Kaiping Peng
Biographic Data
| ID | 76642 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kaiping Peng |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kaiping |
| FAMILY NAME | Peng |
| SIGNATURE | PENG K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Tsinghua University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8515-3409 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 72 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 771 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 71 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
The Dialectical Self Around the World: A Meta-Analysis of Country-Level Means
This research presents the first known meta-analysis of the Dialectical Self Scale, a widely used measure of the extent to which people hold contradictory and changeable self-conceptions. Data were synthesized from k = 139 studies ( N = 23,629) from 28 countries to produce a national Dialectical Self Index (DSI). Study 1 used meta-analytic techniques to hierarchically order countries on dialecticism and test demographic moderators. No historical …
Who is most at risk, and when? Gender-differentiated patterns and risk heterogeneity of adolescent depression in China: Evidence from a large-scale national study
The kinship estrangement effect of occupational diversity on trust
The Immediate and Delayed Beliefs in Headlines With High-arousal Sentence Starters
Emotionally charged messages can distort truth perception, and recent research highlights the impact of emotional language on news beliefs. While past studies have focused on emotional valence, the role of emotional arousal in shaping beliefs remains underexplored, particularly regarding its long-term effects. This research investigates both immediate and delayed beliefs in response to headlines with high-arousal sentence starters (HASS), such as…
Human advantages and psychological transformations in the era of artificial intelligence
摘要: 随着智能时代的来临, 人、机边界变得模糊, 如何重新认识和发展人类的独特优势变得更加凸显和紧迫; 同时, 随着技术进步以及心理学理论、范式的不断转型, 一个涵盖人、动物和机器心智与行为的广义心理学正在形成。研究者从人工智能影响、新型人机关系、人工智能方法和学科交叉赋能等角度, 开展了一系列人工智能心理与治理研究。未来的心理研究者要立足人类社会和未来发展, 反思人工智能冲击下的人类地位与人性尊严, 特别是人类长期进化而来的审美感、创造力、同理心等独特优势以及不断延伸的人类本质和身份边界; 真正掌握和利用人工智能技术赋能心理学发展, 让人类意识黑箱和复杂社会行为的研究更加精确和高效, 并推动人工智能在心智计算、决策与干预等领域的应用; 尤其要思考心理学如何赋能人工智能, 发挥前者在研究人性、价值观、社会关系等领域的优势, 研究智能认知及其与人和动物的异同, 促进人工智能的合理使用与人机共生社会的良善治理
Collectivism promotes prosocial justice sensitivity: The role of communal responsibility
Perceived unsustainability decreases acceptance of artificial intelligence
摘要: 人工智能有助于生态环境治理和实现社会可持续发展, 但它也正以惊人的速度消耗着能源, 其产生的碳排放也影响着自然环境和人类生存。然而, 暂未有研究关注人工智能产生的环境问题以及人类对此的反应, 因此本研究探究了人机环境决策情境下, 人工智能的可持续性对使用意愿的影响方式、原因和边界条件。预研究采用问卷调查并结合ChatGPT生成的态度词, 考察了人们对人工智能环保系统的使用意愿和态度, 发现人们的使用意愿较高且态度积极。研究1在2个子研究中分别操纵了人工智能可持续性的感知(有vs.无), 并发现低可持续性组被试对人工智能的接受意愿更低, 而且对国家开展人工智能研究的支持度也更低。研究2改变可持续性的操纵方式(低vs.高), 再次通过实验重复了研究2的结果, 并且发现道德而非能动是影响可持续性和接受意愿的中介机制。研究3探索了这一影响可能存在的边界条件, 验证了个体亲环境态度的调节作用。研究结果为人工智能的社会治理提供了心理学依据, 也为人工智能和可持续发展的关系提供了新的启示
The “diminished enjoyment with the best deal” effect: How does frugal mindset impact the anticipated enjoyment and experiential evaluation in food consumption
How Culture Mixing Influences Moral Judgment: The Mediating Effect of Disgust
Globalization has contributed to an increase of culture mixing. Prior research has shown that culture mixing may evoke disgust responses, and disgust can lead to harsher moral judgments. Whether and how culture mixing influences moral judgments, however, remains unknown. Therefore, the present research examines the effect of culture mixing on moral judgments and explores the underlying psychological mechanism. Across three studies, our findings d…
The cultural stereotype and cultural bias of ChatGPT
Given the rapid advancement of large-scale language models, AI models, like ChatGPT, are playing an increasingly prominent role in human society. However, to ensure that AI models equally benefit human society, we must fully understand the cultural stereotypes and biases that AI models may exhibit in interacting with humans. Study 1 first measured ChatGPT in 13 dimensions of cultural values; it was revealed that ChatGPT's cultural value patterns …
Big picture” predicts destination attractiveness: The role of physical breadth and contextual breadth
Good for All, Better for Individualists: Autonomy's Impact on Well‐Being Across the Globe
The ongoing debate regarding personal autonomy's impact on well‐being reveals a divide: universalists believe autonomy is universally prized across cultures and crucial for well‐being, while relativists argue it is rooted in individualistic cultures. Through analyses of three independent, global datasets encompassing 247,417 participants (Studies 1–3), we observed a consistent positive correlation between autonomy and subjective well‐being. Howev…
Life Activities Time Allocation and Subjective Well-Being of the Old Adults in China: A Compositional Perspective
Automating psychological hypothesis generation with AI: When large language models meet causal graph
Leveraging the synergy between causal knowledge graphs and a large language model (LLM), our study introduces a groundbreaking approach for computational hypothesis generation in psychology. We analyzed 43,312 psychology articles using a LLM to extract causal relation pairs. This analysis produced a specialized causal graph for psychology. Applying link prediction algorithms, we generated 130 potential psychological hypotheses focusing on “well-b…
The mediating role of emotional experience in the happiness of digital face beautification based on self-discrepancy theory
Hope as the Mediator in the Relation Between Resilience and Life Satisfaction among Tibetan Orphans
As an extremely disadvantaged group, orphans have received extensive attention from researchers. However, previous research focused on their survival status and psychological distress. The present study aims to explore the mechanism of orphans’ life satisfaction from the perspective of positive psychology. We conducted a survey among Tibetan orphans ( n = 131) and compared the results with Tibetan non-orphans ( n = 134). A mediation model was use…
Effects of self-compassion on aggression and its psychological mechanism through perceived stress
Given the increasing global concerns about aggressive behaviors and the pressing need for effective psychological interventions, this study delves into the potential of a concept deeply rooted in positive and Buddhist psychology but largely researched in Western contexts, as a mitigating factor against aggression in Chinese adults. Through three core studies involving 652 participants (age: 30.52±8.16), our research illuminated the intricate rela…
Who Experiences Greater Happiness When Dining Together? A Study of the Relationship Between Dining with Family Members and the Mental Health of Chinese Students
Chinese Buddhism and Vertical Space Metaphoric Thinking
Prior research indicated the association between religious concepts and perceptions of vertical positions may exist in Tibetan Buddhism. This study extends this view by investigating whether such an evaluation tendency also adapts to Chinese Buddhism. We employed explicit/implicit measures involving 305 participants in two studies. In Study 1, we used forced-choice method to explore whether the Chinese Buddhist-related concepts were represented b…
Adaptation and validation of the Claremont Purpose Scale to measure Chinese adolescents' purpose in life
Despite purpose measures being developed for adolescents, quantitative research investigating purposes prior to late adolescence and in non-Western societies remains nascent. This study evaluated the psychometric soundness of the Claremont Purpose Scale among Chinese adolescents. An initial prestudy (n = 34) was conducted to ensure linguistic equivalence. Subsequently, Study 1 (n = 1691) assessed the scale's reliability and factor structure, also…
Timing Matters: A Longitudinal Study Examining the Effects of Physical Activity Intensity and Timing on Adolescents’ Mental Health Outcomes
Detecting the risk of bullying victimization among adolescents: A large-scale machine learning approach
Psychological richness increases behavioral intention to protect the environment
摘要: 理解幸福和积极因素与亲环境之间的关系对于推动社会可持续发展有重要的现实意义。为探究影响亲环境行为的积极前因, 研究聚焦于心理丰富的幸福取向, 通过10个子研究(N = 2979)考察了心理丰富对亲环境行为的影响及其潜在机制和边界条件。结果发现, 心理丰富程度越高, 人们越愿意为环保做出努力和行为改变(研究1.1~1.4), 而这是因为心理丰富提高了自我扩展水平(研究2.1~2.4), 并且在个体将自然看作比自我更渺小时, 自我扩展对亲环境行为的预测作用更显著(研究3.1~3.2)。研究结果揭示了幸福对亲环境行为的积极作用, 为推动人们参与构建可持续发展社会提供了启示
Autonomy matters: Influences of causality orientations on Chinese adolescents’ growth mindset
Growth mindset research has received global attention. However, the psychological antecedents of growth mindset remain under-explored. We propose that autonomous orientation would foster growth mindset, whereas controlled and impersonal orientations would impede it. We found support for this proposition in two studies. In a laboratory experiment (Study 1), Chinese sixth-graders primed with the autonomous orientation scored significantly higher on…
Growth mindset of meaning in Life: Viewing meaning in life as malleable matters
Meaning in life contributes to psychological well-being. However, few studies have adopted an implicit theory approach to studying people's beliefs about the malleability of meaning in life. We propose the growth mindset of meaning in life (GMML) as the belief that meaning in life can be developed. In Study 1, we construct the Mindset of Meaning in Life Scale (MMLS) to measure GMML and demonstrate that GMML is distinct from growth mindset of inte…
Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction
Chinese ways of dealing with seeming contradictions result in a dialectical or compromise approach-retaining basic elements of opposing perspectives by seeking a middle way. On the other hand, European-American ways, deriving from a lay version of Aristotelian logic, result in a differentiation model that polarizes contradictory perspectives in an effort to determine which fact or position is correct. Five empirical studies showed that dialectica…
Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events
The authors argue that attribution patterns reflect implicit theories acquired from induction and socialization and hence differentially distributed across human cultures. In particular, the authors tested the hypothesis that dispositionalism in attribution for behavior reflects a theory of social behavior more widespread in individualist than collectivist cultures
What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales: The reference-group effect
Social comparison theory maintains that people think about themselves compared with similar others. Those in one culture, then, compare themselves with different others and standards than do those in another culture, thus potentially confounding cross-cultural comparisons. A pilot study and Study 1 demonstrated the problematic nature of this reference-group effect: Whereas cultural experts agreed that East Asians are more collectivistic than Nort…
Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment
East Asian cognition has been held to be relatively "holistic", that is, attention is paid to the field as a whole.Western cognition, in contrast, has been held to be object-focused and control-oriented.We compared East Asians (mostly Chinese) and Americans on detection of covariation and field dependence.The results showed that (1) Chinese participants reported stronger association between events, were more responsive to differences in covariati…
Acculturation Strategies and Integrative Complexity: The Cognitive Implications of Biculturalism
People are being exposed to second cultures in growing numbers, yet the role played by second-culture exposure in shaping sociocognitive skills has received little theoretical attention. The authors address this gap by exploring the relationship between acculturation strategies and integrative complexity. Consistent with the acculturation complexity model, studies of both Asian American college students (Study 1) and Israelis working in the Unite…
White Selves: Conceptualizing and Measuring a Dominant-Group Identity
This article addresses the nature and measurement of White racial identity. White identification is conceptualized as an automatic association between the self and the White ingroup; this association is fostered through social exposure to non-Whites and serves to link self- and ingroup evaluations. Four studies validated a measure of White identification against criteria derived from this model. In Study 1, the White Identity Centrality Implicit …
Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self
Awe has been theorized as a collective emotion, one that enables individuals to integrate into social collectives. In keeping with this theorizing, we propose that awe diminishes the sense of self and shifts attention away from individual interests and concerns. In testing this hypothesis across 6 studies (N = 2137), we first validate pictorial and verbal measures of the small self; we then document that daily, in vivo, and lab experiences of awe…
Culture and Implicit Self-Esteem: Chinese Are “Good” and “Bad” at the Same Time
One explanation for the lower self-esteem of East Asians is that they have dialectical, or inconsistent, self-esteem in that they endorse both the positively and the negatively keyed items of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, relative to Euro-Americans. The following research extended this effect to implicit self-esteem. In two studies, Chinese, Euro-Americans (Studies 1 and 2), and Chinese Americans (Study 2) completed explicit and implicit measu…
Culture Clash? Apologies East and West
Following the 1 April 2001 plane collision over the South China Seas, China and the United States engaged in two weeks of intensive 'apology diplomacy'. What role did culture play in these events? Drawing on experimental findings in social and cross-cultural psychology, we argue against the pundits that essentialized cultural difference-and against those who denied that culture matters. Instead, we maintain that both cultural differences and cult…
Cultural differences in self-verification: The role of naïve dialecticism
Dialecticism and the Co-occurrence of Positive and Negative Emotions Across Cultures
Emotional complexity (the co-occurrence of positive and negative affect) is more prevalent in East Asian than North American cultures. Although researchers have attributed this robust finding to dialectical thinking (tolerance of contradiction), this hypothesis has not been experimentally tested. In this study, dialectical thinking about salient life events was manipulated among mainland Chinese and Euro-American participants, and increased diale…
Culture and group perception: Dispositional and stereotypic inferences about novel and national groups
In 3 studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that Chinese participants would view social groups as more entitative than would Americans and, as a result, would be more likely to infer personality traits on the basis of group membership--that is, to stereotype. In Study 1, Chinese participants made stronger stereotypic trait inferences than Americans did on the basis of a target's membership in a fictitious group. Studies 2 and 3 showed that Ch…
Implicit Theories of Creativity Across Cultures: Novelty and Appropriateness in Two Product Domains
One potential problem for creativity theory is whether both novelty and appropriateness are equally valid dimensions across cultures. Taking an implicit theory approach, the authors surveyed more than 400 students from Japan, China, and the United States. Using repeated measures scenarios of cooking and textbook products, novelty was found to be important across the three countries for evaluations of creativity. However, the Chinese were more swa…
An Analysis of Well-Being Determinants at the City Level in China Using Big Data
Cultural Value Shifting in Pronoun Use
By investigating the use of first-person pronouns in nine languages using the Google Ngram Database, we examined the degree to which different cultural values skewed toward individualism or collectivism over a span of 59 years. We found that in eight of nine languages (British English being the exception), first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns) have become increasingly prevalent, which in turn points to a rising sense o…
Culturally based lay beliefs as a tool for understanding intergroup and intercultural relations
Chinese Buddhism and Vertical Space Metaphoric Thinking
Prior research indicated the association between religious concepts and perceptions of vertical positions may exist in Tibetan Buddhism. This study extends this view by investigating whether such an evaluation tendency also adapts to Chinese Buddhism. We employed explicit/implicit measures involving 305 participants in two studies. In Study 1, we used forced-choice method to explore whether the Chinese Buddhist-related concepts were represented b…
Timing Matters: A Longitudinal Study Examining the Effects of Physical Activity Intensity and Timing on Adolescents’ Mental Health Outcomes
Identifying psychological resilience in Chinese migrant youth through multidisciplinary language pattern decoding
Big picture” predicts destination attractiveness: The role of physical breadth and contextual breadth
Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events
The authors argue that attribution patterns reflect implicit theories acquired from induction and socialization and hence differentially distributed across human cultures. In particular, the authors tested the hypothesis that dispositionalism in attribution for behavior reflects a theory of social behavior more widespread in individualist than collectivist cultures
Validity problems comparing values across cultures and possible solutions.
The authors argue that commonly used ranking and rating methods of value surveys may have low validity in cross-cultural value comparisons because participants' reports about values can be affected by factors such as cultural differences in the meaning of particular value terms as well as the possibility that some value judg-ments are based on social comparison or deprivation rather than on any "direct reading " of personal preferences. Four diff…
Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction
Chinese ways of dealing with seeming contradictions result in a dialectical or compromise approach-retaining basic elements of opposing perspectives by seeking a middle way. On the other hand, European-American ways, deriving from a lay version of Aristotelian logic, result in a differentiation model that polarizes contradictory perspectives in an effort to determine which fact or position is correct. Five empirical studies showed that dialectica…
Dialectical responses to questions about dialectical thinking
Dialectical responses to questions about dialectical thinking
Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment
East Asian cognition has been held to be relatively "holistic", that is, attention is paid to the field as a whole.Western cognition, in contrast, has been held to be object-focused and control-oriented.We compared East Asians (mostly Chinese) and Americans on detection of covariation and field dependence.The results showed that (1) Chinese participants reported stronger association between events, were more responsive to differences in covariati…
Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition.
The authors find East Asians to be holistic, attending to the entire field and assigning causality to it, making relatively little use of categories and formal logic, and relying on "dialectical" reasoning, whereas Westerners are more analytic, paying attention primarily to the object and the categories to which it belongs and using rules, including formal logic, to understand its behavior. The 2 types of cognitive processes are embedded in diffe…
Culture Clash? Apologies East and West
Following the 1 April 2001 plane collision over the South China Seas, China and the United States engaged in two weeks of intensive 'apology diplomacy'. What role did culture play in these events? Drawing on experimental findings in social and cross-cultural psychology, we argue against the pundits that essentialized cultural difference-and against those who denied that culture matters. Instead, we maintain that both cultural differences and cult…
What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales: The reference-group effect
Social comparison theory maintains that people think about themselves compared with similar others. Those in one culture, then, compare themselves with different others and standards than do those in another culture, thus potentially confounding cross-cultural comparisons. A pilot study and Study 1 demonstrated the problematic nature of this reference-group effect: Whereas cultural experts agreed that East Asians are more collectivistic than Nort…
Dialectical Self-Esteem and East-West Differences in Psychological Well-Being
A well-documented finding in the literature is that members of many East Asian cultures report lower self-esteem and psychological well-being than do members of Western cultures. The authors present the results of four studies that examined cultural differences in reasoning about psychological contradiction and the effects of naive dialecticism on self-evaluations and psychological adjustment. Mainland Chinese and Asian Americans exhibited greate…
White Selves: Conceptualizing and Measuring a Dominant-Group Identity
This article addresses the nature and measurement of White racial identity. White identification is conceptualized as an automatic association between the self and the White ingroup; this association is fostered through social exposure to non-Whites and serves to link self- and ingroup evaluations. Four studies validated a measure of White identification against criteria derived from this model. In Study 1, the White Identity Centrality Implicit …
Culture and group perception: Dispositional and stereotypic inferences about novel and national groups
In 3 studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that Chinese participants would view social groups as more entitative than would Americans and, as a result, would be more likely to infer personality traits on the basis of group membership--that is, to stereotype. In Study 1, Chinese participants made stronger stereotypic trait inferences than Americans did on the basis of a target's membership in a fictitious group. Studies 2 and 3 showed that Ch…
Implicit Theories of Creativity Across Cultures: Novelty and Appropriateness in Two Product Domains
One potential problem for creativity theory is whether both novelty and appropriateness are equally valid dimensions across cultures. Taking an implicit theory approach, the authors surveyed more than 400 students from Japan, China, and the United States. Using repeated measures scenarios of cooking and textbook products, novelty was found to be important across the three countries for evaluations of creativity. However, the Chinese were more swa…
The Dialectical Self-Concept: Contradiction, Change, and Holism in East Asian Cultures
Naïve dialecticism refers to a set of East Asian lay beliefs characterized by tolerance for contradiction, the expectation of change, and cognitive holism. In five studies, the authors examined the cognitive mechanisms that give rise to global self-concept inconsistency among dialectical cultures. Contradictory self-knowledge was more readily available (Study 1) and simultaneously accessible (Study 2) among East Asians (Japanese and Chinese) than…
Cultural differences in self-verification: The role of naïve dialecticism
Acculturation Strategies and Integrative Complexity: The Cognitive Implications of Biculturalism
People are being exposed to second cultures in growing numbers, yet the role played by second-culture exposure in shaping sociocognitive skills has received little theoretical attention. The authors address this gap by exploring the relationship between acculturation strategies and integrative complexity. Consistent with the acculturation complexity model, studies of both Asian American college students (Study 1) and Israelis working in the Unite…
Culture and Implicit Self-Esteem: Chinese Are “Good” and “Bad” at the Same Time
One explanation for the lower self-esteem of East Asians is that they have dialectical, or inconsistent, self-esteem in that they endorse both the positively and the negatively keyed items of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, relative to Euro-Americans. The following research extended this effect to implicit self-esteem. In two studies, Chinese, Euro-Americans (Studies 1 and 2), and Chinese Americans (Study 2) completed explicit and implicit measu…
Cultural Differences in Expectations of Change and Tolerance for Contradiction: A Decade of Empirical Research
Since the publication of Peng and Nisbett’s seminal paper on dialectical thinking, a substantial amount of empirical research has replicated and expanded on the core finding that people differ in the degree to which they view the world as inherently contradictory and in constant flux. Dialectical thinkers (who are more often members of East Asian than Western cultures) show greater expectation of change in tasks related to explanation and predict…
Dialecticism and the Co-occurrence of Positive and Negative Emotions Across Cultures
Emotional complexity (the co-occurrence of positive and negative affect) is more prevalent in East Asian than North American cultures. Although researchers have attributed this robust finding to dialectical thinking (tolerance of contradiction), this hypothesis has not been experimentally tested. In this study, dialectical thinking about salient life events was manipulated among mainland Chinese and Euro-American participants, and increased diale…
Mating strategies in Chinese culture: Female risk avoiding vs. male risk taking
Culturally based lay beliefs as a tool for understanding intergroup and intercultural relations
Challenge and Contribution of Cultural Psychology to Empirical Legal Studies: Challenge and Contribution of Cultural Psychology to Empirical Legal Studies
摘要: 跨文化的实证法学研究把文化心理学的理论突破和心理学的实证方法引入到对法学基本原理的研究之中。文化心理学研究中发现的东西方文化在价值定向、道德判断和思维方式等方面的差异能够给跨文化实证法学研究带来重要的启示。在对一些重要法律问题的认识上, 例如法律中的因果关系和责任的判定、合同形成以及纠纷调解等方面, 跨文化心理学研究已经发现了显著的跨文化差异, 这些差异可能会影响到不同文化背景的人对法的认识、法的建设以及法律的应用。我们认为跨文化的实证法学研究不仅可以为法学研究提供一条新的研究路径, 更主要的是还可以为中国法学研究的国际化和国际法律纠纷提供理论指导
Effect of Growth Mindset on School Engagement and Psychological Well-Being of Chinese Primary and Middle School Students: The Mediating Role of Resilience
The objective of positive education is not only to improve students' well-being but also their academic performance. As an important concept in positive education, growth mindset refers to core assumptions about the malleability of a person's intellectual abilities. The present study investigates the relation of growth mindsets to psychological well-being and school engagement. The study also explores the mediating function of resilience in this …
The power of affirming group values: Group affirmation buffers the self-esteem of women exposed to blatant sexism
Extending the group affirmation literature to the domain of prejudice, this study investigated whether group affirmation buffers the self-esteem of women exposed to blatant sexism. In accordance with Self-Affirmation Theory (Steele, 1988) and group affirmation research (Sherman et al., 2007), we hypothesized that when one aspect of the collective self is threatened (gender identity), self-esteem can be maintained via the affirmation of an alterna…
Pricing Aesthetics: How Cognitive Perception Affects Bidding for Artworks
There are few studies in which the focus is on cognitive determinants of artwork bidding. Using a micro approach, we explored factors that may influence bidders' offering from a psychological perspective. The 157 participants rated 25 paintings on the price they were willing to offer for works by famous Chinese artists executed in the traditional Chinese style and variants of the same works by a modern Chinese artist working in adaptations of the…
Psychology (64 works) · Social Psychology (53 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (27 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Developmental psychology (19 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (19 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Epistemology (17 works) · Dialectic (12 works) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (11 works)