Jüri Allik
Biographic Data
| ID | 80703 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jüri Allik |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jüri |
| FAMILY NAME | Allik |
| SIGNATURE | ALLIK J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Tartu |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8358-4747 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 70 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 829 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 69 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Loneliness and Personality: Noise‐ and Bias‐Free True Correlations Between Loneliness and the Big Five Personality Domains
Objective While loneliness is intertwined with many mental and physical health problems, its origins are not yet well understood. We sought to better understand its link to personality in a large national cohort. Methods Combining self‐ and informant ratings in multiple samples, we conducted the largest study to date to examine loneliness' true correlations ( r true s) with the Big Five personality traits, free of single‐method biases and transie…
The effects of specific and common variance on test–retest and self-other correlations: Another perspective on personality nuances
Skin conductance response and habituation to emotional facial expressions and words
Skin conductance response (SCR) serves as a dependable marker of sympathetic activation used to measure emotional arousal. This study investigates the impact of presentation modality (face or word) on the degree of emotional discrimination elicited by SCR. Facial expressions or words associated with six basic emotions-anger, happiness, disgust, fear, sadness, and surprise-were studied among 102 participants. The amplitude of SCR was accurately pr…
Elusive specific variance: A marginal effect on the accuracy of personality judgment
Most people's life satisfaction matches their personality traits: True correlations in multitrait, multirater, multisample data
70 and its longitudinal associations with personality traits mirrored cross-sectional ones. We conclude that without common measurement limitations, most people's life satisfaction is highly consistent with their personality traits, even across many years. So, satisfaction is usually shaped by these same relatively stable factors that shape personality traits more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
Processing emotions from faces and words measured by event-related brain potentials
Affective aspects of a stimulus can be processed rapidly and before cognitive attribution, acting much earlier for verbal stimuli than previously considered. Aimed for specific mechanisms, event-related brain potentials (ERPs), expressed in facial expressions or word meaning and evoked by six basic emotions – anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad, and surprise – relative to emotionally neutral stimuli were analysed in a sample of 116 participants. Bra…
Does personality predict traveling abroad as indicated by mobile phone data? The idea of the mobile personality revisited
The present study examines the associations between the Five-Factor Model personality traits and the trips abroad over a period of 12 months in a sample of 349 adults by using Call Detail Records. Our findings show that the modern-day traveler is likely younger, open to new values (O6) and experiences (O4) and seeking novelty and excitement (E5). Higher Extraversion, especially higher levels of social dominance (E3) and energy (E4), and higher sp…
Age differences in personality traits and social desirability: A multi-rater multi-sample study
Personality traits relate to chronotype at both the phenotypic and genetic level
INTRODUCTION: Diurnal preferences have been linked to personality but often with mixed results. The present study examines the relationships between sleep timing (chronotype), diurnal preferences, and the Five-Factor Model of personality traits at the phenotypic and genetic level. METHODS: = 45.76 years; 59% females). Genetic correlations were obtained through summary statistics of genome-wide association studies. RESULTS: Results showed that hig…
Factors Predicting the Scientific Wealth of Nations
It has been repeatedly demonstrated that economic affluence is one of the main predictors of the scientific wealth of nations. Yet, the link is not as straightforward as is often presented. First, only a limited set of relatively affluent countries is usually studied. Second, there are differences between equally rich countries in their scientific success. The main aim of the present study is to find out which factors can enhance or suppress the …
Source method biases as implicit personality theory at the domain and facet levels
OBJECTIVE: We tested predictions about the structure and magnitude of method biases in single-source personality trait assessments. We expected a large number of distinct biases that would parallel the observed structure of traits, at both facet and item levels. METHOD: We analyzed multimethod ratings on the Estonian NEO Personality Inventory-3 in a sample of 3,214 adults. By subtracting informant ratings from self-reports, we eliminated true sco…
A Puzzle of Estonian Science: How to Explain Unexpected Rise of the Scientific Impact; Pp. 329–344
Only sufficient economic wealth can produce science with the highest quality. However, there is room for many intervening factors, which can moderate the process of how money invested into research transforms into a bibliometrically measurable outcome. In this paper, based on the latest update of the Essential Science Indicators (ESI), covering the period 2007â 2017, we analyze the progress of Estonian science against the background less successf…
The Almost Unbearable Lightness of Personality
Researchers seem to believe that accepting the reality of personality traits inevitably leads to a dogma about the incredible complexity of these traits and their judgment. This article challenges this thesis and its assertion that the accuracy of personality judgment can only be achieved when a “good target” or a “good trait” is being judged using “good information,” and when a “good judge” makes the judgment. It is argued that because trait dim…
What Makes Young Russians Happy and Satisfied With Their Lives
Participants ( N = 10,672 with the mean age of 20.7 years) of the Russian Character and Personality Survey (RCPS), involving 40 universities or colleges from across the Russian Federation, rated their happiness and satisfaction with life; the ratings were combined into an index of subjective well-being (SWB). Using the National Character Survey (NCS), participants also rated their own personality characteristics as well as those of an ideal perso…
Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested Comparing Saudi Arabian Children and Adolescents With Various Other Groups of Children and Adolescents on the Items of the Standard Progressive Matrices
Spearman’s hypothesis tested at the level of items states that differences between ethnic groups on the items of an IQ test are a function of the g loadings of these items, such that there are small differences between ethnic groups on items with low g loadings and large differences between ethnic groups on items with high g loadings; this has been confirmed in a limited number of studies. In this paper, Spearman’s hypothesis was tested, comparin…
SNP‐Based Heritability Estimates of Common and Specific Variance in Self‐ and Informant‐Reported Neuroticism Scales
OBJECTIVE: Our study aims to estimate the proportion of the phenotypic variance of Neuroticism and its facet scales that can be attributed to common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two adult populations from Estonia (EGCUT; N = 3,292) and the Netherlands (Lifelines; N = 13,383). METHOD: Genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) using genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) software was employed. To build upon pr…
Mean Profiles of the NEO Personality Inventory
The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and its latest version, the NEO-PI-3, were designed to measure 30 distinctive personality traits, which are grouped into Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness domains. The mean self-rated NEO-PI-R scores for 30 subscales have been reported for 36 countries or cultures in 2002. As a follow-up, this study reports the mean scores of the NEO-PI-R/3 for 71,870 partici…
Why are moderators of self-other agreement difficult to establish
Agreement between the self and other rated personality profiles was studied in two samples involving 11,096 speakers of two languages, Dutch and Estonian, who completed two different personality questionnaires, the NEO-PI-3 and HEXACO-PI-R. An outstanding agreement was achieved in the most occasions: in only 4–6% of dyadic pairs was the correlation between two randomly paired profiles higher than the actually observed correlation between true pai…
The Personality Stereotypes of Three Cohabiting Ethnic Groups: Erzians, Mokshans, and Russians
The personality stereotypes of two Finno-Ugric ethnic groups, Erzians and Mokshans, who live together with Russians in the Republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation, were studied. As in previous studies, we found little support for the idea that ethnic personality stereotypes describe accurately, or even in an exaggerated manner, actual personality dispositions to think, feel, and behave in a characteristic way. The mean self-reported personality …
The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study
Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and…
Cross-rater agreement on common and specific variance of personality scales and items
Gender Stereotypes of Personality: Universal and Accurate
Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level…
GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment
Genetic College Many genomic elements in humans are associated with behavior, including educational attainment. In a genome-wide association study including more than 100,000 samples, Rietveld et al. (p. 1467 , published online 30 May; see the Perspective by Flint and Munafò ) looked for genes related to educational attainment in Caucasians. Small genetic effects at three loci appeared to impact educational attainment.
Sex Differences in Variability in Personality: A Study in Four Samples
OBJECTIVE: Men vary more than women in cognitive abilities and physical attributes, and we expected that men would vary more in personality too. That this has not been found previously may reflect that (a) personality was measured by self-reports that confound target sex with informant sex, and (b) men actually vary more but accentuate personality differences less than women. METHOD: We analyzed informant reports and self-reports on the NEO Perso…
The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes
Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was translated into 28 languages and administered to 16,998 participants across 53 nations. The RSES factor structure was largely invariant across nations. RSES scores correlated with neuroticism, extraversion, and romantic attachment styles within nearly all nations, providing additional support for cross-cultural equivalence of the RSES. All nations scored above the theoretical midpoint of the RSES, indica…
Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures
Previous research suggested that sex differences in personality traits are larger in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities equal with those of men. In this article, the authors report cross-cultural findings in which this unintuitive result was replicated across samples from 55 nations (N = 17,637). On responses to the Big Five Inventory, women reported higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, agr…
Individualism-Collectivism and Social Capital
Many social scientists have predicted that one inevitable consequence of modernization is the unlimited growth of individualism, which poses serious threats to the organic unity of society. Others have argued that autonomy and independence are necessary conditions for the development of interpersonal cooperation and social solidarity. We reanalyzed available data on the relationship between individualism-collectivism and social capital within one…
The Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits: Patterns and Profiles of Human Self-Description Across 56 Nations
The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report measure designed to assess the high-order personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, the BFI was translated from English into 28 languages and administered to 17,837 individuals from 56 nations. The resulting cross-cultural data set was used to address three main questions: Does the factor…
Toward a Geography of Personality Traits: Patterns of Profiles across 36 Cultures
It has long been believed that personality traits vary by geographicallocation, but few studies have examined the worldwide distribution of personality profiles. Using the five-factor model of personality-a comprehensive and apparently universal trait structure-we conducted secondary analyses of data from 36 cultures. Distance from the equator and mean temperature were not meaningfully related to personality factors. However, cluster analysis sho…
Patterns and Universals of Adult Romantic Attachment Across 62 Cultural Regions: Are Models of Self and of Other Pancultural Constructs
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions …
Radius of Trust: Social Capital in Relation to Familism and Institutional Collectivism
Countries in which people believe that "most people can be trusted" and where citizens belong to a larger number of different voluntary associations are more individualistic, emphasizing the importance of independence and freedom to choose one's own goals. The present study examines the relationship between social capital and individualism/collectivism using a measure that distinguishes between familism and institutional collectivism. Familism co…
The Hierarchical Structure of Collectivism
Gender Stereotypes of Personality: Universal and Accurate
Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level…
Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits: Universal and accurate
Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, pref…
Why are moderators of self-other agreement difficult to establish
Agreement between the self and other rated personality profiles was studied in two samples involving 11,096 speakers of two languages, Dutch and Estonian, who completed two different personality questionnaires, the NEO-PI-3 and HEXACO-PI-R. An outstanding agreement was achieved in the most occasions: in only 4–6% of dyadic pairs was the correlation between two randomly paired profiles higher than the actually observed correlation between true pai…
Cross-rater agreement on common and specific variance of personality scales and items
Mean Profiles of the NEO Personality Inventory
The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and its latest version, the NEO-PI-3, were designed to measure 30 distinctive personality traits, which are grouped into Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness domains. The mean self-rated NEO-PI-R scores for 30 subscales have been reported for 36 countries or cultures in 2002. As a follow-up, this study reports the mean scores of the NEO-PI-R/3 for 71,870 partici…
The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study
Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and…
The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction and Emotional Experience in 21 European Countries
In the current study, the relationship between life satisfaction (LS) and the affective components of subjective well-being (SWB) was examined in a sample of 40,487 people across 21 European countries using data from the European Social Survey. After running multilevel confirmatory factor analyses in order to establish the measurement invariance of the constructs across the countries, the individual-level dataset was linked to available country-l…
How people see others is different from how people see themselves: A replicable pattern across cultures
Consensus studies from 4 cultures--in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, and Germany--as well as secondary analyses of self- and observer-reported Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) data from 29 cultures suggest that there is a cross-culturally replicable pattern of difference between internal and external perspectives for the Big Five personality traits. People see themselves as more neurotic and open to experience compared to how t…
Variance determines self-observer agreement on the Big Five personality traits
Does personality vary across ability levels? A study using self and other ratings
Mind-reading ability: Beliefs and performance
A Social-Technological Model for the Evolution of Language [and Comments and Reply]
This paper develops a model for the evolution of language that is consistent with semanticist and pragmaticist interpretations of the forms and functions of language and the processes of language acquisition and language change. The proximate aspect of the model emphasizes the social contexts of language acquisition and language change; its adaptive aspect emphasizes the sociobiological concept of communication as social manipulation. Both aspect…
The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes
The tonal component of Estonian quantity in native and non-native perception
Recent life events and suicide: A case-control study in Tallinn and Frankfurt
"Personality Profiles and the "Russian Soul: Literary and Scholarly Views Evaluated
Many domestic and foreign observers have claimed that Russians have a unique constellation of personality traits that mirrors their distinctive historical and cultural experience. To examine the hypothesized uniqueness of Russian personality, members of the Russian Character and Personality Survey collected data from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents ( N = 7,065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or…
An attempt to validate national mean scores of Conscientiousness: No necessarily paradoxical findings
A Social-Technological Model for the Evolution of Language [and Comments and Reply]
This paper develops a model for the evolution of language that is consistent with semanticist and pragmaticist interpretations of the forms and functions of language and the processes of language acquisition and language change. The proximate aspect of the model emphasizes the social contexts of language acquisition and language change; its adaptive aspect emphasizes the sociobiological concept of communication as social manipulation. Both aspect…
The Hierarchical Nature of Individualism-Collectivism: Comments on Matsumoto et al. (1996)
Matsumoto, Kudoh and Takeuchi's (1996) article is challenged in this commentary by pointing to the discrepancy between theoretical assumptions of the dynamic nature of culture, and measurement of individualism-collectivism in terms J of traditional psychometric scales. Data from an Estonian study of a similar kind are provided to add to the complex picture of statements about individualism and collectivism in different countries. The counter-intu…
On the relationship between personality and totalitarian regimes: A critique of Western stereotypes
(1996). On the relationship between personality and totalitarian regimes: A critique of Western stereotypes. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 331-340
Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses
Psychological and Cultural Mechanisms of Suicide
At the cultural level, persistent associations exist between three groups of psychological variables, individualism-collectivism, locus of control, and subjective well- being, and the suicide rate. These associations may be opposite to what would be expected of purely individual-level analysis. There are several forms of suicide which are controlled by different social and cultural factors: individualism and the perceived locus of control, which …
The Hierarchical Structure of Collectivism
Thoughts About the Quality of Social Sciences in Estonia
In this essay the quality of social sciences in Estonia is evaluated. An external (Swedish) evaluation, and the participants themselves have a tendency to stress a high, internationally competitive level of Estonian humanities and social sciences, primarily by referring to outstanding scholars who are well-known by their Western colleagues and who can communicate with their visitors. At the same time, all bibliometric indicators show that Estonia…
Theme issue “Culture and psychology in comparative perspective: The case of Estonia’’
Trames enters its second year with a theme issue devoted to the understanding of culture and psychology in comparative perspective. In a certain sense, the title of this issue is formulated in a redundant form. No culture or individual psychological attribute can be understood without a minimal comparative perspective. Something cannot be big, hard, or even excellent by itself. There must be something else which is small, soft and not so excellen…
Perceiving Enmattered Form
If the eye were a living creature, its soul would be its vision. (De Anima, 412"18-20)' millennia ago and a researcher who is dizzy from just entering the brave new era of positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, may be too dramatic. It is not unlikely that modern intuitions have a very recent origin and only a painfully scrupulous archeological excavation of meaning could reveal, if ever, what Aristotle really thou…
The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures
The Nature and Scope of Intra-Cultural Variation on Psychological Dimensions
Much of the research in cross-cultural psychology is done using countries (national cultures) as main units of comparison, disregarding other important characteristics of the participants such as their ethnicity, language, religious or territorial affiliation. Thus, despite the fact that there exist clearly distinguishable sub-cultures within many countries or national cultures, they are often regarded as uniform and homogenous entities in cross-…
A Study of Intelligence in Estonia
The Standard Progressive Matrices was standardised in Estonia in 2001 on a sample of 2,689 12- to 18-yr.-olds. The mean IQ of the Estonian sample was approximately 5 points higher than British IQ norms of 1979. Adjustment for the estimated secular increase of intelligence in Britain reduces the mean IQ of the Estonian sample to 100.2, in relation to a British mean of 100. A particular interest of the result from Estonia is that the intelligence o…
The Quality of Science in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania After the First Decade of Independence
The main goal of this essay is to provide an analysis of bibliometric indicators of the quality of science in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania during the last ten years. In 2001, Estonia with 404 scientific publications per million of population was clearly ahead of Latvia (166), and Lithuania (136). Since 1992, Estonian and Lithuanian scientists more than doubled the number of articles they published in journals indexed by the ISI Web of Knowledge…
Mind-reading ability: Beliefs and performance
The Growth of Iq Among Estonian Schoolchildren From Ages 7 to 19
The Standard Progressive Matrices test was standardized in Estonia on a representative sample of 4874 schoolchildren aged from 7 to 19 years. When the IQ of Estonian children was expressed in relation to British and Icelandic norms, both demonstrated a similar sigmoid relationship. The youngest Estonian group scored higher than the British and Icelandic norms: after first grade, the score fell below 100 and remained lower until age 12, and after …
Escapable Conclusions: Toomela (2003) and the Universality of Trait Structure
A. Toomela (2003) concluded that personality structure may be shaped by a cultural mechanism, word meaning structure, and that the apparent universality of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) was the result of inadequate sampling of concrete thinkers. A reanalysis using targeted rotation showed that the intended structure was generally replicated; small deviations in the most concrete thinkers were probably due to measurement error. The reanalysis author…
The relationships between collectivist attitudes and elementary forms of human relations: Evidence from Estonia
This study examined the extent to which collectivist attitudes predict preference for the basic models of social relations. According to Fiske (1991), all social relations can be reduced to four basic forms - communal sharing (CS), authority ranking (AR), equality matching (EM), and market pricing (MP) - that guide people's social initiatives and help them to understand and respond appropriately to the social actions of others. The preference for…
Patterns and Universals of Adult Romantic Attachment Across 62 Cultural Regions: Are Models of Self and of Other Pancultural Constructs
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions …
Toward a Geography of Personality Traits: Patterns of Profiles across 36 Cultures
It has long been believed that personality traits vary by geographicallocation, but few studies have examined the worldwide distribution of personality profiles. Using the five-factor model of personality-a comprehensive and apparently universal trait structure-we conducted secondary analyses of data from 36 cultures. Distance from the equator and mean temperature were not meaningfully related to personality factors. However, cluster analysis sho…
Individualism-Collectivism and Social Capital
Many social scientists have predicted that one inevitable consequence of modernization is the unlimited growth of individualism, which poses serious threats to the organic unity of society. Others have argued that autonomy and independence are necessary conditions for the development of interpersonal cooperation and social solidarity. We reanalyzed available data on the relationship between individualism-collectivism and social capital within one…
National Character Does Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures
Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a “kernel of truth,” or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-r…
G. F. Parrot and the theory of unconscious inferences
In 1839, Georg Friedrich Parrot (1767-1852) published a short note about a peculiar visual phenomenon--the diminishing of the size of external objects situated at a relatively small distance from the window of a fast-moving train. For the explanation of this illusion, Parrot proposed a concept of unconscious inferences, a very rapid syllogistic conclusion from two premises, which anticipated the revival of Alhazen's theory of unconscious inferenc…
Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was translated into 28 languages and administered to 16,998 participants across 53 nations. The RSES factor structure was largely invariant across nations. RSES scores correlated with neuroticism, extraversion, and romantic attachment styles within nearly all nations, providing additional support for cross-cultural equivalence of the RSES. All nations scored above the theoretical midpoint of the RSES, indica…
Recent life events and suicide: A case-control study in Tallinn and Frankfurt
Personality and intelligence as predictors of academic achievement: A cross-sectional study from elementary to secondary school
Psychology (59 works) · Social Psychology (49 works) · Personality (39 works) · Big Five personality traits (34 works) · Personality Traits and Psychology (32 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (20 works) · Developmental psychology (20 works) · Sociology (17 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (16 works) · Social Psychology (16 works)