Carolin J Showers
Biographic Data
| ID | 769225 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carolin J Showers |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carolin J |
| FAMILY NAME | Showers |
| SIGNATURE | SHOWERS C J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Oklahoma |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 12 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 177 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 12 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Self‐Concept Structure and the Quality of Self‐Knowledge
This article explores the hidden vulnerability of individuals with compartmentalized self‐concept structures by linking research on self‐organization to related models of self‐functioning. Across three studies, college students completed self‐descriptive card sorts as a measure of self‐concept structure and either the Contingencies of Self‐Worth Scale, Likert ratings of perceived authenticity of self‐aspects, or a response latency measure of self…
Self-structure and emotional response categorization: Who judges a face by its emotional cover
Compartmentalization and Integration: The Evaluative Organization of Contextualized Selves
This article reviews research on the evaluative organization (compartmentalized or integrative) of contextualized selves. Evaluatively compartmentalized self‐structures consist of multiple selves, each of which is either mostly positive or mostly negative. Evaluatively integrative self‐structures represent each self with a mixture of positive and negative attributes. These different styles of organizing self‐knowledge have been linked to current …
Similarity breeds liking' revisited: The moderating role of commitment
The association between perceived similarity and liking for a romantic partner was examined in college students' relationships over the course of one year. Despite substantial evidence that similarity breeds attraction, perceived attribute similarity was positively correlated with liking only in highcommitment relationships. In low-commitment relationships, perceived dissimilarity was associated with greater liking and with maintenance of liking …
Looking at Body Image: The Organization of Self‐Knowledge About Physical Appearance and Its Relation to Disordered Eating
This study examined the organization of self‐knowledge, with special attention to beliefs about physical appearance, in three groups of college‐aged women: high body dissatisfaction with symptoms of disordered eating; high body dissatisfaction with no symptoms of disorder; and low body dissatisfaction. In the nondisordered, dissatisfied group, negative beliefs about physical appearance were organized in the self‐structure in a way that isolated t…
Organization of knowledge about a relationship partner: Implications for liking and loving
In close relationships, the association between negative beliefs about a partner and loving was found to be moderated by how that negative knowledge was organized. In general, evaluatively integrative organization (i.e., categorizing positive and negative beliefs together) was associated with more positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward the partner when the negative content of beliefs was high and relationships were relatively long. Add…
Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis
Two analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in global self-esteem. In analysis I, a computerized literature search yielded 216 effect sizes, representing the testing of 97,121 respondents. The overall effect size was 0.21, a small difference favoring males. A significant quadratic effect of age indicated that the largest effect emerged in late adolescence (d = 0.33). In Analysis II, gender differences were examined using 3 large, na…
The dynamic self: How the content and structure of the self-concept change with mood
Organization of self-knowledge: Implications for recovery from sad mood
In compartmentalized self-organization, positive and negative self-beliefs are separated into distinct categories (i.e., self-aspects), so that each self-aspect contains primarily positive or primarily negative beliefs. In evaluatively integrative organization, self-aspect categories contain a mixture of positive and negative beliefs. Positive-compartmentalized individuals recovered easily from a sad mood when they could reflect on personally imp…
The motivational and emotional consequences of considering positive or negative possibilities for an upcoming event
The hypothesis that attention to negative possibilities for an upcoming event can have advantages for performance in comparison with a more optimistic approach was examined in 2 studies. Focus of attention to positive or negative possibilities for a social interaction was manipulated for Ss previously identified as optimists or defensive pessimists in the social domain. In Study 1, negatively focused defensive pessimists performed better in their…
Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch
Three studies examined whether categorical organization of knowledge about the self explains variance in self-esteem and depression beyond that which is accounted for by sheer amount of positive or negative content. Compartmentalization is the tendency to organize positive and negative knowledge about the self into separate, uniformly valenced categories (self-aspects). As long as positive self-aspects are activated, access to negative informatio…
A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests
Paradoxical performance effects (‘choking under pressure’) are defined as the occurrence of inferior performance despite striving and incentives for superior performance. Experimental demonstrations of these effects on tasks analogous to athletic performance and the theories that may explain them are reviewed. At present, attentional theories seem to offer the most complete explanation of the processes underlying paradoxical performance effects. …
Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis
Two analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in global self-esteem. In analysis I, a computerized literature search yielded 216 effect sizes, representing the testing of 97,121 respondents. The overall effect size was 0.21, a small difference favoring males. A significant quadratic effect of age indicated that the largest effect emerged in late adolescence (d = 0.33). In Analysis II, gender differences were examined using 3 large, na…
Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch
Three studies examined whether categorical organization of knowledge about the self explains variance in self-esteem and depression beyond that which is accounted for by sheer amount of positive or negative content. Compartmentalization is the tendency to organize positive and negative knowledge about the self into separate, uniformly valenced categories (self-aspects). As long as positive self-aspects are activated, access to negative informatio…
Similarity breeds liking' revisited: The moderating role of commitment
The association between perceived similarity and liking for a romantic partner was examined in college students' relationships over the course of one year. Despite substantial evidence that similarity breeds attraction, perceived attribute similarity was positively correlated with liking only in highcommitment relationships. In low-commitment relationships, perceived dissimilarity was associated with greater liking and with maintenance of liking …
Organization of knowledge about a relationship partner: Implications for liking and loving
In close relationships, the association between negative beliefs about a partner and loving was found to be moderated by how that negative knowledge was organized. In general, evaluatively integrative organization (i.e., categorizing positive and negative beliefs together) was associated with more positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward the partner when the negative content of beliefs was high and relationships were relatively long. Add…
Organization of self-knowledge: Implications for recovery from sad mood
In compartmentalized self-organization, positive and negative self-beliefs are separated into distinct categories (i.e., self-aspects), so that each self-aspect contains primarily positive or primarily negative beliefs. In evaluatively integrative organization, self-aspect categories contain a mixture of positive and negative beliefs. Positive-compartmentalized individuals recovered easily from a sad mood when they could reflect on personally imp…
The dynamic self: How the content and structure of the self-concept change with mood
The motivational and emotional consequences of considering positive or negative possibilities for an upcoming event
The hypothesis that attention to negative possibilities for an upcoming event can have advantages for performance in comparison with a more optimistic approach was examined in 2 studies. Focus of attention to positive or negative possibilities for a social interaction was manipulated for Ss previously identified as optimists or defensive pessimists in the social domain. In Study 1, negatively focused defensive pessimists performed better in their…
A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests
Paradoxical performance effects (‘choking under pressure’) are defined as the occurrence of inferior performance despite striving and incentives for superior performance. Experimental demonstrations of these effects on tasks analogous to athletic performance and the theories that may explain them are reviewed. At present, attentional theories seem to offer the most complete explanation of the processes underlying paradoxical performance effects. …
The motivational and emotional consequences of considering positive or negative possibilities for an upcoming event
The hypothesis that attention to negative possibilities for an upcoming event can have advantages for performance in comparison with a more optimistic approach was examined in 2 studies. Focus of attention to positive or negative possibilities for a social interaction was manipulated for Ss previously identified as optimists or defensive pessimists in the social domain. In Study 1, negatively focused defensive pessimists performed better in their…
Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch
Three studies examined whether categorical organization of knowledge about the self explains variance in self-esteem and depression beyond that which is accounted for by sheer amount of positive or negative content. Compartmentalization is the tendency to organize positive and negative knowledge about the self into separate, uniformly valenced categories (self-aspects). As long as positive self-aspects are activated, access to negative informatio…
Organization of self-knowledge: Implications for recovery from sad mood
In compartmentalized self-organization, positive and negative self-beliefs are separated into distinct categories (i.e., self-aspects), so that each self-aspect contains primarily positive or primarily negative beliefs. In evaluatively integrative organization, self-aspect categories contain a mixture of positive and negative beliefs. Positive-compartmentalized individuals recovered easily from a sad mood when they could reflect on personally imp…
The dynamic self: How the content and structure of the self-concept change with mood
Looking at Body Image: The Organization of Self‐Knowledge About Physical Appearance and Its Relation to Disordered Eating
This study examined the organization of self‐knowledge, with special attention to beliefs about physical appearance, in three groups of college‐aged women: high body dissatisfaction with symptoms of disordered eating; high body dissatisfaction with no symptoms of disorder; and low body dissatisfaction. In the nondisordered, dissatisfied group, negative beliefs about physical appearance were organized in the self‐structure in a way that isolated t…
Organization of knowledge about a relationship partner: Implications for liking and loving
In close relationships, the association between negative beliefs about a partner and loving was found to be moderated by how that negative knowledge was organized. In general, evaluatively integrative organization (i.e., categorizing positive and negative beliefs together) was associated with more positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward the partner when the negative content of beliefs was high and relationships were relatively long. Add…
Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis
Two analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in global self-esteem. In analysis I, a computerized literature search yielded 216 effect sizes, representing the testing of 97,121 respondents. The overall effect size was 0.21, a small difference favoring males. A significant quadratic effect of age indicated that the largest effect emerged in late adolescence (d = 0.33). In Analysis II, gender differences were examined using 3 large, na…
Similarity breeds liking' revisited: The moderating role of commitment
The association between perceived similarity and liking for a romantic partner was examined in college students' relationships over the course of one year. Despite substantial evidence that similarity breeds attraction, perceived attribute similarity was positively correlated with liking only in highcommitment relationships. In low-commitment relationships, perceived dissimilarity was associated with greater liking and with maintenance of liking …
Compartmentalization and Integration: The Evaluative Organization of Contextualized Selves
This article reviews research on the evaluative organization (compartmentalized or integrative) of contextualized selves. Evaluatively compartmentalized self‐structures consist of multiple selves, each of which is either mostly positive or mostly negative. Evaluatively integrative self‐structures represent each self with a mixture of positive and negative attributes. These different styles of organizing self‐knowledge have been linked to current …
Self-structure and emotional response categorization: Who judges a face by its emotional cover
Self‐Concept Structure and the Quality of Self‐Knowledge
This article explores the hidden vulnerability of individuals with compartmentalized self‐concept structures by linking research on self‐organization to related models of self‐functioning. Across three studies, college students completed self‐descriptive card sorts as a measure of self‐concept structure and either the Contingencies of Self‐Worth Scale, Likert ratings of perceived authenticity of self‐aspects, or a response latency measure of self…
Psychology (12 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Developmental psychology (11 works) · Self-concept (6 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (5 works) · Social Psychology (5 works) · Cognitive psychology (4 works) · Mental Health Research Topics (4 works) · Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research (4 works) · Clinical Psychology (3 works)