Karen C Gareis
Biographic Data
| ID | 79998 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Karen C Gareis |
| GIVEN NAMES | Karen C |
| FAMILY NAME | Gareis |
| SIGNATURE | GAREIS K C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Brandeis University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4854-1952 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 19 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 182 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 19 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Conservation of Resources theory in the context of multiple roles: An analysis of within- and cross-role mediational pathways
Based on the Conservation of Resources theory, we used data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS I, 1995–1996; N=1779) to estimate by covariance structure analysis the direct and indirect effects of work and family demands, resources, and support on psychological distress. In a new application of the theory, we estimated six within-role mediational pathways linking work-related predictors to psychological di…
Parental Concerns About After-School Time: Antecedents and Correlates Among Dual-Earner Parents
Most employed parents, many in dual-earner couples, are at work when their children get out of school, generating parental concerns about children's welfare after school. Parental concerns are hypothesized to be related to respondent and partner work hours, respondent schedule control, and child's unsupervised time and to give rise to job disruptions. The authors examine these links and the moderating effect of parent gender in a sample of 936 pa…
School and school activity schedules affect the quality of family relations: A Within-Couple Analysis
In this study, we focus on community resources – specifically, children's school and school activity schedules, or school resource fit (SRF) – as a contextual variable influencing family-role quality (FRQ) among employed parents of school-aged (grades K-12) children in a sample of 58 Boston-area couples (N=116). We found that SRF is a significant predictor of parent-role quality (PRQ) and marital-role quality (MRQ) for mothers, but not fathers. F…
Reconsidering work time: A Multivariate Longitudinal Within-Couple Analysis
Dual-earner couples now work significantly more hours than in the past, but few couple-level studies examine whether work hours are linked to mental health and quality-of-life outcomes. In 2001, Jacobs and Gerson proposed that combined spouse work hours would better predict outcomes than would spouses' individual work hours. Longitudinal data from a random sample of 211 dual-earner couples with children partially support this hypothesis. Our find…
Does Community Resource Fit Matter to Fathers: A Study of Employed Fathers, School and School Activity Schedules, and Well-Being
Several scholars have noted that community resources might facilitate or hinder employees' ability to meet their many work and family demands, thereby affecting their psychological well-being. However, this is the first study to estimate these relationships using a newly developed quantitative measure of community resource fit that assesses the satisfaction of employed parents of school-aged children with key community resources. In this analysis…
Work-Family Enrichment and Conflict: Additive Effects, Buffering, or Balance
We used data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS I) (N = 2,031) to compare three models of how work-family conflict and enrichment might operate to predict well-being (mental health, life satisfaction, affect balance, partner relationship quality). We found no support for a relative-difference model in which the conflict-enrichment balance predicted outcomes. In the work-to-family direction, the additive model fit best: Both …
Wives' Shift Work Schedules and Husbands' and Wives' Well-Being in Dual-Earner Couples With Children: A Within-Couple Analysis
In a sample of 55 dual-earner families with children aged 8 to 14 in which the mothers are registered nurses regularly working either day shifts (typically 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.) or evening shifts (typically 3:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.), we estimated the within-couple relationship between the wife's work variables (i.e., work shift, work hours, and the interaction between work shift and work hours) and each spouse's work-family conflict, psychologic…
The development of a new measure for work-family research: Community resource fit
We describe the development and validation of a quantitative measure of community resource fit; i.e., satisfaction with the extent to which community resources meet the needs of working families of school-aged children. The measure has good psychometric properties, and preliminary results suggest that the measure warrants further study. The measure is composed of six moderately intercorrelated subscales assessing resource fit in the areas of work…
Positivism and patriotic militancy: The influence of covert ideologies on students' reactions to September 11, 2001
This study examined the relationship between personal epistemology, as measured by the Attitudes about Reality Scale, attitudes about the September 11 World Trade Center disaster, and patterns of blame assigned to various individuals and circumstances associated with the crisis. Data were collected within 1 month of the disaster and 6 months later from undergraduate students at a university from which people could see the destruction of the World…
Shift Work, Parenting Behaviors, and Children's Socioemotional Well-Being: A Within-Family Study
Many U.S. employees with children work nonstandard hours, yet we know little about the linkages among maternal shift schedules, mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors, and children's socioemotional outcomes. In a sample of 55 dual-earner families with children age 8 to 14 years and mothers working day versus evening shifts, the authors found that mothers' work schedules are unrelated to their parenting behaviors. However, fathers whose wives w…
Antecedents and Correlates of Parental After-School Concern: Exploring a Newly Identified Work-Family Stressor
Employed parents' concern about their children's welfare after school (PCAST) has been linked to psychological well-being. To explore the risk factors for PCAST, the authors estimate the effects of parent job flexibility and commuting time, child time unsupervised after school, and partner after-school availability on PCAST in a sample of 243 parents employed at a financial services company. Because parents with high PCAST are likely to be distra…
Parental After-School Stress and Psychological Well-Being
The mismatch between employed parents' work schedules and their children's school schedules creates the structural underpinning for an as-yet-unstudied stressor, namely, parental after-school stress, or the degree of parents' concern about their children's welfare after school. We estimate the relationship between parental after-school stress and psychological well-being in a sample of 243 employed parents of children in grades K-12. Parental aft…
Unintended consequences of job redesign: Psychological contract violations and turnover intentions among full‐time and reduced‐hours MDs and LPNs
Researchers and practitioners have cited the advantage of such flexible work scheduling options as flex‐time, compressed workweeks, job sharing, and reduced hours for employees. The assumption underlying these options has been that more flexible schedules allow employees to meet their family requirements and still work a sufficient number of hours to advance in their careers. In this paper we focus on the unintended consequences of such job‐desig…
Individual and Crossover Effects of Work Schedule Fit: A Within-Couple Analysis
A couple-level analysis with a sample of 105 female reduced-hours physicians and their full-time-employed husbands found individual and spouse crossover effects: Each spouse's ratings of own schedule fit predict own job-role quality; wives' ratings of partner/family schedule fit predict their marital-role quality, with a similar trend for husbands; husbands' ratings of own schedule fit predict wives' marital-role quality; and husbands' ratings of…
Under What Conditions Do Long Work Hours Affect Psychological Distress: A Study of Full-time and Reduced-hours Female Doctors
In a random sample of 98 full-time and reduced-hours female doctors in dual-earner couples with at least one child younger than 14, the authors ask whether objective work hours or perceived job demands better predict psychological distress and whether work hours or parent-role quality moderate the relationship between perceived job demands and psychological distress. Neither work hours nor perceived job demands predicted psychological distress, b…
Full-time and Reduced-hours Work Schedules and Marital Quality: A Study of Female Physicians with Young Children
In this stratified random sample of 98 married full-time and reduced-hours female physicians with children, the authors tested the hypothesis that the relationship between work hours and marital-role quality would be mediated by the proportion of low-schedule-control household tasks performed by the physicians. The hypothesis was supported: Physicians working longer hours reported higher marital-role quality than those working fewer hours to the …
When She Earns More Than He Does: A Longitudinal Study of Dual-Earner Couples
In a random sample of 286 full-time-employed dual-earner couples, we tested 3 competing hypotheses: when wives earn more than their husbands, (a) each partner's marital-role quality (MRQ) decreases; (b) his MRQ increases, whereas effects on her MRQ are mixed; and (c) relationships vary with gender-role beliefs (i.e., gender-role ideology and subjective rewards of salary). We conceptualized salary as a couple-level predictor with 4 components, 2 t…
Reduced-Hours Job-Role Quality and Life Satisfaction among Married Women Physicians with Children
Interest in reduced-hours career options has been sparked by recent studies indicating an increase in the work week, especially among professional and managerial employees, a preference among all employees to reduce work hours substantially, and the perception that the absence of reduced-hours career options is an obstacle to professional advancement. Interest has also been fueled by the growing numbers of dual-earner couples whose ability to man…
Reduced-Hours Employment: The Relationship Between Difficulty of Trade-Offs and Quality of Life
Although reduced-hours work is widely thought to decrease distress, empirical literature relating absolute number of hours worked to distress outcomes is inconsistent. Perhaps the trade-off between giving up some aspects of work for more nonwork time is more stressful for some employees than for others. The authors tested the hypothesis that difficulty of trade-offs is a more powerful predictor of quality-of-life indicators (i.e., symptoms of anx…
Shift Work, Parenting Behaviors, and Children's Socioemotional Well-Being: A Within-Family Study
Many U.S. employees with children work nonstandard hours, yet we know little about the linkages among maternal shift schedules, mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors, and children's socioemotional outcomes. In a sample of 55 dual-earner families with children age 8 to 14 years and mothers working day versus evening shifts, the authors found that mothers' work schedules are unrelated to their parenting behaviors. However, fathers whose wives w…
When She Earns More Than He Does: A Longitudinal Study of Dual-Earner Couples
In a random sample of 286 full-time-employed dual-earner couples, we tested 3 competing hypotheses: when wives earn more than their husbands, (a) each partner's marital-role quality (MRQ) decreases; (b) his MRQ increases, whereas effects on her MRQ are mixed; and (c) relationships vary with gender-role beliefs (i.e., gender-role ideology and subjective rewards of salary). We conceptualized salary as a couple-level predictor with 4 components, 2 t…
Reduced-Hours Employment: The Relationship Between Difficulty of Trade-Offs and Quality of Life
Although reduced-hours work is widely thought to decrease distress, empirical literature relating absolute number of hours worked to distress outcomes is inconsistent. Perhaps the trade-off between giving up some aspects of work for more nonwork time is more stressful for some employees than for others. The authors tested the hypothesis that difficulty of trade-offs is a more powerful predictor of quality-of-life indicators (i.e., symptoms of anx…
Wives' Shift Work Schedules and Husbands' and Wives' Well-Being in Dual-Earner Couples With Children: A Within-Couple Analysis
In a sample of 55 dual-earner families with children aged 8 to 14 in which the mothers are registered nurses regularly working either day shifts (typically 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.) or evening shifts (typically 3:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.), we estimated the within-couple relationship between the wife's work variables (i.e., work shift, work hours, and the interaction between work shift and work hours) and each spouse's work-family conflict, psychologic…
Individual and Crossover Effects of Work Schedule Fit: A Within-Couple Analysis
A couple-level analysis with a sample of 105 female reduced-hours physicians and their full-time-employed husbands found individual and spouse crossover effects: Each spouse's ratings of own schedule fit predict own job-role quality; wives' ratings of partner/family schedule fit predict their marital-role quality, with a similar trend for husbands; husbands' ratings of own schedule fit predict wives' marital-role quality; and husbands' ratings of…
Work-Family Enrichment and Conflict: Additive Effects, Buffering, or Balance
We used data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS I) (N = 2,031) to compare three models of how work-family conflict and enrichment might operate to predict well-being (mental health, life satisfaction, affect balance, partner relationship quality). We found no support for a relative-difference model in which the conflict-enrichment balance predicted outcomes. In the work-to-family direction, the additive model fit best: Both …
Under What Conditions Do Long Work Hours Affect Psychological Distress: A Study of Full-time and Reduced-hours Female Doctors
In a random sample of 98 full-time and reduced-hours female doctors in dual-earner couples with at least one child younger than 14, the authors ask whether objective work hours or perceived job demands better predict psychological distress and whether work hours or parent-role quality moderate the relationship between perceived job demands and psychological distress. Neither work hours nor perceived job demands predicted psychological distress, b…
The development of a new measure for work-family research: Community resource fit
We describe the development and validation of a quantitative measure of community resource fit; i.e., satisfaction with the extent to which community resources meet the needs of working families of school-aged children. The measure has good psychometric properties, and preliminary results suggest that the measure warrants further study. The measure is composed of six moderately intercorrelated subscales assessing resource fit in the areas of work…
Reconsidering work time: A Multivariate Longitudinal Within-Couple Analysis
Dual-earner couples now work significantly more hours than in the past, but few couple-level studies examine whether work hours are linked to mental health and quality-of-life outcomes. In 2001, Jacobs and Gerson proposed that combined spouse work hours would better predict outcomes than would spouses' individual work hours. Longitudinal data from a random sample of 211 dual-earner couples with children partially support this hypothesis. Our find…
Full-time and Reduced-hours Work Schedules and Marital Quality: A Study of Female Physicians with Young Children
In this stratified random sample of 98 married full-time and reduced-hours female physicians with children, the authors tested the hypothesis that the relationship between work hours and marital-role quality would be mediated by the proportion of low-schedule-control household tasks performed by the physicians. The hypothesis was supported: Physicians working longer hours reported higher marital-role quality than those working fewer hours to the …
Antecedents and Correlates of Parental After-School Concern: Exploring a Newly Identified Work-Family Stressor
Employed parents' concern about their children's welfare after school (PCAST) has been linked to psychological well-being. To explore the risk factors for PCAST, the authors estimate the effects of parent job flexibility and commuting time, child time unsupervised after school, and partner after-school availability on PCAST in a sample of 243 parents employed at a financial services company. Because parents with high PCAST are likely to be distra…
Does Community Resource Fit Matter to Fathers: A Study of Employed Fathers, School and School Activity Schedules, and Well-Being
Several scholars have noted that community resources might facilitate or hinder employees' ability to meet their many work and family demands, thereby affecting their psychological well-being. However, this is the first study to estimate these relationships using a newly developed quantitative measure of community resource fit that assesses the satisfaction of employed parents of school-aged children with key community resources. In this analysis…
Reduced-Hours Job-Role Quality and Life Satisfaction among Married Women Physicians with Children
Interest in reduced-hours career options has been sparked by recent studies indicating an increase in the work week, especially among professional and managerial employees, a preference among all employees to reduce work hours substantially, and the perception that the absence of reduced-hours career options is an obstacle to professional advancement. Interest has also been fueled by the growing numbers of dual-earner couples whose ability to man…
Parental After-School Stress and Psychological Well-Being
The mismatch between employed parents' work schedules and their children's school schedules creates the structural underpinning for an as-yet-unstudied stressor, namely, parental after-school stress, or the degree of parents' concern about their children's welfare after school. We estimate the relationship between parental after-school stress and psychological well-being in a sample of 243 employed parents of children in grades K-12. Parental aft…
Unintended consequences of job redesign: Psychological contract violations and turnover intentions among full‐time and reduced‐hours MDs and LPNs
Researchers and practitioners have cited the advantage of such flexible work scheduling options as flex‐time, compressed workweeks, job sharing, and reduced hours for employees. The assumption underlying these options has been that more flexible schedules allow employees to meet their family requirements and still work a sufficient number of hours to advance in their careers. In this paper we focus on the unintended consequences of such job‐desig…
Conservation of Resources theory in the context of multiple roles: An analysis of within- and cross-role mediational pathways
Based on the Conservation of Resources theory, we used data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS I, 1995–1996; N=1779) to estimate by covariance structure analysis the direct and indirect effects of work and family demands, resources, and support on psychological distress. In a new application of the theory, we estimated six within-role mediational pathways linking work-related predictors to psychological di…
Parental Concerns About After-School Time: Antecedents and Correlates Among Dual-Earner Parents
Most employed parents, many in dual-earner couples, are at work when their children get out of school, generating parental concerns about children's welfare after school. Parental concerns are hypothesized to be related to respondent and partner work hours, respondent schedule control, and child's unsupervised time and to give rise to job disruptions. The authors examine these links and the moderating effect of parent gender in a sample of 936 pa…
School and school activity schedules affect the quality of family relations: A Within-Couple Analysis
In this study, we focus on community resources – specifically, children's school and school activity schedules, or school resource fit (SRF) – as a contextual variable influencing family-role quality (FRQ) among employed parents of school-aged (grades K-12) children in a sample of 58 Boston-area couples (N=116). We found that SRF is a significant predictor of parent-role quality (PRQ) and marital-role quality (MRQ) for mothers, but not fathers. F…
Reduced-Hours Job-Role Quality and Life Satisfaction among Married Women Physicians with Children
Interest in reduced-hours career options has been sparked by recent studies indicating an increase in the work week, especially among professional and managerial employees, a preference among all employees to reduce work hours substantially, and the perception that the absence of reduced-hours career options is an obstacle to professional advancement. Interest has also been fueled by the growing numbers of dual-earner couples whose ability to man…
Reduced-Hours Employment: The Relationship Between Difficulty of Trade-Offs and Quality of Life
Although reduced-hours work is widely thought to decrease distress, empirical literature relating absolute number of hours worked to distress outcomes is inconsistent. Perhaps the trade-off between giving up some aspects of work for more nonwork time is more stressful for some employees than for others. The authors tested the hypothesis that difficulty of trade-offs is a more powerful predictor of quality-of-life indicators (i.e., symptoms of anx…
When She Earns More Than He Does: A Longitudinal Study of Dual-Earner Couples
In a random sample of 286 full-time-employed dual-earner couples, we tested 3 competing hypotheses: when wives earn more than their husbands, (a) each partner's marital-role quality (MRQ) decreases; (b) his MRQ increases, whereas effects on her MRQ are mixed; and (c) relationships vary with gender-role beliefs (i.e., gender-role ideology and subjective rewards of salary). We conceptualized salary as a couple-level predictor with 4 components, 2 t…
Under What Conditions Do Long Work Hours Affect Psychological Distress: A Study of Full-time and Reduced-hours Female Doctors
In a random sample of 98 full-time and reduced-hours female doctors in dual-earner couples with at least one child younger than 14, the authors ask whether objective work hours or perceived job demands better predict psychological distress and whether work hours or parent-role quality moderate the relationship between perceived job demands and psychological distress. Neither work hours nor perceived job demands predicted psychological distress, b…
Full-time and Reduced-hours Work Schedules and Marital Quality: A Study of Female Physicians with Young Children
In this stratified random sample of 98 married full-time and reduced-hours female physicians with children, the authors tested the hypothesis that the relationship between work hours and marital-role quality would be mediated by the proportion of low-schedule-control household tasks performed by the physicians. The hypothesis was supported: Physicians working longer hours reported higher marital-role quality than those working fewer hours to the …
Individual and Crossover Effects of Work Schedule Fit: A Within-Couple Analysis
A couple-level analysis with a sample of 105 female reduced-hours physicians and their full-time-employed husbands found individual and spouse crossover effects: Each spouse's ratings of own schedule fit predict own job-role quality; wives' ratings of partner/family schedule fit predict their marital-role quality, with a similar trend for husbands; husbands' ratings of own schedule fit predict wives' marital-role quality; and husbands' ratings of…
Unintended consequences of job redesign: Psychological contract violations and turnover intentions among full‐time and reduced‐hours MDs and LPNs
Researchers and practitioners have cited the advantage of such flexible work scheduling options as flex‐time, compressed workweeks, job sharing, and reduced hours for employees. The assumption underlying these options has been that more flexible schedules allow employees to meet their family requirements and still work a sufficient number of hours to advance in their careers. In this paper we focus on the unintended consequences of such job‐desig…
Antecedents and Correlates of Parental After-School Concern: Exploring a Newly Identified Work-Family Stressor
Employed parents' concern about their children's welfare after school (PCAST) has been linked to psychological well-being. To explore the risk factors for PCAST, the authors estimate the effects of parent job flexibility and commuting time, child time unsupervised after school, and partner after-school availability on PCAST in a sample of 243 parents employed at a financial services company. Because parents with high PCAST are likely to be distra…
Parental After-School Stress and Psychological Well-Being
The mismatch between employed parents' work schedules and their children's school schedules creates the structural underpinning for an as-yet-unstudied stressor, namely, parental after-school stress, or the degree of parents' concern about their children's welfare after school. We estimate the relationship between parental after-school stress and psychological well-being in a sample of 243 employed parents of children in grades K-12. Parental aft…
Positivism and patriotic militancy: The influence of covert ideologies on students' reactions to September 11, 2001
This study examined the relationship between personal epistemology, as measured by the Attitudes about Reality Scale, attitudes about the September 11 World Trade Center disaster, and patterns of blame assigned to various individuals and circumstances associated with the crisis. Data were collected within 1 month of the disaster and 6 months later from undergraduate students at a university from which people could see the destruction of the World…
Shift Work, Parenting Behaviors, and Children's Socioemotional Well-Being: A Within-Family Study
Many U.S. employees with children work nonstandard hours, yet we know little about the linkages among maternal shift schedules, mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors, and children's socioemotional outcomes. In a sample of 55 dual-earner families with children age 8 to 14 years and mothers working day versus evening shifts, the authors found that mothers' work schedules are unrelated to their parenting behaviors. However, fathers whose wives w…
Wives' Shift Work Schedules and Husbands' and Wives' Well-Being in Dual-Earner Couples With Children: A Within-Couple Analysis
In a sample of 55 dual-earner families with children aged 8 to 14 in which the mothers are registered nurses regularly working either day shifts (typically 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.) or evening shifts (typically 3:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.), we estimated the within-couple relationship between the wife's work variables (i.e., work shift, work hours, and the interaction between work shift and work hours) and each spouse's work-family conflict, psychologic…
The development of a new measure for work-family research: Community resource fit
We describe the development and validation of a quantitative measure of community resource fit; i.e., satisfaction with the extent to which community resources meet the needs of working families of school-aged children. The measure has good psychometric properties, and preliminary results suggest that the measure warrants further study. The measure is composed of six moderately intercorrelated subscales assessing resource fit in the areas of work…
Reconsidering work time: A Multivariate Longitudinal Within-Couple Analysis
Dual-earner couples now work significantly more hours than in the past, but few couple-level studies examine whether work hours are linked to mental health and quality-of-life outcomes. In 2001, Jacobs and Gerson proposed that combined spouse work hours would better predict outcomes than would spouses' individual work hours. Longitudinal data from a random sample of 211 dual-earner couples with children partially support this hypothesis. Our find…
Does Community Resource Fit Matter to Fathers: A Study of Employed Fathers, School and School Activity Schedules, and Well-Being
Several scholars have noted that community resources might facilitate or hinder employees' ability to meet their many work and family demands, thereby affecting their psychological well-being. However, this is the first study to estimate these relationships using a newly developed quantitative measure of community resource fit that assesses the satisfaction of employed parents of school-aged children with key community resources. In this analysis…
Work-Family Enrichment and Conflict: Additive Effects, Buffering, or Balance
We used data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS I) (N = 2,031) to compare three models of how work-family conflict and enrichment might operate to predict well-being (mental health, life satisfaction, affect balance, partner relationship quality). We found no support for a relative-difference model in which the conflict-enrichment balance predicted outcomes. In the work-to-family direction, the additive model fit best: Both …
Parental Concerns About After-School Time: Antecedents and Correlates Among Dual-Earner Parents
Most employed parents, many in dual-earner couples, are at work when their children get out of school, generating parental concerns about children's welfare after school. Parental concerns are hypothesized to be related to respondent and partner work hours, respondent schedule control, and child's unsupervised time and to give rise to job disruptions. The authors examine these links and the moderating effect of parent gender in a sample of 936 pa…
School and school activity schedules affect the quality of family relations: A Within-Couple Analysis
In this study, we focus on community resources – specifically, children's school and school activity schedules, or school resource fit (SRF) – as a contextual variable influencing family-role quality (FRQ) among employed parents of school-aged (grades K-12) children in a sample of 58 Boston-area couples (N=116). We found that SRF is a significant predictor of parent-role quality (PRQ) and marital-role quality (MRQ) for mothers, but not fathers. F…
Conservation of Resources theory in the context of multiple roles: An analysis of within- and cross-role mediational pathways
Based on the Conservation of Resources theory, we used data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS I, 1995–1996; N=1779) to estimate by covariance structure analysis the direct and indirect effects of work and family demands, resources, and support on psychological distress. In a new application of the theory, we estimated six within-role mediational pathways linking work-related predictors to psychological di…
Psychology (19 works) · Work-Family Balance Challenges (16 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Developmental psychology (10 works) · Social Psychology (7 works) · Work (physics (7 works) · Clinical Psychology (6 works) · Economics (6 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (6 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (6 works)