Kees Van Den Bos
Biographic Data
| ID | 76805 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kees Van Den Bos |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kees Van Den |
| FAMILY NAME | Bos |
| SIGNATURE | VAN DEN BOS K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Utrecht University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2777-9344 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 102 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 875 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 102 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Dynamics of collectivistic language and emotional expression in China's early pandemic: A social media analysis
Crises can produce contradictory responses in collectivistic cultures, yielding both solidarity and fragmentation. We propose these paradoxes can be understood by noting multiple ecological levels in collectivistic cultures that reconfigure differentially under stress. Analysing 32,042 Sina Weibo posts from China's early COVID‐19 outbreak, we examined collectivistic language and emotional expression across three geographical zones and temporal pe…
Beyond Religious Narcissistic Identification: Agnostic and Atheistic Narcissism
Agnosticism and atheism are often grouped simply as nonreligious identities, yet emerging research highlights their distinct psychological profiles and social implications. Among these distinctions, collective narcissism – characterized by strong attachment to one’s group, exceptionalism, and grievance for recognition – offers a framework for understanding identity processes in both nonreligious groups. We examined whether agnostics and atheists …
The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Violent Extremism
Psychology, with its dedication to understanding human behavior and its complexities, is a key part in comprehending the underpinnings of violent extremism. This comprehensive resource encompasses all major psychological frameworks related to violent extremism, making it essential reading for scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and students determined to enact positive change in this critical area. This handbook provides a state-of-the-art ove…
“I do not have an opinion about that yet”: Qualitative research on perceived procedural justice of self-represented litigants in early stages of small claims procedures in the Netherlands
OBJECTIVE: Building on recent suggestions that there are, thus far, unnoticed levels of increased polarization and decreased perceived legitimacy of the judiciary within the Netherlands, we studied the experiences of self-represented litigants in early stages of Dutch small claims procedures. Our objective was to assess by means of qualitative interviews (a) whether litigants would mention experiences of perceived procedural justice during these …
Reactions to no-fault compensation schemes for occupational diseases in the Netherlands: The role of perceived procedural justice, outcome concerns and trust in authorities
Financial redress for victims of occupational diseases can be offered through no-fault compensation schemes. No-fault compensation schemes have an explicit mission in promoting perceived fairness and justice. The objective is to offer a quick, fair and just procedure and outcome, while preventing civil court procedures and restoring trust. However, the question is whether applicants of these no-fault schemes indeed experience perceived fairness a…
Over rechtvaardigheid gesproken: Een kwalitatief interviewonderzoek naar ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid onder verdachten in Nederlandse strafzaken
Samenvatting Kwalitatieve interviews onder 100 verdachten in Nederlandse strafzaken bieden inzicht in de vraag of ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid ertoe doet voor verdachten en, zo ja, welke componenten van procedurele rechtvaardigheid voor hen van belang zijn. Het epistemologische vertrekpunt van dit onderzoek verschilt van de kwantitatieve studies die het onderzoeksveld domineren, doordat dit onderzoek nagaat welke componenten van procedure…
Social network site use and materialistic values: The roles of self-control and self-acceptance
This study reveals that self-acceptance may be a protective factor that helps to mitigate excessive SNS use and its potential effects on self-control and materialistic values. It further suggests that psychological interventions targeting the enhancement of self-acceptance and self-control could hold promise in alleviating the negative association between SNS use and materialistic values
Procedural fairness in ethnic-cultural decision-making: Benefits, processes and minority and majority group perspectives
As nations worldwide diversify, societal institutions are increasingly faced with the challenging task to resolve issues regarding ethnic, cultural, and linguistic matters. In the present contribution, we review evidence for a theoretical model that highlights the relevance of procedural fairness for dealing with such ethnic-cultural issues. Our collective model of procedural fairness (CPF) explains the reactions to fairness enactment of differen…
The Fair Process Effect: Overcoming Distrust, Polarization, and Conspiracy Thinking
The Fair Process Effect aims to shed light on why there are so many instances of distrust, polarization, and conspiracy thinking in our world and what we can do about this. The book focuses on the fair process effect as a mechanism that may help to start overcoming these important issues of societal discontent. This is a positive effect that people exhibit when they have been treated in genuinely fair and just ways by fellow human beings and soci…
Is the uncertain self good at detecting lies? The influence of personal uncertainty on deception detection
Five experiments (total number of judging participants = 1309, four different kinds of stimulus materials with a total of 464 messages, total number of judgements = 19,634) investigated the influence of personal uncertainty on the process of lie detection in social relationships. Building on and extending basic assumptions of uncertainty management models, we reasoned that uncertainty about themselves motivates people to evaluate the quality of t…
Fair Process Effect: Overcoming Distrust, Polarization, and Conspiracy Thinking
Judicial and Litigant Perceptions in Dutch Court Cases: Perceptions of Outcome Importance Overlap, Perceptions of Procedural Justice Diverge
The current paper aims to provide insight into judges' perceptions of how fairly they treat litigants and how important case outcomes are to litigants, and whether these perceptions relate to litigants' perceptions of procedural justice and outcome importance. Respondents were litigants involved in bankruptcy, landlord-tenant, and administrative law cases and judges handling these cases at the district court of the Mid-Netherlands. Both litigants…
Evaluating Others If They Stand Up for Their Moral Convictions, and Evaluating Ourselves If We Don't Stand Up
Acting on one’s moral principles is not always easy. Upholding one’s moral beliefs may run counter to one’s social environment or situational demands. It may often cause people to remain silent on their convictions, while at the same time some may show the moral courage to speak out. How do people evaluate those who do stand up, and how does it affect their self-evaluations? In two experimental studies (Ns = 207 and 204), we investigated both typ…
Identity lost and found: Self-concept clarity in social network site contexts
Social network sites (SNSs) allow young people to experiment with and present different aspects of themselves during important periods of self-concept development. Interestingly, whether SNSs have negative or positive effects on self-concept clarity (SCC) is inconclusive. We propose that SNS use may simultaneously produce negative and positive effects on SCC, depending on how people use it and the social connection quality created on-line. Specif…
Situated and Historized Making Sense of Meaning: Implications for Radicalization
Article Situated and Historized Making Sense of Meaning: Implications for Radicalization was published on December 1, 2020 in the journal Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture (volume 4, issue 1)
Country‐level correlates of the Dark Triad traits in 49 countries
OBJECTIVES: The Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) capture individual differences in aversive personality to complement work on other taxonomies, such as the Big Five traits. However, the literature on the Dark Triad traits relies mostly on samples from English-speaking (i.e., Westernized) countries. We broadened the scope of this literature by sampling from a wider array of countries. METHOD: = 21.53) to examine …
Temporal self-appraisal in a Chinese context: Distancing autobiographical memory following self-uncertainty salience
On the premise that individuals are inclined to self-enhance, in temporal self-appraisal (TSA) theory it is suggested that people can motivationally reconstruct subjective distances from their past self to serve that goal. However, given the mixed evidence found in an East Asian cultural context (i.e., Japan), it is important to test the cultural applicability of TSA in a different East Asian culture. Thus we tested the TSA of a Chinese sample, f…
Radicalization and violent extremism: Perspectives from research on group processes and intergroup relations
Radicalization and violent extremism leading to violent protests, repression, and terrorist attacks constitute important issues in our world. Social psychological group processes and intergroup dynamics play a key role in creating resilience against or facilitating the path towards violent extremism. The present body of work brings together and furthers our understanding of these factors by integrating insights from other fields, most centrally p…
Speaking of Justice: A Qualitative Interview Study on Perceived Procedural Justice Among Defendants in Dutch Criminal Cases
Qualitative interviews with one hundred defendants in Dutch criminal cases examine whether perceived procedural justice is a relevant concern for defendants, and, if so, which procedural justice components they refer to. The study provides a point of epistemological departure from the quantitative studies dominating the field, as it assessed which components of procedural justice (if any) respondents put forward themselves rather than asking abou…
Consumers Beware: Online Personalized Pricing in Action! How the Framing of a Mandated Discriminatory Pricing Disclosure Influences Intention to Purchase
Online businesses collect a wealth of data on customers, often without properly informing them. Increasingly, these data can be used for behavioral price discrimination. In this two-study article, we explore how consumers would respond if businesses were compelled to disclose their use of discriminatory behavioral pricing techniques. Using different disclosure frames, we examine the effects of disclosure on purchase intention and purchase probabi…
Instances of Radicalization, Extremism, and Terrorism
Chapter 2 discusses relevant instances of Muslim, right-wing, and left-wing radicalization, extremism, and terrorism, particularly as they pertain to people’s perceptions that things are not fair. The chapter also introduces how people’s feelings of threatening personal uncertainty and rigidity of people’s thoughts are known to impact instances of radicalization, extremism, and terrorism. The chapter argues that when we really want to be able to …
Practical Implications
Chapter 11 focuses on what we can do to prevent radicalization and how we can combat radicalization after it has occurred. The chapter notes that prevention and fighting of radicalization may be possible when lessons learned from the psychology of fairness judgments are taken into consideration and are combined with the classic ideal of Scientific Enlightenment that focuses on the application of critical rationalism to problems of civilization. F…
Perceiving Unfairness
Chapter 4 describes the core factor in the radicalization process on which this book focuses, namely how people use judgments of unfairness to fuel radical beliefs, extremist behaviors, and terrorism. In particular, the chapter notes that various experiences of unfairness and injustice in society may be important drivers of social unrest and the deeply felt need for societal change. The chapter discusses the idea that issues of unfair treatment, …
Hot-Cognitive Defense of Worldviews
Chapter 8 discusses people’s tendencies to defend their views on how the world should look and what exact role affective processes and feelings play in these defensive responses. The chapter delineates that worldview-defense reactions tend to be “hot-cognitive” reactions, consisting of a combination of how situations are interpreted, assessed, and appraised and the feelings associated with these interpretations, assessments, and appraisals. The c…
A Review of Radicalization Theories
Chapter 3 reviews core theories of radicalization, with a special emphasis on those theories that examine extremism and terrorism and, in particular, those that include perceptions of unfairness as one of the core mechanisms that fuel radicalization. This review grounds the discussion of perceived unfairness and other relevant factors in Chapters 4 to 9. Specifically, Chapter 3 reviews process models that focus on the radicalization process. The …
Uncertainty management: The influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to perceived procedural fairness
On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, it is argued in this article that people especially need fairness when they are reminded about aspects of their lives that make them uncertain. It is therefore proposed that thinking about uncertainty should make fairness a more important issue to people. The findings of 3 experiments support this line of reasoning: Asking (vs. not asking) participants 2 questions that solicited their thoughts and feelin…
How do I judge my outcome when I do not know the outcome of others? The psychology of the fair process effect
An enquiry concerning the principles of cultural norms and values: The impact of uncertainty and mortality salience on reactions to violations and bolstering of cultural worldviews
What Are We Talking about When We Talk about No-Voice Procedures? On the Psychology of the Fair Outcome Effect
When do we need procedural fairness? The role of trust in authority
On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, the authors argue that when information about whether an authority can be trusted is not available, people will resolve the question of how they should interpret the decisions of the authority by relying on perceived procedural fairness. As a consequence, people who do not have information about authority's trustworthiness react more positively toward the outcomes of authority's decisions if the authorit…
Evaluating outcomes by means of the fair process effect: Evidence for different processes in fairness and satisfaction judgments
The authors refine and extend their explanation of the psychology of the fair process effect (the positive influence of procedural fairness on outcome evaluations). On the basis of fairness heuristic theory's substitutability proposition, the authors predicted and found that outcome evaluations show strong effects of procedural fairness when outcomes are better or worse than expected, whereas less strong fair process effects appear when outcomes …
Determinants of Radicalization of Islamic Youth in the Netherlands: Personal Uncertainty, Perceived Injustice, and Perceived Group Threat
In this study among Dutch Muslim youth (N = 131), we focus on the process of radicalization. We hypothesize that this process is driven by three main factors: (a) personal uncertainty, (b) perceived injustice, and (c) perceived group threat. Using structural equation modeling, we demonstrate that personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and group‐threat factors are important determinants of a radical belief system (e.g., perceived superiority o…
Toward understanding why fairness matters: The influence of mortality salience on reactions to procedural fairness
This article focuses on the question of why fairness matters to people. On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, the authors argue that people especially need fairness when they are uncertain about things that are important to them. Following terror management theory, the authors focus on a basic kind of human uncertainty: fear of death. Integrating these two theoretical frameworks, it is proposed that thinking about their mortality should make…
On the Subjective Quality of Social Justice: The Role of Affect as Information in the Psychology of Justice Judgments
This article argues that it is not uncommon for people forming justice judgments to lack information that is most relevant in the particular situation. In information-uncertain conditions, people may therefore construct justice judgments by relying on how they feel about the events they have encountered, and justice judgments may hence be strongly influenced by affect information. Findings show that in information-uncertain conditions, the affect…
The inaction effect in the psychology of regret
Previous research showed that decisions to act (i.e., actions) produce more regret than decisions not to act (i.e., inactions).This previous research focused on decisions made in isolation and ignored that decisions are often made in response to earlier outcomes.The authors show in 4 experiments that these prior outcomes may promote action and hence make inaction more abnormal.They manipulated information about a prior outcome.As hypothesized, wh…
On preferences and doing the right thing: Satisfaction with advantageous inequity when cognitive processing is limited
Uncertainty and the Roots of Extremism
Extremism in society is the source of enormous human suffering and represents a significant social problem. In this article, we make a case for the urgency of understanding the psychology of societal extremism, discuss the diverse forms that extremism can take, and identify uncertainty as a correlate of and quite possibly precondition for extremism. We discuss the concept of uncertainty and the burgeoning social psychological research on uncertai…
Group Belongingness and Procedural Justice: Social Inclusion and Exclusion by Peers Affects the Psychology of Voice
The authors focus on the relation between group membership and procedural justice. They argue that whether people are socially included or excluded by their peers influences their reactions to unrelated experiences of procedural justice. Findings from 2 experiments corroborate the prediction that reactions to voice as opposed to no-voice procedures are affected more strongly when people are included in a group than when they are excluded from a g…
The threat of moral refusers for one's self-concept and the protective function of physical cleansing
Referent Cognitions Theory: The role of closeness of reference points in the psychology of voice
The most generally accepted and best documented manipulation in procedural justice experiments is varying whether or not participants are allowed an opportunity to voice their opinion about a decision. To better understand the psychology of voice, the authors focus on Referent Cognitions Theory (RCT). It is argued that thus far RCT has not been used to explain the psychology of voice and that previous RCT research suffers from methodological prob…
How Litigants in Dutch Courtrooms Come to Trust Judges: The Role of Perceived Procedural Justice, Outcome Favorability, and Other Sociolegal Moderators
This paper examines the hypothesis that litigants' perceived procedural justice is positively associated with their trust in judges. We argue that although this association might seem quite robust, it can vary across contexts. In particular, we suggest that the nature and magnitude of the association between procedural justice and trust in judges depends on outcome concerns, and other sociolegal moderators such as outcome importance and prior cou…
Justice and the human alarm system: The impact of exclamation points and flashing lights on the justice judgment process
Extending theory within the justice domain and work on the human alarm system, the current paper argues that the process by which justice judgments are formed may be influenced reliably by the activation of psychological systems that people use to detect and handle alarming situations. Building on this analysis, it is further proposed that if this line of reasoning is true then presenting alarm-related stimuli, such as exclamation points and flas…
Procedural justice and intragroup status: Knowing where we stand in a group enhances reactions to procedures
Toward Understanding the Psychology of Reactions to Perceived Fairness: The Role of Affect Intensity
Reactions to Perceived Fairness: The Impact of Mortality Salience and Self-Esteem on Ratings of Negative Affect
The effects of unfair procedure on negative affect and protest
Appropriateness of decisions as a moderator of the psychology of voice
This paper focuses on the psychology of the voice effect (the effect that people show more positive reactions when they are allowed an opportunity to voice their opinion in the decision‐making process than when they are denied such an opportunity). It is argued that it is important to ask about what decisions people are allowed voice. More specifically, results of two experiments suggest that when participation in decision making is appropriate (…
Speaking of Justice: A Qualitative Interview Study on Perceived Procedural Justice Among Defendants in Dutch Criminal Cases
Qualitative interviews with one hundred defendants in Dutch criminal cases examine whether perceived procedural justice is a relevant concern for defendants, and, if so, which procedural justice components they refer to. The study provides a point of epistemological departure from the quantitative studies dominating the field, as it assessed which components of procedural justice (if any) respondents put forward themselves rather than asking abou…
Not fair for me! The influence of personal relevance on social justice inferences
In this paper, we argue that the personal relevance of a situation primarily influences spontaneous inferences about social justice, and not necessarily affects explicit justice judgments. To test this hypothesis, two studies manipulated personal relevance and assessed justice inferences and judgments: Participants read descriptions of fair or unfair events happening to stimulus persons referred to with first-person versus third-person pronouns (…
The Moral Superiority Effect: Self Versus Other Differences in Satisfaction with Being Overpaid
The consistency rule and the voice effect: The influence of expectations on procedural fairness judgements and performance
In procedural justice research it has frequently been found that allowing people an opportunity to voice their opinion enhances their judgements of the fairness of a decision-making procedure. The present study investigated how this voice effect is affected by the consistency over time rule, which dictates that, once people expect a certain procedure, deviation from the expected procedure will lead to a reduction in procedural fairness. Two exper…
The effects of unfair procedure on negative affect and protest
Procedural decisions in intergroup conflict situations: The influence of hierarchical group membership
Procedural and distributive justice: What is fair depends more on what comes first than on what comes next
In this article, 2 experiments are presented. In both experiments, the independent variables were whether the procedure was accurate or inaccurate, whether the outcome was favorable or unfavorable, and whether participants were informed about the procedure before or after they were informed about the outcome. The independent variables were manipulated by means of scenarios in Experiment 1 and by means of the R. Vermunt, A.P. Wit, K. van den Bos, …
How do I judge my outcome when I do not know the outcome of others? The psychology of the fair process effect
When do we need procedural fairness? The role of trust in authority
On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, the authors argue that when information about whether an authority can be trusted is not available, people will resolve the question of how they should interpret the decisions of the authority by relying on perceived procedural fairness. As a consequence, people who do not have information about authority's trustworthiness react more positively toward the outcomes of authority's decisions if the authorit…
Evaluating outcomes by means of the fair process effect: Evidence for different processes in fairness and satisfaction judgments
The authors refine and extend their explanation of the psychology of the fair process effect (the positive influence of procedural fairness on outcome evaluations). On the basis of fairness heuristic theory's substitutability proposition, the authors predicted and found that outcome evaluations show strong effects of procedural fairness when outcomes are better or worse than expected, whereas less strong fair process effects appear when outcomes …
Sometimes unfair procedures have nice aspects: On the psychology of the fair process effect
This article focuses on the psychology of the fair process effect (the frequently replicated finding that perceived procedural fairness positively affects people's reactions). It is argued that when people receive an unfavorable outcome, they may start looking for causes that explain why they received this outcome. Furthermore, the authors propose that unfair procedures provide an opportunity to attribute one's unfavorable outcome to external cau…
What Are We Talking about When We Talk about No-Voice Procedures? On the Psychology of the Fair Outcome Effect
Toward understanding why fairness matters: The influence of mortality salience on reactions to procedural fairness
This article focuses on the question of why fairness matters to people. On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, the authors argue that people especially need fairness when they are uncertain about things that are important to them. Following terror management theory, the authors focus on a basic kind of human uncertainty: fear of death. Integrating these two theoretical frameworks, it is proposed that thinking about their mortality should make…
Uncertainty management: The influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to perceived procedural fairness
On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, it is argued in this article that people especially need fairness when they are reminded about aspects of their lives that make them uncertain. It is therefore proposed that thinking about uncertainty should make fairness a more important issue to people. The findings of 3 experiments support this line of reasoning: Asking (vs. not asking) participants 2 questions that solicited their thoughts and feelin…
Referent Cognitions Theory: The role of closeness of reference points in the psychology of voice
The most generally accepted and best documented manipulation in procedural justice experiments is varying whether or not participants are allowed an opportunity to voice their opinion about a decision. To better understand the psychology of voice, the authors focus on Referent Cognitions Theory (RCT). It is argued that thus far RCT has not been used to explain the psychology of voice and that previous RCT research suffers from methodological prob…
Reactions to Perceived Fairness: The Impact of Mortality Salience and Self-Esteem on Ratings of Negative Affect
When fairness works: Toward a general theory of uncertainty management
Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgments
Parents' Reactions to Child Day Care Organizations: The Influence of Perceptions of Procedures and the Role of Organizations' Trustworthiness
Appropriateness of decisions as a moderator of the psychology of voice
This paper focuses on the psychology of the voice effect (the effect that people show more positive reactions when they are allowed an opportunity to voice their opinion in the decision‐making process than when they are denied such an opportunity). It is argued that it is important to ask about what decisions people are allowed voice. More specifically, results of two experiments suggest that when participation in decision making is appropriate (…
Procedural justice and status: Status salience as antecedent of procedural fairness effects
The current article explores status as an antecedent of procedural fairness effects (the findings that perceived procedural fairness affects people's reactions, e.g., their relational judgments). On the basis of the literature, the authors proposed that salience of the general concept of status leads people to be more attentive to procedural fairness information and that, as a consequence, stronger procedural fairness effects should be found. In …
The inaction effect in the psychology of regret
Previous research showed that decisions to act (i.e., actions) produce more regret than decisions not to act (i.e., inactions).This previous research focused on decisions made in isolation and ignored that decisions are often made in response to earlier outcomes.The authors show in 4 experiments that these prior outcomes may promote action and hence make inaction more abnormal.They manipulated information about a prior outcome.As hypothesized, wh…
On the Subjective Quality of Social Justice: The Role of Affect as Information in the Psychology of Justice Judgments
This article argues that it is not uncommon for people forming justice judgments to lack information that is most relevant in the particular situation. In information-uncertain conditions, people may therefore construct justice judgments by relying on how they feel about the events they have encountered, and justice judgments may hence be strongly influenced by affect information. Findings show that in information-uncertain conditions, the affect…
Toward Understanding the Psychology of Reactions to Perceived Fairness: The Role of Affect Intensity
Fairness heuristic theory is an empirical framework: A reply to Árnadóttir
In this article on fairness heuristic theory, we point out some important flaws in Árnadóttir's (2002) claim that fairness heuristic theory is “not empirical,” by which Árnadóttir meant that theory's predictions are knowable a priori , and are not contingent upon circumstances. To this end, we demonstrate that empirically testing effects predicted by fairness heuristic theory was and is important because this showed that the theory's propositions…
The role of standing in the psychology of procedural justice: Towards theoretical integration
In the current chapter, the authors explore the relation between social standing and procedural justice. Standing is an important construct in procedural justice theories and tends to be broadly defined as the position that people have in social groups. It is argued that the standing construct suffers from conceptual ambiguity: In procedural justice literature two distinct interpretations of standing can be distinguished, one defining standing as…
An enquiry concerning the principles of cultural norms and values: The impact of uncertainty and mortality salience on reactions to violations and bolstering of cultural worldviews
Group Belongingness and Procedural Justice: Social Inclusion and Exclusion by Peers Affects the Psychology of Voice
The authors focus on the relation between group membership and procedural justice. They argue that whether people are socially included or excluded by their peers influences their reactions to unrelated experiences of procedural justice. Findings from 2 experiments corroborate the prediction that reactions to voice as opposed to no-voice procedures are affected more strongly when people are included in a group than when they are excluded from a g…
Psychology (94 works) · Social Psychology (92 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (58 works) · Social Psychology (54 works) · Political science (48 works) · Law (41 works) · Economic Justice (38 works) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (35 works) · Perception (29 works) · Law (24 works)