relationship has been discussed as a potentially constructive interaction pattern; the current study is the first to test this using a holistic analytic approach. Interaction styles, defined as mother-child conflict in the context of maternal sensitivity, were identified and described with demographic and stress-related characteristics of families. Longitudinal associations were tested between …
A cross-lag analysis of longitudinal associations between preschool teachers’ instructional support identification skills and observed behavior
Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults With Mental Illnesses
Objectives. In a large heterogeneous sample of adults with mental illnesses, we examined the 6-month prevalence and nature of community violence perpetration and victimization, as well as associations between these outcomes. Methods. Baseline data were pooled from 5 studies of adults with mental illnesses from across the United States (n = 4480); the studies took place from 1992 to 2007. The MacArthur Community Violence Screening Instrument was a…
Early school readiness predictors of grade retention from kindergarten through eighth grade: A multilevel discrete-time survival analysis approach
Change across the lifespan in a psychological measure of life history strategy
Testing measurement invariance in longitudinal data with ordered-categorical measures.
A goal of developmental research is to examine individual changes in constructs over time. The accuracy of the models answering such research questions hinges on the assumption of longitudinal measurement invariance: The repeatedly measured variables need to represent the same construct in the same metric over time. Measurement invariance can be studied through factor models examining the relations between the observed indicators and the latent c…
Data Integration Approaches to Longitudinal Growth Modeling
Synthesizing results from multiple studies is a daunting task during which researchers must tackle a variety of challenges. The task is even more demanding when studying developmental processes longitudinally and when different instruments are used to measure constructs. Data integration methodology is an emerging field that enables researchers to pool data drawn from multiple existing studies. To date, these methods are not commonly utilized in …
The Use of Growth Mixture Modeling for Studying Resilience to Major Life Stressors in Adulthood and Old Age: Lessons for Class Size and Identification and Model Selection
Our findings showcase that the assumptions typically underlying GMM are not tenable, influencing trajectory size and identification and most importantly, misinforming conceptual models of resilience. The discussion focuses on how GMM can be leveraged to effectively examine trajectories of adaptation following MLS and avenues for future research
Longitudinal Multivariate Psychology
Psychology (36 works) · Computer Science (26 works) · Developmental psychology (25 works) · Mathematics (24 works) · Statistics (22 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Early Childhood Education and Development (14 works) · Econometrics (14 works) · Mental Health Research Topics (12 works) · Artificial Intelligence (10 works)